<p>does any one know how to get the current motherboard, processor or HD temperature statistics?<br>
In GNU/Linux, I know I could use something like hddtemp or sensord to get the info, and then parse it... but in Windows: How can I do this?  And, Can it be done with with C# or Java or any other hight level programming language?<br>
Thanks!</p>

I would argue that when the right configurations are in place, it can be superior to windows's one.
http://www.lm-sensors.org/
is what does all the work. I had that plugged into RRDgraph & Munin and I was monitoring the temperature of my room over a period of almost a year and had nice pretty graphs.  Also showed me my CPU fan was slowly wearing down, and I could see the line sloping down over a long period and know it was on the way out.
http://www.lm-sensors.org/browser/lm-sensors/trunk/doc/developers/applications
is what you want.
(Oh wait, I fail. You're on *nix wanting to do it on Windows, my bad :(  ..um.. well. Good luck. Maybe I'll leave this here in case somebody finds your post while searching for the contrary)
Back when I did use windows, all I recall is Ye' Old
Motherboard Monitor ( Discontinued )
. 
Wiki article says there is
speedfan
and that looks like your best option. Programmatically, I guess you'll have to find the hardware specs and dig through Windows API and stackloads of arbitrary bus address offsets.