What is the largest four-digit negative integer congruent to $1 \pmod{23}?$
An integer that is congruent to $1 \pmod{23}$ is of the form $23n+1$.

Therefore, we form the inequality $23n+1<-999$, and find the largest possible integer $n$. We get \begin{align*}
23n+1&<-999 \\
23n&<-1000\\
n&<-\frac{1000}{23} \approx -43.48.
\end{align*} The largest possible negative integer $n$ is $-44$. We plug it in for $n$ to get $23 \cdot -44 +1 =\boxed{-1011}$.