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[^0]:    30 There is a tendency to define a single system of racialization and racial formation in the United States of America based on hypodescent, or the so-called 'one-drop rule' (i.e., one drop of 'black blood') to be black, in contrast to a continuum of a plurality of labels and categories in Latin America. I contend that this is an overgeneralization because ethnic-racial classifications and stratifications are far more complex, diverse, and ambiguous in both vast historic spaces that are as violently homogenized as Latin America and the United States of America.  
African Descent demonstrates the increasing global significance of Afro-Latin American epistemic and political perspectives.  
The third concluding point is that both negro and afrodescendiente are important signifiers of blackness and key categories of self-denomination for social movements, cultural currents, intellectual perspectives, and political programmes linking the historical projects of people of African descent in Latin America and the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. Afro-Latin Americans took centre stage in Africana struggles during the Durban process, and their movements pushed Latin American countries to launch the Decade for People of African Descent as an important step forward for black people the world over to gain recognition and representation at the United Nations. The longterm organizational goal is to have a permanent forum for Afrodescendants at the United Nations, a vision articulated by Malcolm X in the 1960s and an institutional gain already achieved by the indigenous peoples of the world. As we keep reinventing Africanity as a global translocal heterogeneous space of flows back and forth between the African continent and the diaspora, and among the plurality of diaspora-scapes, the continuous investing of signifiers of blackness and Africanity, such as negro and afrodescendiente, with positive political and epistemic values should increasingly become a tool of liberation against the intersecting oppressions faced by the Africana peoples of the world.