<p>Is it possible to deploy a native Delphi application with ClickOnce without a stub C# exe that would be used to launch the Delphi application?</p>

<p>The same question applies to VB6, C++ and other native Windows applications.</p>

I'm not 100% sure if this can be accomplished without the stub, but this article may provide some insight:
How To: ClickOnce deployment for unmanaged app with COM component in managed assembly