In Dominica, there are the Indigenous Kalinago and in Trinidad, the largely mixed descendants of the Caribs still maintain a visible community. Guyana has nine Indigenous groups. As in Belize, in each of the Guianas, Indigenous and/or Maroon groups are at odds with the State: international law has recognized both them and their rights to the land, but States restrict the implementation of international legal rights. ${ }^{16}$ In the Caribbean, not only are there recognizable Indigenous groups, but also DNA evidence in the last 20 years has demonstrated survival beyond just culture, language, and 'pure blood', identifying Indigenous genes in the broader population of islands such as Puerto Rico (Forte, 2006). Moreover, when the ways in which Indigenous Peoples articulate historical continuity and identify are considered, the Indigenous presence is more widespread (Castanha, 2010). In the Caribbean, Indigenous Peoples face dispossession from blacks and Indian descendants of indentured labourers, with whom they negotiate land rights. In the United States of America, where blacks and Indigenous Peoples are subordinate in a white settler nation, blacks claim rights through citizenship, while Indigenous Peoples must pit tribal sovereignty against United States citizenship (Bruyneel, 2007). In both contexts, blacks derive rights from labour in ways that are antithetical to Indigenous Peoples' land-based sovereignties  
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[^0]:    13 United Sates Department of the Interior: Indian Affairs. http://www.bia.gov/WhoWeAre/BIA/OIS/ TribalGovernmentServices/TribalDirectory/
14 http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/brazilian
15 See the Trans-Atlantic and Intra-American Slave Trade Databases (http://slavevoyages.org)
16 Kambel and MacKay. References to the number of these communities in Suriname and French Guiana are taken from this study.  
and, in different ways, they devalue the role of Indigenous Peoples as a historical and contemporary labouring underclass in the Americas. ${ }^{17}$