<p>I have written a simple PowerShell filter that pushes the current object down the pipeline if its date is between the specified begin and end date.  The objects coming down the pipeline are always in ascending date order so as soon as the date exceeds the specified end date I know my work is done and I would like to let tell the pipeline that the upstream commands can abandon their work so that the pipeline can finish its work.  I am reading some very large log files and I will frequently want to examine just a portion of the log.  I am pretty sure this is not possible but I wanted to ask to be sure.</p>

It is not possible to stop an upstream command from a downstream command.. it will continue to filter out objects that do not match your criteria, but the first command will process everything it was set to process.
The workaround will be to do more filtering on the upstream cmdlet or function/filter.  Working with log files makes it a bit more comoplicated, but perhaps using Select-String and a regular expression to filter out the undesired dates might work for you.
Unless you know how many lines you want to take and from where, the whole file will be read to check for the pattern.