As the European market for the American plantation products grew over the period, 1650-1850, the scale of production in the Americas increased even more and the plantation economies became overly specialized, offering expanding markets for other producers in the Americas. The Caribbean plantation economies offered market opportunities to producers of foodstuffs, lumber, draught animals and business services (especially shipping services provided by New England shippers). The plantation economies (especially the cotton plantations) of the Southern United States offered expanding markets to north-eastern manufacturers, merchants, shippers and financiers; and the growing markets for foodstuffs in the plantation south and the manufacturing, trading, shipping and financing north-east stimulated the growth of commercial agriculture in the Midwestern United States (North, 1961; 1965, pp. 673-705). Plantation production of export commodities (sugar, cotton, coffee), which made Brazil virtually an extension of Africa (demographically) in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, had similar commercializing effects across the country's major regions (Luna and Klein, 2004, pp. 120-149; 2003; Barickman, 1998). For Brazil, the commercializing effects of gold production (dominated like plantation agriculture by the labour of enslaved Africans) in the first six decades of the eighteenth century must be added.  
The commercialization of the domestic economies of the Americas and Western Europe proceeded simultaneously with the growth and development of an Atlantic market which integrated the regional markets of the Atlantic basin. As the annual average value of Atlantic commerce increased from $£ 3.2$ million