<p>Some things look strange to me:</p>

<ul>
<li>What is the distinction between 0.0.0.0, 127.0.0.1, and [::]?</li>
<li>How should each part of the foreign address be read (part1:part2)?</li>
<li>What does a state Time_Wait, Close_Wait mean?</li>
<li>etc.</li>
</ul>

<p>Could someone give a quick overview of how to interpret these results?</p>

0.0.0.0 usually refers to stuff listening on all interfaces.
127.0.0.1 = localhost (only your local interface)
I'm not sure about [::]
TIME_WAIT means both sides have agreed to close and TCP
must now wait a prescribed time before taking the connection
down.
CLOSE_WAIT means the remote system has finished sending
and your system has yet to say it's finished.