Further along the spectrum of definitions of blackness, where blackness is defined through its global, non-race-specific intersections, we find Black Cosmopolitanism, which is also an umbrella concept, and subsequently developed to very fine degrees by a variety of contemporary thinkers and writers. For example, Ghanaian academic and novelist Kwame Anthony Appiah argues in Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers (2006) that all black communities and individuals must understand themselves as 'global citizens' who, while distinct in their cultures, religions, ethnicities and nationalities, are nonetheless linked by a common ancestry and history - even while some are admittedly less empowered than others. In a slightly different vein, the novels of Nigerian novelist and feminist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, especially Purple Hibiscus (2003), Half of a Yellow Sun (2006) and Americanab (2013), focus on how black Africans at this moment in the late twentieth and early twentyfirst century must inevitably navigate between their local African ancestral homes, their national cultures and the long economic and political arm of global 'superpowers' in order to survive. Strikingly, Appiah and Adichie tend to locate black cosmopolitans almost wholly in urban areas, as does American academic Bennetta Jules-Rosette. In Black Paris (1998), Jules-Rosette argues that certain black diaspora literatures written from and focusing on the black experience  
within large urban centres must be analysed within their own paradigm (such as 'Parisianism'), because defining blackness outside of the richly complex multicultural space of major cities is at best distorting, if not impossible.