for ninety per cent of those recruited) but were not - and are still not - legally allowed to stay in the country beyond their annual contracts. In addition, there were Caribbean students who had started to arrive on temporary permits in the 1920s; their number increased after the Second World War and by the 1960s was significant. They were largely blamed for the eruption of student radicalism and alleged Black Power sentiment at Sir George Williams University in 1969 (Eber, 1969; Forsythe, 1971) and, as a result, 'Afro-Caribbeans' were increasingly viewed as a potential source of disruption. More recently, the label of 'problematic Black communities' (who are read to be of Caribbean, particularly Jamaican, origin) has gained prominence with the apparent growth in gang activity and intracommunity violence. While the crime rate in Canada is relatively low and steadily declining and the majority of crimes are committed by the majority White population, the racialized spectre of 'young Black men with guns' has led to an eruption of rhetoric and policies aimed at nullifying what many (White) Canadians believe to be 'naturally' aggressive and disruptive tendencies among Black people (Backhouse, 1999; Chan, 2004; Foster, 1996; Rowe, 2008; Thornhill, 2008).