Instruct: Given a question, retrieve relevant documents that can help answer the question.
Query: What years did Julius Caesar live?
Gaius Julius Caesar[lower-alpha 1] (/ˈsiːzər/; Latin pronunciation:[ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ˈjuː.li.ʊs ˈkae̯.sar]; 12 or 13 July 100BC[1] – 15 March 44BC),[2] known by his nomen and cognomen Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician, military general, and historian who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. He is also known as an author of Latin prose.
In 54 BCE the great-uncle of Octavia, Julius Caesar, was said to be anxious for Octavia to divorce Marcellus so that she could marry Pompey, his rival and son-in-law who had just lost his wife Julia (daughter of Caesar and thus Octavia's cousin once removed). However, Pompey apparently declined the proposal and Octavia's husband continued to oppose Julius Caesar, culminating in the crucial year of his consulship in 50 BCE when he tried to recall Julius Caesar from his ten-year governorship in Gaul two years early, without his army, in an attempt to save the Roman Republic. Failing this, he called unsuccessfully upon Caesar to resign.
Lucius Julius Caesar II, first cousin of Caesar's grandfather, grandson of Lucius Julius Caesar I;
The name of the dictator Julius Caesar—Latin script: "CAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR"—was often extended by the official filiation "Gai filius" ("son of Gaius"), rendered as "Gaius Iulius Gai filius Caesar". A longer version can also be found, however rarely: "Gaius Iulius Gai(i) filius Gai(i) nepos Caesar" ("Gaius Julius Caesar, son of Gaius, grandson of Gaius"). Caesar often spoke of himself only as "Caius Caesar", omitting the "nomen gentile Iulius". After his senatorial consecration as Divus Iulius in 42 BC, the "dictator perpetuo" bore the posthumous name "Imperator Gaius Iulius Caesar Divus" (, best translated as "Commander [and] God Gaius Julius Caesar"), which is mostly given as his official historical name. Suetonius also speaks of the additional cognomen "Pater Patriae", which would render Caesar's complete name as "Imperator Gaius Iulius Caesar Pater Patriae Divus".
Lucius Julius Caesar, son of the praetor of 183, was "praetor urbanus" in 166. A "praetor urbanus" named Julius Caesar was mentioned by Pliny the Elder as having died suddenly during his year of office, and was perhaps the same man, although some scholars identify him with Gaius Julius Caesar, the grandfather of the dictator.
During the Gallic Wars, the Belgic area south of the Oude Rijn and west of the Rhine was conquered by Roman forces under Julius Caesar in a series of campaigns from 57 BC to 53 BC. The tribes located in the area of the Netherlands at this time did not leave behind written records, so all the information known about them during this pre-Roman period is based on what the Romans and Greeks wrote about them. One of the most important is Caesar's own "Commentarii de Bello Gallico". Two main tribes he described as living in what is now the Netherlands were the Menapii, and the Eburones, both in the south, which is where Caesar was active. He established the principle that the Rhine defined a natural boundary between Gaul and Germania magna. But the Rhine was not a strong border, and he made it clear that there was a part of Belgic Gaul where many of the local tribes (including the Eburones) were "Germani cisrhenani", or in other cases, of mixed origin.
The Emperor Tiberius is referred to as "the last of Julius Caesar's line". Inconsistently, Romulus Augustulus is also depicted as the last of Julius Caesar's family line and Tiberius as one of his ancestors. Tiberius was actually the second of the five Julio-Claudian emperors, succeeding to the role of emperor as the adopted son of Augustus, who had himself been adopted by Julius Caesar. Augustus had named several of his own relatives as heirs, but as they all died, he named a son of his second wife, Livia, by her first marriage. Thus, Tiberius was not the last of any line established by Julius Caesar (Augustus' maternal great-uncle by blood) as he had no blood relation to Caesar at all. His successors, Caligula and Claudius were blood relatives of Julius Caesar through a maternal blood line dating back to Augustus's older sister, Octavia. Nero, a direct descendant of Augustus, ruled roughly twenty years after the death of Tiberius and was the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty, thus making him the last ruler descended from Julius Caesar's family – the Julii.
There’s a tale that the traditional Andalusian village of Monda was the scene of the final battle between the armies of Julius Caesar and the supporters of Pompeii. This was the Battle of Munda and while it is known that Julius Caesar did visit the Costa del Sol it is something of a stretch to claim this battle was actually fought in Monda.
Augustus Julia (Julia Major) (39BC– AD 14) Gaius Julius Caesar (20BC– AD 4), no issue Vipsania Julia (Julia Minor) (19BC– AD 28) Aemilia Lepida (fiancee of Claudius) (4BC– AD 53) Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus (14– 54) Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus the younger (50–66), died young Junia Calvina (15–79), no issue Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus (d. 64), no issue Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus the elder (d. 49), no issue Junia Lepida (ca 18–65), issue unknown Unnamed illegitimate son by Decimus Junius Silanus (d. AD 8), ordered to be exposed by Augustus Lucius Julius Caesar (17BC– AD 2), no issue Vipsania Agrippina II (Agrippina Major) (14BC– AD 33) Nero Julius Caesar Germanicus (6–30), no issue Drusus Julius Caesar Germanicus (7–33), no issue Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus Major (died before AD 12)[261] Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus Minor (Caligula) (12–41) Julia Drusilla (39–41), died young Julia Agrippina (Agrippina Minor) (15–59) Nero Claudius Caesar Germanicus (Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus) (37–68) Claudia Augusta (Jan. 63– April 63), died young Julia Drusilla (16–38), no issue Julia Livilla (18–42), no issue Tiberius Julius Caesar (? – ?), either born before Nero Julius Caesar, between Drusus Caesar and Gaius Caesar Minor (Caligula) or between Gaius Caesar Minor (Caligula) and Julia Agrippina[262] Son (? – ?), referenced as Ignotus[263] Marcus Julius Caesar Agrippa Postumus (12BC– AD 14), no issue Tiberillus (born and died almost immediately 11BC), son by Tiberius
Julius Caesar, is threatened by the dictator Sulla, due to Caesar's wife Cornelia's ties to Sulla's enemies. Caesar decides to flee Rome to the court of his friend, King Nicomedes of Bithynia. While traveling in the area, Caesar is captured by pirates. The pirates are engaged in hostilities with Bithynia, and Caesar swears that once he is ransomed, he will return and destroy the pirates."Julius Caesar Against the Pirates" was shot at INCOM studios in Rome with sea battle scenes filmed in Yugoslavia.
Sextus Julius Caesar, the son of Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcia, is best known as the uncle of Gaius Julius Caesar, the dictator. He was praetor by 94 BC, and held the consulship in 91. Proconsul in 90, he won a military victory, probably over the Paeligni. He died while laying siege to Asculum.
Brutus next attacks Cassius for supposedly soiling the noble act of regicide by having accepted bribes. ("Did not great Julius bleed for justice' sake? / What villain touch'd his body, that did stab, / And not for justice?") The two are reconciled, especially after Brutus reveals that his beloved wife committed suicide under the stress of his absence from Rome; they prepare for a civil war against Mark Antony and Caesar's adopted son, Octavius, who have formed a triumvirate in Rome with Lepidus. That night, Caesar's ghost appears to Brutus with a warning of defeat. (He informs Brutus, "Thou shalt see me at Philippi.")
Tracing the coinage from 44 BC through the developing rule of Augustus reveals the changing relationship of Julius Caesar to the Sidus Iulium. Robert Gurval notes that the shifting status of Caesar’s comet in the coinage follows a definite pattern. Representations of the deified Julius Caesar as a star appeared relatively quickly, occurring within several years of his death. About twenty years passed, however, before the star completed its transformation into a comet. Starting in 44 BC, a money maker named P. Sepullius Macer created coins with the front displaying Julius Caesar crowned with a wreath and a star behind his head. On the back, Venus, the patron goddess of the Julian family, holds a starred scepter. Gurval maintains that this coin was minted about the time of Caesar’s assassination and thus probably would not have originally referred to his deification. As it circulated, however, it would have brought that idea to mind because of Caesar’s new cult. Kenneth Scott’s older work "The Sidus Iulium and the Apotheosis of Caesar" contests this by assuming that the comet did indeed spark this series because of similarity to other coins he produced. A series of Roman aurei and denarii minted after this cult began show Mark Antony and a star, which most likely represents his position as Caesar’s priest. In later coins likely originating near the end of Octavian’s war with Sextus Pompey, the star supplants Caesar’s name and face entirely, clearly representing his divinity.
Emperor Rudolf did not defend his son, and ordered his imprisonment for the remainder of his life. Julius died on 25 June 1609 after showing significant signs of schizophrenia, refusing to bathe, and living in squalor; his death was apparently caused by an ulcer that ruptured.
Julia (c. 130 BC – 69 BC) was a daughter of Gaius Julius Caesar II (praetor-grandfather of Caesar) and Marcia (daughter of praetor Quintus Marcius Rex). She was a sister of Gaius Julius Caesar III (the father of Julius Caesar) and Sextus Julius Caesar III, consul in 91 BC.
In March 2018, he appeared in the National Live Theatre's performance of William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, as Julius Caesar.
After the theatres re-opened at the start of the Restoration era, the play was revived by Thomas Killigrew's King's Company in 1672. Charles Hart initially played Brutus, as did Thomas Betterton in later productions. "Julius Caesar" was one of the very few Shakespearean plays that was not adapted during the Restoration period or the eighteenth century.
One of the earliest cultural references to the play came in Shakespeare's own "Hamlet". Prince Hamlet asks Polonius about his career as a thespian at university, Polonius replies "I did enact Julius Caesar. I was killed i' th' Capitol. Brutus killed me." This is a likely meta-reference, as Richard Burbage is generally accepted to have played leading men Brutus and Hamlet, and the older John Heminges to have played Caesar and Polonius.
It is therefore Sextus, the praetor of BC 208, rather than an otherwise unknown Lucius Julius Caesar, who was the father of Lucius Julius Caesar, praetor in 183 BC, and Sextus, the consul of 157. These sons provide the first two branches of the family; but the third branch, representing the ancestors of Gaius Julius Caesar, the dictator, are less certain. We know that Caesar's grandfather was also named "Gaius", and that he married a woman of the Marcia gens. Drumann supposed that he might have been the son of a senator named Gaius Julius, who wrote a Roman history in Greek about BC 143. This Gaius, he proposed, might have been a brother of Sextus Julius Caesar, the consul of 157, and therefore a son of the Sextus who was military tribune in 181. Since the two Sexti were in fact the same man, this would probably make the senator Gaius a third son of Sextus Julius Caesar, the praetor of 208 BC. If he was a senator in 143, and the great-grandfather of Caesar, who was born in BC 100, he was probably not the consul's son, as "his" eponymous and presumably eldest son, Sextus, was praetor in BC 123.
The rest of the genealogy is well-known. As Caesar left no legitimate sons to carry on his name and legacy, by his will he adopted his grand-nephew, Gaius Octavius, who thus became Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, the future emperor better known as Augustus. Octavian had only a daughter, and therefore adopted two of his grandchildren by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, who thus became Gaius and Lucius Julius Caesar; but when both died young, the emperor adopted their brother, who became Marcus Julius Caesar Agrippa Postumus, and a stepson, Tiberius Claudius Nero, who became Tiberius Julius Caesar. Tiberius' son, Nero Claudius Drusus, became Drusus Julius Caesar, and he adopted a nephew, Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus, who became Germanicus Julius Caesar; their children also became part of the Julia gens. The line draws to a close with the death of Germanicus' son, Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, better known simply as Gaius or Caligula, in AD 41; after this, the imperial authority passed to Gaius' uncle, Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus, and out of the Julian line.
This generation of Julii Caesares has two consuls: Sextus Julius Caesar III in 91 BC, and Lucius Julius Caesar III the next year. This generation has also two female descendants very close to the centers of power by their marriages: Julia, the daughter of Gaius Julius Caesar II was married to seven-times consul Gaius Marius, while Julia, the daughter of Lucius Julius Caesar II was married to the two-times consul and Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who had successfully challenged Marius' power. For ensuing generations, Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder, married to a consul's daughter, and Lucius Julius Caesar III proved to be quintessential ancestors of those who held Imperial power in the Julio-Claudian dynasty.
Gaius Julius Caesar, often referred to as "Julius Caesar", or simply "Caesar", was born in 100 BC, the youngest child of Gaius Julius Caesar (proconsul) and Aurelia Cotta. Together with Pompeius and Marcus Licinius Crassus, he was part of the first Triumvirate. A brilliant general who inspired his men, Caesar conquered Gaul, won the Civil War, and instituted various civil and social reforms at Rome. Named dictator in perpetuity, Caesar was assassinated by a group of senators on the Ides of March, 44 BC. The years after his death saw the demise of the Roman Republic, and the establishment of the Roman emperors.
Sextus Julius Caesar was the name of several Roman men of the Julii Caesares. "Sextus" was one of three praenomina used by the Julii Caesares, the others being "Lucius" and "Gaius", the latter being the praenomen of the most famous Julius Caesar.
Suetonius describes several omens that predicted the assassination of Caligula. He mentions a bolt of lightning that struck Rome on the ides of March, which was when Julius Caesar was assassinated. Lightning was an event of immense superstition in the ancient world. The day of the assassination, Caligula sacrificed a flamingo. During the sacrifice, blood splattered on his clothes. Suetonius also describes a comet that was seen shortly before the assassination. In the ancient world, comets were believed to foretell the death or assassination of important people. Suetonius even suggested that Caligula's name itself was a predictor of his assassination, noting that every caesar named Gaius, such as the dictator Gaius Julius Caesar, had been assassinated (a statement which is not entirely accurate; Julius Caesar's father died from natural causes, as did Augustus).
It was not intended to portray the historical person of Julius Caesar, but was inspired by William Shakespeare's eponymous play. In his sketches for the work, beneath the staves on the first page Schumann wrote down what he considered the central "plot points" of the play: "Caesar / Life in Rome. Brutus. / Conspiracy. Calpurnia. The Ides. Death. Philippi. / Octavian's revenge. Victory over Brutus". 
Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus ("C. Iulius L. f. Sex. n. Caesar Strabo Vopiscus")(ca. 130 BC – 87 BC) was the younger son to Lucius Julius Caesar II and his wife Poppilia and younger brother to Lucius Julius Caesar III. His "cognomina" indicate he was possibly cross-eyed, and the surviving member of a set of twins.