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[^0]:    6 On the Howard School of International Relations, see Susan Pedersen's review "Destined to Disappear". Howard University and scholars in the African diaspora continued the focus on diaspora studies and it re-emerged as a critical factor once the area studies African project disappeared. Eric Williams and Ralph Bunche, among others, were important contributors. Black internationalism also re-emerged as a critical factor and, with the publication of Samuel P. Huntington's The Clash of Civilizations and Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity, it was becoming clear to Ali that the prospect of a shared humanity and empathy of people in the North towards the South was becoming increasingly untenable, with the new focus on civilization and culture reinforcing the racial hierarchy.