Something similar occurs for Caribbeans and Latin Americans entering larger European or American metropolitan areas. Claims that people never experienced racism in the Caribbean or Latin America before coming to major European or American centres are blind to the varying patterns of locational racialization in which different racial codes continue to be applied in different contexts. For scholars such as Walter Rodney, both the Caribbean and the United States of America were laboratories for scientific and social racial experimentation: 'The West Indies and the American South share the dubious distinction of being the breeding ground for world racialism', he asserts in The Groundings with My Brothers (1969, p. 25). Boyce Davies, in her chapter 'Caribbean GPS: compasses of racialization' (2013), indicates that, in the case of the United States of America, Jim Crow segregation and its markers epitomize the popular understanding of racism, rather than the superstructures of racism, which include race-based subordination manifested in various socioeconomic structures which still position black people at the bottom of a racial hierarchy.