<p>I love list comprehensions in Python, because they concisely represent a transformation of a list.</p>

<p>However, in other languages, I frequently find myself writing something along the lines of:</p>

<pre><code>foreach (int x in intArray)
  if (x &gt; 3) //generic condition on x
    x++ 
    //do other processing
</code></pre>

<p>This example is in C#, where I'm under the impression LINQ can help with this, but is there some common programming construct which can replace this slightly less-than-elegant solution?  Perhaps a data structure I'm not considering?</p>

Depends on the language and what you need to do, a "map" as it's called in many languages could be what you're looking for. I don't know C#, but according to
this
page, .NET 2.0 calls map "ConvertAll".
The meaning of "map" is pretty simple - take a list, and apply a function to each element of it, returning a new list. You may also be looking for "filter", which would give you a list of items that satisfy a predicate in another list.