followed this event, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee joined the Confederacy, which later elected Jefferson Davis as its president.  
As the Civil War progressed, many enslaved people ran away, whereas others were freed by the federal government to fight alongside the Union Army (Berlin, 2015, p. 15). On 17 July 1862, the Congress of the United States passed a second Confiscation Act emancipating all enslaved individuals owned by Confederates. This measure opened the path for the Emancipation Proclamation of the Confederate States of the South issued by Lincoln on 22 September 1862 (effective on 1 January 1863). The Proclamation was part of a strategy to fight the Confederate States and gain the support of freed slaves who would be able to join the Union Army. The proclamation freed more than three million enslaved men, women, and children, favouring the enlistment of black soldiers in the Union Army (Foner, 2014, p. 7). Eventually, after four years of bloody civil war, slavery was abolished in the United States through the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of December 1865. The abolition of slavery that followed the end of the Civil War in the United States was exceptional to some extent because it freed a much larger number of enslaved men, women, and children (approximately 4 million) than previous emancipations. Also, except for those in Washington DC, slave owners were not paid indemnities (Araújo, 2017, p. 64).