European'. Settling his mother Anne's estate in 1796, he identified himself only as a citoyen français (French citizen). Indeed, the last decade of his life spanned the years when early-modern equality, diversity and inclusion reached its apex in revolutionary France, which not only abolished slavery, but also specifically rejected the so-called 'aristocracy of skin'. Saint-Georges, like contemporary generals Alexandre Dumas and Toussaint Louverture, sought identification, recognition and acceptance as full French citizens without hyphenation, a struggle that continues into the present for people of colour around the Atlantic World. Experiencing anti-black bigotry was, nonetheless, an inescapable torment in their lives. They did not race themselves, but were racialized and made black, post-mortem in Saint-Georges's case, as a result of Napoleon Bonaparte's constitutional and legal innovations. Scholars, therefore, must be careful not to reify this racialization that was imposed and designed to diminish the very humanity of Saint-Georges and all those of colour, a racialization of the First French Empire that was begotten by the Napoleonic regime through genocide.