From another perspective, Sylvie Kandé analyses the same region. In her chapter she examines the construction of the Krio/Creole identity in Sierra Leone, referring to different local and Atlantic events and historiography, and its theoretical perspectives on the African diaspora. For the author, Sierra Leone is a space built on the hybridism that started early in the region, during the expansion of Islam and the arrival of European traders at the outset of overseas expansion. Hybridism began to intensify at the end of the seventeenth century, with the ebb of black populations from different parts of the diaspora and Africans freed from slave ships (after the abolition of the slave trade). Thus, Creole identity formed in the region is characterized as fluid and complex and understood through the prism of hybridity. For Kandé, expatriates and their descendants acquired a transnational identity without breaking with the concept of nation.  
In his chapter, Milton Guran writes about enslaved Africans from Brazil, called 'Agudás' or 'Brazilians' returning to the West African coast. Guran shows that the Agudás integrated in an 'exemplary' manner into the region, where they played an essential role in the formation of the modern State of Benin. The author analyses the process of constructing the Agudá social identity in Benin from the end of the eighteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century. This process of identity construction was marked by elements of belonging, influenced by returnees' everyday life in Brazil before their return to Africa; these elements included enslavement, the Portuguese language and the Catholic religion. Guran shows that plans to return were also based on tensions between the people who returned and the people who lived in the cities chosen for the construction of new spaces for the diaspora.