Second, the Chinese prejudice was against all foreigners, not just Africans. Being self-centred and conceited, they looked down upon others, describing their neighbours as barbarians, and called foreigners gui (devil), termed the blacks hei gui (black devils) or Kunlun nu (black slaves), and named whites yang guizi (foreign devils), hongmao gui (red-haired devil), fangou (barbarian dog) or gui lao (devil male) and gui po (devil female). Xiyang ren (Europeans) could only be called qin (bird/beast) not $y i$ (barbarians), since barbarians were still human, and Europeans were not human (Zhu Chun-ting, 2004, pp. 98-103).