In his study of strategies of resistance against enslavement in Colombia, Rafael Antonio Díaz Díaz says that the study of rebellion and cimarronismo must take into account more than just the formation of palenques, and he suggests other means and strategies used to achieve freedom. Beginning with a critical analysis of historiography since the 1950s and referring to the concept of amphibian culture, the author demonstrates that the various African cultural groups in the country developed a political cartography of resistance. This could be seen in cultural and political construction, the appropriation of territory along rivers and the development of solidarity and family ties. Women played a major role in these processes, particularly in the formation of extended families in Colombia.  
Rafael Sanzio Araújo dos Anjos proposes other readings and representations of the Brazilian geographic space now characterized by the exclusion of the Afrodescendent population. In his chapter, he uses maps, graphs and photos to increase knowledge  
of the territorial references associated with centuries of displacement from Africa to Brazil and to discuss the main configurations and spatial elements of the African matrix in Brazil, particularly contemporary quilombos.  
This subsection concludes with Ana Lucia Araujo's contribution. In her chapter, Araujo suggests that the abolition of the slave trade in Africa and of slavery in the Americas resulted in long and complex social and economic processes which extended from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. Without the usual emphasis on political history, she demonstrates that the ending of these two activities was only possible through the actions of enslaved men and women who challenged their legal status and organized rebellions and mass flights. Araujo highlights the role of the enslaved in their emancipation, both in the Americas and in Africa, focusing more on the former, as well as worldwide elites' interest in creating other forms of exploitation, some of which involved forced labour.