# Black feminism  
As black students were picketing, striking, and occupying buildings on college and university campuses, black feminist organizations were burgeoning in response to the marginalization of black women in second-wave feminist and mainstream black movements. The Third World Women's Alliance (1968), National Black Feminist Organization (1973), Combahee River Collective (1974), and Black Women's United Front (1975), for example, sought to organize black women across class to combat forms of social and political subjection that resulted in their triple exploitation. Issues of particular importance included employment, wages, housing, day care, and access to good-quality education. The more radical of these organizations combined anti-racism, anti-sexism, anti-capitalism, and anti-imperialism to articulate a programme that directly addressed the concerns and experiences of black women in the struggle for self-determination, an end to economic exploitation and alienation, and the eradication of racialized oppression. Such activism was concomitant with the introduction of black feminism in American higher education.  
The introduction of black feminist thought into black studies aimed to challenge black men's overdetermination of scholarly inquiry into the history, culture, and social problems of black people. The inclusion and centring of black women in discourse and knowledge production aimed to clarify what was obscured by their exclusion, expand often-reductive interpretations of black social life due to the omission of gender analysis, interrogate how certain theories and approaches erroneously and unnecessarily placed black women and men in conflict and competition, and reveal whose interests were served in defining black men as the paramount subject of liberation, on the one hand, and pathology, on the other hand.  
Starting in the late 1970s, the study of black women's history and literature promoted the rise of academic black feminism. Historians and literary critics, including Darlene Clark Hine, Deborah Gray White, Paula Giddings,