In other words, the powerful forces of globalization - the free movement of capital, the disengagement of capital from national boundaries/sovereignty, modern free mass migration, the rise of sophisticated media and communication systems, and so on - enable individuals and groups to keep in touch across boundaries of every kind. In turn, this flow of continuing relationships, information and so forth gives rise to 'new' forms of community across boundaries and time, making it easy enough for groups of people in any of the world's major cities to be more in touch with communities they left across the globe than with their immediate physical neighbours, among whom they lead their daily lives. This is a new experience in human society, as many theorists have remarked. It cannot be certain, however, whether the connections established between migrants and the communities they have left behind will give rise to a generalized consciousness such as that which is shared by members of a diaspora. The absence of that angst, bred of loss and suffering, and the need to repair the breach may leave transnational communities without the agglutinating factors of continuity over time. It may, therefore, be more proper to view transnational communities as kinds of incipient diasporic communities rather than actual diasporas. Perhaps some will be what Marienstras (1989, p.125) described as 'adventurous' and become diasporas, but it is more than likely that with the passing of time and with uniformed integration into host societies, these groups will disappear just as nearly all migrant groups have disappeared over historic time, as figure 2 suggests.
![img-5.jpeg](img_ref_6)
figure 2. Possible destinations of migrant communities
Source: Harry Goulbourne.  
Figure 2 indicates that the migrant experience (gray arrow) may be fluid, allowing individuals to gravitate towards forming a community with memories of a disrupted past (beginning of a diaspora), or becoming integrated into the accepting or host society (white arrow) because there is no memory of loss