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[^0]:    2 Makoan narratives recorded in Morondava and Maintirano on the west coast of Madagascar in 2008.
3 I have distinguished between the Makoa (according to the Malagasy spelling), the population established in Madagascar, and the Makhuwa, from Mozambique. In the same way, 'Makoa' describes the language spoken in Madagascar, and 'Emakhuwa' describes that used in Mozambique.