[^0]
[^0]:    2 See also Philip Snow (1988, pp. 20, 196). Snow refers to Cengjiani as Zengjiani; strictly proper pinyin transliteration dictates the former spelling.  
1992, p. 9), this same ascription Zanj would prove an inescapable marker of slavery for the increasing numbers of Africans in their midst that the Chinese would incrementally encounter.