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[^0]:    1 Furthermore, she does not compare the Atlantic Monthly article with his book-length autobiography.  
well as the Atlantic Monthly article (these works include Al-Ahari, 2006, pp. 7-36, 99-189; Dabovic, 2012; Horn, 2012; Lixl, 2009, pp. 123-127). However, only Paul E. Lovejoy has attempted to examine the context of Said's life more fully (Lovejoy, 2017). For instance, most of the scholarship concentrates on presenting Said's autobiography as an African Muslim or American Muslim slave narrative or as the work of a 'Carolinian immigrant', but, in so doing, they mainly rehash what is already known and only reproduce the text (see, for instance, Lixl, 2009). Thus, little is said about the contributions of Said's life experiences to the historiography of slavery in Africa and elsewhere. Because Said's article in the Atlantic Monthly says relatively little about slavery, similar problems are evident in the earlier work of Austin and others who mainly draw on this particular material. ${ }^{2}$ Departing from this approach, I suggest that Said's observations on slavery in his autobiography (1873) constitute an important contribution to the historiography of the subject, and that his narrative was more than that of an African Muslim or American Muslim slave and was not that of a 'Carolinian immigrant'.