# Conclusion  
The Mande and Atlantic are but one example of complex cultural processes taking place in precolonial West Africa; western Central Africa is another. Creolization is a process which historians of the Atlantic World have written about primarily in enslaved societies in the New World or in Western Africa among multi-racial societies resulting from Western Africans' interaction with European slave traders. This article discussed evidence of cultural contact in precolonial Western Africa in the context of shifting social and political hierarchies in which one incoming militarily, politically and socially powerful group subjugated and incorporated peoples, leaving both groups fundamentally changed.  
Lowcountry Creoles were primarily the descendants of Africans who embarked slaving vessels in the Upper Guinea Coast and Kongo/Angola subregions in almost equal numbers. African captives disembarking in South Carolina and Georgia's coastal ports from the Kongo/Angola subregion were likely Atlantic Creoles. Whether they were captured in the interior or the coastal areas of Kongo, Angola or Mbundu, these Atlantic Creoles were likely bearers of culture influenced by centuries of warfare, political insecurity and interactions with Portuguese traders and Christianity. Captives embarking slaving vessels in the Upper Guinea Coast may have practised cultures and spoken languages which were also influenced by centuries of warfare, interaction among Atlantic, Kruan and Mande groups and political domination by the Mande. A fresh historical question is how the already creolized languages and cultures of enslaved people from two distinct Western African regions produced Lowcountry Creoles in the antebellum period and subsequently the Gullah Geechee in the mid-twentieth century.