Instruct: Given a question, retrieve passages that answer the question.
Query: When was Ignazio Silone born?
Ignazio Silone (Italian:[iɲˈɲattsjo siˈloːne]; 1 May 1900 – 22 August 1978) was the pseudonym of Secondino Tranquilli, a political leader, Italian novelist, and short-story writer, world-famous during World War II for his powerful anti-Fascist novels. He was nominated for the Nobel prize for literature ten times.[1][2]
Mario Bellisario,"Ricordi di una Civiltà Scomparsa", Carabba editore, Lanciano, 2004,ISBN88-95078-39-X Pietro Spezzani, Fontamara di Silone: grammatica e retorica del discorso popolare, Liviani, Padova, 1979 Carmelo Aliberti, Come leggere "Fontamara" di Silone, Mursia, Milano, 1983 Raffaele La Capria, Introduzione a Fontamara, Rizzoli, Milano, 1989, ISBN88-17-13747-2 Ignazio Silone, Fontamara, a cura di Mirella Zocchi, Mondadori ISBN88-04-23496-2 Lizzani, Carlo et al. "Fontamara: dal Romanzo di Ignazio Silone edito da Mondadori" ERI, 1980 Magill, Frank Northen and Dayton Kohler. "Masterpieces of world literature in digest form" Harper & Row, 1969 Stefano Mercanti. The rose and the lotus: partnership studies in the works of Raja Rao. Rodopi, (31 March 2010) pp.80–. ISBN978-90-420-2833-3. Siegal, Paul N. "Revolution and the 20th-century novel", Pathfinder Press, 1979 Chapter 4 Giuseppe Alberto Traldi (1973). Realism and nonrealism in Ignazio Silone's fontamara. Frank Northern Magill (1984). Critical survey of long fiction: Foreign language series. Salem Press. ISBN978-0-89356-373-8.
Mosbacher's wife, Gwenda David, introduced him to the work of Ignazio Silone, and the pair translated Silone's anti-Fascist novel "Fontamara" in 1934. Often working in collaboration with his wife, Mosbacher continued translating in parallel with his other jobs.
In the 1990s, Italian historians Dario Biocca and Mauro Canali found documents which implicated that Silone acted as an informant for the Fascist police from 1919 until 1930. It is believed that the reason he broke from the Fascist police is because of the torture the inflicted upon his brother. The two historians published the results of their research in a work titled L'informatore. Silone, i comunisti e la polizia.[2]
His book, "L'informatore. Silone i comunisti e la polizia", (coauthored with Dario Biocca), which revealed the collaboration between the well-known Abruzzi author Ignazio Silone and the Fascist political police during the 1920s, was the subject of much debate among historians in Italy and abroad. It was discussed in publications including "New Left Review", "The New Yorker", and "The Nation".
Severina, or La speranza di suor Severina, is the last work of Italian writer Ignazio Silone. Written 1977-78, it was edited and completed by Darina Silone and published posthumously in 1981.
Silone was born in a rural family, in the town of Pescina in the Abruzzo region. His father, Paolo Tranquilli, died in 1911 and in the 1915 Avezzano earthquake, he lost many of his family members, including his mother, Marianna Delli Quadri. He left his hometown and finished high school. In 1917, Silone joined the Young Socialists group of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), rising to be their leader.[2]
Luca's Secret () is a 1956 romance novel by Ignazio Silone. The romance is set in Marsica, Abruzzo.
Three of Silone's poems were included by Hanns Eisler in his Deutsche Sinfonie, along with poetry by Bertolt Brecht.
Ed egli si nascose (1944) (And He Hid Himself, transl. Darina Silone (1945))
The writer Ignazio Silone set his novel "Fontamara". Today part of the old village has been partly restored and renovated. The traveller can visiting the great tower of the Piccolomini family, and the medieval bell tower of the old church of San Berardo. Under the bell tower is the tomb of the writer Ignazio Silone.
Fontamara (1930) (Fontamara, transl. Michael Wharf (1934); Gwenda David and Eric Mosbacher (1938); Harvey Fergusson (1960)) Un viaggio a Parigi (1934), (Mr. Aristotle, transl. Samuel Putnam (1935)) Pane e vino (1936) (Bread and Wine, transl. Gwenda David and Eric Mosbacher (1936)) Il seme sotto la neve (1941) (The Seed Beneath the Snow, transl. Frances Frenaye (1942)) Una manciata di more (1952) (A Handful of Blackberries, transl. Darina Silone (1953)) Pane e vino (revised version, 1955) (Bread and Wine, transl. Harvey Fergusson (1962)) Il segreto di Luca (1956) (The Secret of Luca, transl. Darina Silone (1958)) La volpe e le camelie (1960) (The Fox and the Camelias, transl. Eric Mosbacher (1961)) L'avventura di un povero cristiano (1968) (Story of a Humble Christian, transl. William Weaver (1970)) Severina (1981), completed after his death by Darina Silone
Silone, Ignazio
A 2005 biography by Biocca also includes documents showing Silone's involvement with the American intelligence (the OSS) during and after the World War, Biocca suggesting that Silone's political stands (as well as extensive literary work) be reconsidered in light of a more complex personality and political engagements.[3]
in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Bitter Spring: A Life of Ignazio Silone by Stanislao G. Pugliese, Farrar Straus & Giroux (2009)
The United States Army printed unauthorized versions of Fontamara and Bread and Wine and distributed them to the Italians during the liberation of Italy after 1943. These two books together with The Seed Beneath the Snow form the Abruzzo Trilogy. Silone returned to Italy only in 1944, and two years later he was elected as a PSI deputy.[2]
The six contributors were Louis Fischer, André Gide, Arthur Koestler, Ignazio Silone, Stephen Spender, and Richard Wright.
Elisabeth Darina Laracy Silone (30 March 1917 - 25 July 2003) was an Irish journalist, translator and anti-fascist.
She was the wife of the writer Ignazio Silone from 1944 until his death in 1978 .
He was a founding member of the breakaway Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I) in 1921, and became one of its covert leaders during the Fascist regime. Ignazio's brother Romolo Tranquilli was arrested in 1928 for being a member of the PCI and died in prison in 1931 as a result of the severe beatings he received.[2]
Fontamara [fontaˈmaːra] is a 1933 novel by the Italian author Ignazio Silone, written when he was a refugee from the Fascist Police in Davos, Switzerland.[2]
Ignazio Silone was married to Darina Laracy (1917-2003), an Irish student of Italian literature and journalist. He died in Geneva, Switzerland in 1978.
In "Finché la testa vive" (1963), a short novel also later included in "Deviazione", she confronted the trauma of being confined to a wheelchair at the age of nineteen. 
In 1966 her writing career was profoundly affected by an encounter with Ignazio Silone, who became her lifelong friend and the subject of an acute critical study "L’opera di Ignazio Silone" published by Arnoldo Mondadori in 1971. In this monumental piece of meticulous research and original insight, d’Eramo examines the resistance of the Italian cultural milieu to a native Italian writer who achieved world fame as one of the greatest figures of the literary scene in the twentieth century.
Aline Valangin was a Swiss writer, pianist, and psychoanalyst. In Zurich she was follower of Carl Jung and became a psychoanalyst. With Vladimir Rosenbaum (1894–1984, her husband from 1917 to 1940), at Comologno she helped and played host to migrants as Ignazio Silone, Ernst Toller, and Kurt Tucholsky. In 1931, she loved Silone, read his masterpiece "Fontamara", and helped him to publish it.
Following his contribution to the anti-communist anthology The God That Failed (1949), Silone joined the Congress of Cultural Freedom and edited Tempo Presente. In 1967, with the discovery that the journal received secret funds from the United States Central Intelligence Agency, Silone resigned and devoted all his energies to the writing of novels and autobiographical essays.[2]