11 'Commitment to the Brotherhood of N. S. do Rosário dos Homens Pretos' in Vila de Santo Antonio, Recife, Bishopric of Pernambuco, IAN/TT, Chancelarias Antigas/ Ordem de Cristo, Book 283, pp. 116-117; 'Commitment to the Brotherhood of N. S. do Rosário dos Homens Pretos' in the Parish of Santo Antonio do Cabo, Bishopric of Pernambuco, Chancelarias Antigas/Ordem de Cristo, Book 283, pp. 110-115.  
been made up almost 'exclusively of Angolas and their descendants'. (Bacelar e Souza, 1974, p. 9). The presence and establishment of Catholicism in the former Kingdom of Kongo and in Angola since the mid-sixteenth century was one of the fundamental reasons behind the close ties established between the Rosary devotion and the Angolas in the Portuguese Americas. Indeed, it could be argued that these ties were initially woven by the first groups of Central Africans who disembarked in Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco. For these communities, the world of Catholicism and, above all, the experience of the links between conversion and conquest, along with Africanized Christianity over a long period of contact, were especially significant (Schwartz, 1994; Thornton, 1998; Sweet, 2007; Fromont, 2014). We may in fact need to cross the Atlantic to the territories of Kongo and Angola to comprehend all the dimensions of the Rosary's popularity. This might allow us to better understand the phenomenon of the Lady of the Rosary's popularization among slaves and their descendants in the Americas and, perhaps, her transformation into Our Lady of Kalunga.