The first black brotherhood in Lisbon was set up at Igreja de São Domingos, with its first statute approved in 1565 (Lahon, 1999, p. 61). In the 1580s, the brotherhoods of Our Lady of Guadalupe were created at Convento de São Francisco, along with another under the invocation of Jesus Maria José, at Convento do Carmo. Between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, several black brotherhoods were set up in Portugal. It was from then onwards that the primacy of the Rosary became clear. In Lisbon, at the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Rosário dos Pretos brotherhood was set up at Convento do Salvador. Between then and the mid-eighteenth century, four more brotherhoods were founded, three of them dedicated to the Rosary: Rosário a Resgatada at Convento da Trindade, Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos at Convento da Graça and the Confraria de Nossa Senhora do Rosário e dos Santos Reis Magos. Black brotherhoods could also be found in other cities outside of Lisbon with a high concentration of people of African origin: Évora, Alcácer do Sal, Setúbal, Vila Viçosa, Grândola, Montemor-o-Novo, Estremoz and Elvas, in the Alentejo. And black brotherhoods were also present in the Algarve and to the north of the Tagus (Lahon, 1999b, pp. 140-41; Fonseca, 1997, 1996, pp. 151-76). In summary, by the eighteenth century, the cult of the Rosary had spread throughout Portugal. By then, an association had already  
been established between this devotion and the black population (of both slaves and free people) in the Kingdom. ${ }^{2}$