<p>I know <em>of</em> the US GIS TIGER file format from years ago, but have never used it.</p>

<p>I'm very shortly going to need to very quickly implement simple geocoding and vector graphics of roads and other features.</p>

<ul>
<li>Where do I go for information - are there tutorials, example queries, etc?</li>
</ul>

<p>Are there other ways to include geocoding and basic mapping in a mobile (no internet) device?</p>

<p>-Adam</p>

As far as I'm aware of, there aren't many applications that make use of the TIGER/Line format directly.  Most apps use TIGER files that have been translated into ESRI's shapefile format.
Edited to add:
Is there information on ESRI's format available?
There's an
ESRI whitepaper
describing the file format.
If you're planning to use shapefiles in an application, there are
various
libraries
out there.