At the same time, on the Caribbean coast of Central America, Great Britain abandoned its enclaves in Mosquitia, Nicaragua, and on the Black River, Honduras, in response to treaties signed with Spain in 1787 and 1860. However, in the Antilles, the British violently removed the Garifuna from the island of Saint Vincent under the authorization of the British Parliament and shipped them to Honduras. Saint Vincent's 'empty lands' were then devoted to growing sugar. The case of 'the Caribs' as the Garifuna were called at the time, is the most vivid example of the role that Central America played in the dispute for the Caribbean between Spain and Great Britain.  
During the nineteenth century, the new Central American states were not yet well established and their confrontation with Great Britain evolved. An example was the forced and violent annexation of the Miskito Kingdom by the State of Nicaragua at the end of the nineteenth century. Great Britain had recognized this kingdom, located on Nicaragua's Caribbean coast, as an independent nation. After  
annexation, Nicaragua created a racialized narrative to justify the occupation of this land and the subordination of its citizens (Hooker, 2010).  
These changes and contradictions shaped various forms of identity. These identities were defined not only by specific African origin and racial ascription, but also by the position of individuals in relation to language and religion inherited from the metropolitan powers, and the antagonism derived from the period of imperial confrontation.