Born between 1797 and 1800, Navarre first settled in Rio de Janeiro before moving to Recife in the northeast, though he maintained business interests in the southern city and might have paid periodic visits there. ${ }^{26}$ If Osifekunde had travelled with his new enslaver to Rio de Janeiro in the 1830s he would have seen a cultural shift, having left behind northeast Brazil where many enslaved Africans, especially in Pernambuco and Recife, were Yoruba (Nago) and Gbe (Fon/Jeje), to Southern Brazil dominated by enslaved Central Africans collectively called Kongo in the Americas. As a result, his ethnic identity also would have changed from Nago to Mina, a Portuguese/Brazilian term for the region and people between Cote D'Ivoire and the Niger Delta. With British abolition of the slave trade in 1807 and the near cessation of slave exports from the Gold Coast, Mina began to refer primarily to the Bight of Benin and specifically to Yoruba and Gbe-speaking  
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[^0]:    24 David B. Davis, 2001, "Impact of the French and Haitian revolutions," in David P. Geggus, ed., The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World, Columbia, SC, University of South Carolina Press, pp. 3-9.
25 See João J. Reis, and Falvio dos Santos Gomes, "Repercussions of the Haitian Revolution in Brazil, 17911850" in David P. Geggus and Norman Fiering, eds., 2009, The World of the Haitian Revolution, Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, pp. 284-314.