24 For these aspects of Brazil and Cuba from different angles see, among others, Bastide, Gleijeses, Scott, Matory, and Tomich.
25 It is important to note that the term 'Negro' in English is different from negro in Spanish, which is equivalent to 'black' in English and which mixes the common term for colour in a pigmentocratic system with an ethnic-racial identification. Therefore, in English you have 'black', 'Negro', and 'AfricanAmerican', while in Spanish you have negro, afroamericano, afrocolombiana, and afrodescendiente.  
converged ideologically with the rise of 'black' as a radical political identity of self-affirmation that expressed a politics of liberation against racist oppression, as in the slogan 'black power', championed by Stokely Carmichael as part of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and also adopted by the Black Panthers. The rise of 'black power' and 'African-American' in the 1960s as the preferable language of black radical politics and self-definition marked a change in the politics of self-naming in the United States of America. In the 1930s, the consensus was in favour of the word 'Negro', as can be shown from a sample of distinct groupings, from Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association to the American Negro Academy, and in the concept of the 'New Negro' as the pursued subject of the Harlem Renaissance.