## Section II: Chapter 19  
Rafael DIAZ DIAZ earned his Ph.D. in History of Mexico and Latin America from El Colegio de México. He has a master's degree in African Studies from El Colegio de México, and B.A. in Social Sciences from Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. He is currently Director of the Department of History and Geography at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.