craftsman and tutor (Aldred, 1980, p. 23). By the Middle Kingdom (from 2050 BCE), for instance, the sculptor Irtisen immortalized himself through the writings in his tomb, extolling his knowledge of traditional methods of art (Aldred, ibid.). Irtisen also alluded to being privy to information only he and his eldest son shared. Traditionally, throughout Africa, from antiquity to the present, certain professions are passed down from father to eldest son and from mother to eldest daughter. Thus, educating a son as an artist was dependent not only on formal schooling, but also on hereditary systems of transmission.