## Contemporary communities of Afro-Latin Americans  
Beyond the religious sphere, African peoples have built another kind of space in which to live freely: rural black communities, or quilombos, as they are currently known in Brazil, cumbes in Venezuela, or palenques in Cuba and Colombia. The terms cimarrón and cimarronage, equivalents of quilombola in Brazil, have spread throughout Latin America and are used to denote resistance against oppression. Within these spaces, various African cultural codes have been reconstructed and transformed, taking the form of 'secret languages' in two documented communities in Brazil, as well as communities of speakers of Creole languages, such as Palenquero, in Colombia. Lipski (2015, p. 94) uses Afro-Hispanic linguistic data to make reference to communities in which 'diluted traces of what may have been  
authentic restructured dialects' still persist. This can be extended to many Brazilian communities, today classified as quilombos.  
In Brazil, the so-called 'secret languages' are spoken within communities of Afrodescendants in the states of São Paulo (Cafundó) and Minas Gerais (Tabatinga and Calunga). These are the only locations for which such records currently exist, documented, among others, in: Vogt and Fry (1996), on Cafundó; Queiroz (1998), on Tabatinga; and Byrd (2006), on Calunga.