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[^0]:    14 There is a vast body of literature on labels and categories of racial classification and stratification in Brazil. See, in particular, Hanzelbalg, Harris, Paixao, and Telles.
15 W. E. B. Du Bois uses the metaphor of "living behind the veil" to signify the specificity of black worlds in modernity, where black folk are seen as a problem and oppressed by white supremacist regimes, in terms of life, labour, government and representation.
16 Juan Francisco Manzano (1797-1854) is mostly known for his autobiography, The Autobiography of a Slave, which was translated into English and published in 1840 and which was to became an important abolitionist text. He was also a prolific writer of poetry and drama. Poet Candelario Obeso lived a short life (1849-1884), but left behind a very important legacy for Afro-Colombian culture, identity, and politics. See Branche, Cosme, Luis, Prescott.
17 Casta laws prohibiting interracial marriages, excluding negros and pardos from positions of power and segregating entertainment, did not began to be repealed until independence and definitely not until the rise of the populist state (see Andrews). On the paths from casta to scientific racism to mestizaje as hegemonic ethnic-racial discourses in Latin America, see Graham, Stepan, Andrews.