conception tying the human to Homo economicus and, therefore, to material possession, and linking the deselected others to dispossession.  
It was precisely this conundrum of the racialization processes that was tackled by black intellectuals and activists in the assertion of pan-Africanism at the first such conference in London in 1900. There it was acknowledged that race remained salient for the ordering of Western and Western-derived societies. This continued throughout the twentieth century and into the twentyfirst century. The interplay between the global and the local remains, with its varying permutations in different locations, but with some commonalities around subjection and the creation of racial hierarchies. Cedric J. Robinson refers to 'racial capitalism' in his classic Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (1983) to describe the ways in which capitalism and racism evolved together to produce racial capitalism. Racialization was already taking place in Europe via internal colonization, with its economic corollaries, and the creation of hierarchies in which European ethnic minorities asserted ascendancy and subordination of those defined as racialized others (including Irish, Welsh, and Basques). Thus, according to Walter D. Mignolo, a coloniality of knowledge occurred in which the 'expansion of Western capitalism implied the expansion of Western epistemology in all its ramifications' (2002, p. 59).