The place described could have been in the highlands beyond Moçamedes in the region of Lubango, then known as Sá da Bandeira, in south-west Angola (Warner-Lewis, 2008, pp. 32-43); or in the highlands up the Kwanza River, south of Luanda. The Kwanza was navigable for about 140 miles from the sea, allowing for trade between Calumbo, Cambambe, Muxima and Massangano, and its banks were lined with the plantations of Portuguese and mulatto settlers. Ngeve 'apparently went far enough up [...] to see hills whose cloud cover could give the appearance of snow' (Lovejoy, 2010, p. 8); but she had never yet seen snow so there might have been an element of mental reconstruction and hindsight to her account. Also problematic was the mention of an ox-drawn wagon, the first ever reference to the use of that type of transport in Angola unlike in South Africa, where it was being used by the Boers, and São Tomé, where it had been introduced by the Portuguese because of the mountainous terrain (Lovejoy, 2010, p. 8).  
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[^0]:    4 See Lovejoy, 2010: 5. José Curto assisted Lovejoy in this research project. For a revision, see Lovejoy 2011, pp. 247-63.
5 Indian corn or maize, as distinct from Guinea corn or sorghum.