Of particular note among these initial studies were the works of Jaramillo Uribe (1963, 1989, pp. 59 et seq.) and Escalante (1981, pp. 72-78), who had already made reference to the arena of San Basilio de Palenque in 1954. However, by way of contrast, the emblematic study of the governance of Popayán put forward by Colmenares in the 1970s (1979, pp. 100-105) gave unprecedented importance to tensions between enslaved people and those who traded them, as seen in individual runaways, rebellions, Maroonism and the constitution of arenas. By then, Colmenares was already referring to the arena of Patía, which in turn became the arena of El Castigo, one of the inevitable areas of flight for many of the enslaved people fleeing from the Pacific zone. In fact, the palenque of El Castigo appeared on the eighteenth century arenas map compiled by de Friedemann (1993, p. 71), next to the aforementioned 1728 arena of Tadó. The striking thing about these maps by de Friedemann of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century arenas is that they include no other arena in the Pacific Corridor, save those of El Castigo and Tadó. This suggests that the dynamics of uprisings and Maroonism are likely to have transcended the simple formation of arenas in their analyses, putting forward other means of and strategies for freedom, a perspective that is noted in McFarlane's (1991) study, even if the concept of Maroonism is not very common in the Afro-Colombian Pacific.  
In light of this initial historiographical scenario, with Escalante's timely, scaled-down and newly unveiled appraisal, by 1954, a more recent scenario became established. The manifestations and dynamics of resistance in the Afro-Colombian Pacific were studied from a more systemic, structured and