The chapter by Edda L. Fields-Black examines the concept of creolization as applied to Upper Guinean and West Central African peoples, characterizing it as a sort of 'primary creolization'. Fields-Black argues that said peoples were creolized before becoming part of a modern diaspora. The author discusses the evidence of this primary creolization in cultural contacts among different peoples on the West African coast. The Mande, a group with considerable military and political power, had subjugated, incorporated and enslaved other peoples. For Fields-Black, although the Mande had instituted a political and legislative apparatus and assumed the control of trade in the Upper Guinea region, cultural praxes between conquerors and the conquered were no longer distinctly Mande, Atlantic (here the author refers to the linguistic classification) or Kruan, but rather Creole. Fields-Black's argument points to a cultural dynamic that took place before transatlantic enslavement and the creation of the modern African diaspora.  
Michele A. Johnson discusses the presence of Africans and their descendants in Canada, a longue durée history spanning from the early seventeenth century to the twentieth century. Johnson focuses her analysis on the introduction of slavery in Canada, the kinds of work in which the enslaved were employed, the struggles for abolition, the voluntary and involuntary flows of black people from Africa, Jamaica and the United States of America to Canada, and racism as a structural element in the history of Canadian society. Although Afrodescendants have lived in and contributed to Canadian society and economy for centuries, that there have been recurrent attempts to exclude these people is clear. Alleging