<p>Typically in Arduinos, most of the 5&nbsp;V outputs that have a limited amount of current (40&nbsp;mA). </p>

<p>Are there any 3D printer boards, or is there even a more usual spot, where you can get a 5&nbsp;V output that isn't capped by the microcontroller?</p>

<p>I know that USB 2.0 is (typically) limited to 500&nbsp;mA especally when connected to a laptop. Just wondering if there was a way to for e.g. get a 200&nbsp;mA output from one of the 5&nbsp;V pins, or more if there is a stronger power supply connected to the USB port. </p>

Any pin that is labeled as "5 V" can supply the full amount of current. Looking at, for example, the
Arduino MEGA pinout
, we can see several pins labeled in red with "5 V". These are the pins you can use. Most 3D printer boards will expose the 5 V pins at several points. For example, the endstop connectors often have a 5 V pin that can be used.
The pins that are limited to 40 mA that you are thinking of are the digital pins, i.e. the pins that can be switched on/off by the microcontroller. These are actually more limited than this, and while in some cases drawing 40 mA from them may be possible, it is not a good idea.