According to Bernal (2008, pp. 61-62), loan words of African origin in Cuban Spanish, from the Quicongo, Eve-Fon, Yoruba and Efique-Ibíbio languages, can be classified as 'socio-linguistically neutral' or 'having a strong cultural religious origin prevailing in popular and marginal Cuban Spanish'. The first group includes words such as malanga, the designation of a plant species, quimbombó, a type of plant and fruit, ñame 'yam', bongo, a type of drum and conga, a type of dance. The second is made up of terms such as iriampo 'head', butuba 'food', bilongo 'witchcraft' and embó 'religious sacrifice'. This author believes that the only linguistic level of Cuban Spanish influenced by African languages is its lexicon.  
With regard to Brazil, the issue of the specificities of Brazilian Portuguese has traditionally been associated with words taken from a lexicon of African origin. This idea first came to the fore in the nineteenth century, in a debate no doubt stimulated by the social and political context that preceded and  
followed the country's independence in 1822. Thus, in an 1826 text considered one of the first reflections on the nature of Brazilian Portuguese (Pinto, 1978, p. xv), Visconde de Pedra Branca highlighted the vocabulary field as one of the main differences between the Portuguese spoken in Brazil and the language of Portugal. Pedra Branca presents a list of 49 words used in Brazil and unknown in Portugal; 16 of these words are of African origin: quindim, quitute, batuque, cochilar, xingar, muxingueiro, caçula, fuxicar, mocotó, mungangas, muxoxo, mulambo, mandinga, muxiba, quitanda and senzala.