cultural resistance and community formation. The fourth subsection focuses on the languages spoken in Africa and their presence in the lexicons of European languages and in music and other performance traditions. The fifth subsection deals with the different types of labour performed by Africans, besides work in mines and on plantations; it also discusses the technologies Africans brought from their places of origin to the New World. And, finally, the last subsection covers the return of Africans and their descendants from specific diaspora territories to specific locations in Africa.