I am a Guinea bird-eh / wah me da go do / poor me Guinea bird-oh / wah me da go do / oh me wan go home-eh  
The guinea fowl does not fly. It never will return to Guinea, the metaphor of Africa sung in Bantu words:  
Oy-eh, but what a Guinea mama / seh woy-oh, kalunga / woy-oh, Guinea bird-eh / oy-oh but what a Guinea yard-eh (Bilby and Fu-Kiau, 1983).  
Such code-switching - in the sense that Yakpo understood it, as a place where communication strategies are structured ${ }^{1}$ - is not a mere coincidence, but rather the mark of the adaptation of language to complex communication situations within the world of the plantations and, in this case, the key to the message. Thus, Brazilians using the word malungos to refer to the brothers of the men who made the fatal crossing owe this to the Angolan coast, which was, for a long time, the domain of the slave ships in the 'century of a thousand revolts' (Anselin, 2009). In Gipende, the ka.lunga is the ocean of the dead, the bridge between the dead and the living, ma.lunga is justice and di.lunga the fact of being equal. Behind a simple word in a half-forgotten song lies the key to a whole culture, from the management of death to justice for the living (Anselin, 1998).  
Likewise, the words of Angola or the old Dã Xome did not appear in Haitian Creole out of nowhere. They would not have arrived without solidarity, without religious cults and their dances. They also involved new social spaces, where they took on life and meaning. Thus, Haitian marassa twins go hand in hand with their Pende counterparts, mahasa (Anselin, 1998). ${ }^{2}$ Dossou are their younger brothers in the organizational framework of the Dahomey cult of voodoo spirits, which also gives us their elder counterparts, gan and gangan (Laroche, 1988).  
Another question follows: can the African vocabulary of creole 'oralitures' be considered a clue that points to other, even less visible, ties? It is also found in the rapid emergence of new and original languages, which occurred at the heart of the dominant social space.  
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