<p>When using one's own iPhone for development it's easy enough to access any crash logs via XCode->Organizer->Crash Logs.</p>

<p>How does one access crash logs on another person's phone if they don't have it set up for development in XCode, as would likely be the case if you were distributing your app to them via ad hoc distribution for beta testing?</p>

Two ways:
iTunes syncs all crash reports during a regular sync. They can be found in Library/Logs/CrashReporter/MobileDevice on a Mac and probably somewhere in %APPDATA% on Windows.
You can use the
iPhone Configuration Utility for Mac OS X
on any Mac to access the phone's console and crash logs. Note:
the iPhone Web Configuration Utility, which is available for Windows and Mac (note the "web" in the name)
does not
allow this kind of access and only provides a portion of the Configuration Utility's features
.
Er, no you can't. Xcode provides this facility in the Organizer (from the Window menu), but not iPCU.