[^0]
[^0]:    5 Atlantic, Kruan and Mande are three separate language groups which within themselves are relatively heterogeneous; the Northern and Southern branches of the Atlantic language, in particular, are relatively distantly related (Childs, 2007; Thornton, 1998 pp. 186-92).  
violence could not be separated from the birth of Creole societies in the Atlantic World. Particularly in Cabo Verde and Upper Guinea, Atlantic Creole societies emerged from commercial relations among New Christians, Atlantic and Mande groups. Thus, 'primary creolization' based on the pre-existing frameworks of cultural pluralism among the lineages in the region foreshadowed Atlantic creolization and modernity. ${ }^{6}$ In both western Central Africa and the Upper Guinea Coast, AfroEuropean creolization on the African side of the Atlantic acted as a precursor to creolization in the New World among enslaved Africans who originated in these two regions (Thornton, 2010; Green, 2012). Creolization within indigenous Western African communities has received relatively little attention.