Thus, North African societies and societies in contiguous portions of West and north-eastern Africa are plagued with ethno-racial hierarchies, invented or heightened, and often central to the dynamics of specific colonial occupations. As pastoralists whose mode of production is based on desert or semi-desert animal husbandry usually supplemented with small agricultural practices, water harvesting and trade, Berbers, Tuareg, and Bedouin usually find themselves statically codified and racialized as uncivilized and racially inferior, even though they can often articulate some of the lengthiest regional and cultural genealogies. Everyone in North Africa is sandwiched within racial continua that are central to, but still exceed, their fields of existence. Institutionalized forms of antiblackness in Libya, both before and then at significantly heightened levels after the 2011 invasion by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), have  
been documented. Anti-blackness is found alive and well in all of northern Africa, under the most preponderant epistemology in human history, though it is heavily contested, as it is almost everywhere in the world today. Egyptian society exhibits virulently racialized anti-Nubian, anti-Sudanese (especially migrant labour), and anti-Bedouin repression and oppression, among other prominent instances of socially produced difference-based inequality. Similar issues exist within American-empire-friendly Morocco, and its occupation-like relationship with the Western Sahara.