Studies also reveal a rich legacy of socialist feminist intellectual and political work on the continent. Among the well-documented examples is Huda Shaarawi, a socialist and nationalist, who led the formation of the Egyptian Feminist Union in the 1920s (Badran, 1995). During the 1940s, Nigeria's Funmilayo RansomeKuti was organizing women across class lines to resist men's abuses of colonial power (Johnson-Odim and Mba, 1997). While Nigeria and Kenya typify African colonies where the forces for independence largely accepted unmitigated capitalist models of development, many African liberation movements embraced socialist principles and received support from the USSR and Cuba. Africa's socialist liberation movements were more inclined to declare that women's emancipation was a necessary aspect of national liberation. ${ }^{4}$ However, over the duration of  
[^0]
[^0]:    3 The United States Government banned Mrs Kuti from entering on the basis of her suspected "communism", and the Nigerian Government seized her passport. McCarthyism had more direct effect on Claudia Jones, who was arrested and imprisoned before being deported to London.
4 Amilcar Cabral, Oliver Tambo and Thomas Sankara are among the leaders most associated with progressive gender politics, but there is evidence that they were often ahead of comrades (women and men) in the structures they led. See, for example, Aliou Ly's article: Revisiting the Guinea-Bissau Liberation War: The PAIGC, UDEMU, and the Question of Women's Emancipation, Portuguese Journal of Social Science, Volume 14, Number 3, 2015.  
prolonged liberation wars, consciousness-raising work including discussions about the role of women appears to have fallen by the wayside, and the emancipation of women deferred (Nhongo-Simbanegavi, 2000).