seen as unskilled, although cleaning, cooking, and other such activities require specific knowledge. Africans and their descendants enslaved in the Americas performed various roles, such as laundress, domestic maid and greengrocer, among others. And just like enslaved males, women were subject to long transfers after disembarking. In the 1670s, an African woman identified by the names of Ysabel and Margarita in the city of Córdoba in modern-day Argentina had disembarked in Bahia, Brazil, and from there had been sold on and transported to Buenos Aires, where she had been resold to a Catholic priest, who had then traded her to a Spanish merchant, thus leading her to Córdoba. However, the final destination of this enslaved female from inland Angola was to be Potosí, Peru (Schultz, 2017, pp. 267-68). There was a demand for female Africans enslaved in the Americas, and as Ysabel/Margarita's case reveals, they could be sold various times after disembarking in the ports of the Americas and transported for long distances to regions lacking an enslaved labour force for production functions in the mines and plantations. In metropoles such as Rio de Janeiro, Mexico City and Puebla (modern-day Mexico), Havana (Cuba), Santo Domingo (modern-day Haiti), Cártago (modern-day Costa Rica), Omoa (Honduras), Panama City, Buenos Aires, Lima and Cartagena (Colombia), enslaved females worked as vendors or the carriers of water or other products for transport, as well as weavers, artisans and seamstresses, also offering specialist services as nurses and midwives. And finally, they helped produce foodstuffs and clean the streets (Farias, 2015; Karasch, op. cit., pp. 58, 189-92, 195-209; Soares, 2008, pp. 79-98; Velázquez Gutiérrez, 2006; Seija and Silva, 2016, pp. 307-33; Gómez, 2000; Wheat, 2016, pp. 142-80; Dantas, 2015, pp. 82-108; Libby and Paiva, 2000, pp. 96-127; Graubart, 2012, pp. 1-22). The only roles exclusively performed by enslaved females were those of midwife and wet nurse (Gaspar et al., 1996, p. 261). Of even greater significance were their roles as nurses and healers