Instruct: Given a question, retrieve relevant passages that answer the question.
Query: When was the National Symphony Orchestra formed?
The Czech National Symphony Orchestra (ČNSO) (Czech: Český národní symfonický orchestr) is a symphony orchestra in Prague in the Czech Republic. It was established in 1993 by trumpet player Jan Hasenöhrl. Libor Pešek is the orchestra's chief conductor, having taken over in 2007 from American conductor Paul Freeman who commenced with the orchestra in 1996.[2]
Kiesler has conducted many of the world’s leading ensembles including the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Washington’s National Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Utah Symphony Orchestra, Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, San Diego Symphony Orchestra, Chamber Orchestra of Paris, Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra and Haifa Symphony Orchestra in Israel, Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra in Japan, Daejeon Philharmonic Orchestra and Pusan Symphony Orchestra in Korea, Zhejiang Symphony Orchestra in China, New Symphony Orchestra in Bulgaria, Jalisco Philharmonic Orchestra in Mexico, OSESP in São Paulo, Brazil, Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra in San Juan, Albany Symphony Orchestra, Florida Symphony Orchestra, Fresno Philharmonic Orchestra, Long Beach Symphony Orchestra, Long Island Philharmonic Orchestra, Memphis Symphony Orchestra, New Hampshire Symphony Orchestra, Omaha Symphony Orchestra, Portland Symphony Orchestra, Richmond Symphony Orchestra, Virginia Symphony Orchestra. He has conducted at the Aspen, Atlantic, Breckenridge, Meadowbrook, Sewanee and Skaneateles music festivals.
In 1998 he made a successful Boston Symphony Orchestra debut, opening his symphonic career in the USA. He also conducted many concerts with The Philadelphia Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, Cleveland Orchestra, New York Philharmonic Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, National Symphony Washington D.C., Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra, Minnesota Orchestra, Houston Symphony Orchestra, St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, Seattle Symphony Orchestra, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Montreal Symphony Orchestra, Toronto Symphony Orchestra.
In 1944, Ottawa musicians formed an orchestra with Allard de Ridder as the conductor. The 75-player ensemble was officially called the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra until 1952, but it was commonly known as the Ottawa Philharmonic Orchestra. The Ottawa Philharmonic Orchestra was suspended in 1960 because there was not sufficient funding to pay the musicians' salaries. When the National Arts Centre announced the formation of the National Arts Centre Orchestra (NACO), a resident, full-time professional orchestra based in Ottawa, the board of the Ottawa Philharmonic Orchestra dissolved the ensemble.
Summers is also in demand as a symphonic conductor, often in collaboration with other artists, such as sopranos Renée Fleming and Christine Brewer. In 2010, Summers led pianist Yuja Wang and the Russian National Orchestra on an eight-city U.S. tour. Summers made his debut at the Norwegian National Opera and Ballet in a gala concert celebrating the company's 50th anniversary season, and his debut with the Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra in Ljubljana conducting Michael Daugherty's "Metropolis Symphony". In addition, he has conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra at the Tanglewood Music Festival, the Colorado Symphony, the English Chamber Orchestra, the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl, the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, the Minnesota Orchestra, the Munich Symphony Orchestra, the National Arts Centre Orchestra, the National Symphony Orchestra at the Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts, the Orchestra of St. Luke's, the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, the St. Louis Symphony, and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra.
Berman has appeared as a soloist and/or conductor with such orchestras as Italian Virtuosi, Moscow Virtuosi, Mantua Chamber Orchestra, Haydn Orchestra of Bolzano and Trento, Teatro Farnese Orchestra, Teatro Filarmonico Orchestra, Teatro Carlo Felice Orchestra, RAI National Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonic Orchestra of Fenice, Santa Cecilia Orchestra, Moscow Symphony Orchestra, Prague Philharmonic Orchestra, Prague Symphony Orchestra, National Radio Orchestra of Romania, Gulbenkian Orchestra, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, Teatro Nacional de São Carlos Orchestra, Württemberg Chamber Orchestra Heilbronn, Staatskapelle Dresden, Berliner Symphoniker, Lithuanian National Symphony Orchestra, Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Dallas Symphony Orchestra, China Philharmonic Orchestra, etc.
Michailidis has conducted the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, the Philharmonic Orchestra of Erfurt, the Braunschweig State Orchestra, the Vienna Chamber Orchestra, the Rome Symphony Orchestra, the Shanghai Opera Symphony Orchestra, the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra, the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra, the Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Bucharest National Opera, the George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra, the National Radio Orchestra of Romania, the Οdessa Philharmonic Orchestra, the Bilkent Symphony Orchestra, the Μexico State Orchestra, as well as all Greek symphony orchestras, including the Thessaloniki State Symphony Orchestra, the Athens State Orchestra, the Greek Radio Symphony Orchestra ERT, and the Greek National Opera Orchestra.
Maestro Diemecke is a frequent guest of orchestras throughout the world, most notably the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, French National Orchestra, BBC Symphony, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, L’Orchestre de Paris, Residentie Orkest in The Hague, Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Warsaw Philharmonic, the Queensland Symphony Orchestra in Brisbane, the Russian National Orchestra, the Bogota Philharmonic, the Puerto Rico Symphony, Simon Bolivar Orchestra in Caracas, Orchestre National de Lorraine, the National Orchestra of Montpellier, the Valladolid Symphony, ORCAM Madrid, Orchestre de Isle de France, and the symphony orchestras of Baltimore, Houston, Minnesota, and Auckland.
In 1973, at the opening ceremony of the Japanese Garden in Jurong, the then-defence minister Dr. Goh Keng Swee described the absence of a professional symphony orchestra in Singapore as "a minor scandal". An initial proposal to establish a national symphony orchestra was not accepted, as it did not plan for the inclusion of Singaporean musicians. In 1977, a largely amateur Singapore Philharmonic Orchestra was formed under the leadership of Yoshinao Osawa. Its success spurred further interest in the idea of a national symphony orchestra. After consulting with conductor Choo Hoey about the feasibility of setting up an orchestra that would include Singaporean musicians, Goh Keng Swee persuaded the Cabinet to support the establishment of a professional orchestra. The orchestra would be supported by public funds, and was intended to serve as a flagship arts company for the enrichment of the local culture scene. In 1978, with the support of the Cabinet, the Singapore Symphony Orchestra was registered as Singapore Symphonia Co. and rehearsals began in December, with 8 Singaporean members and 27 members from overseas.
The SSO made its debut with its first performance at the Singapore Conference Hall on 24 January 1979, with its first Resident Conductor Choo Hoey. The orchestra had 41 members, 14 of whom were Singaporean. The Singapore Symphony Chorus was then formed in 1980. In 1980, the Victoria Concert Hall became home to the orchestra.
Fukumura has made recordings and conducted festivals and subscription concerts with the Hong Kong Philharmonic, Central Philharmonic Orchestra in Beijing, Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, Singapore Symphony Orchestra, KBS Symphony Orchestra in Seoul, Seoul Philharmonic, National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra, Philippine Philharmonic Orchestra, Vietnam National Symphony Orchestra, Bangkok Symphony, Pan Asian Philharmonic in Bangkok, Calcutta Foundation Orchestra in India, Delhi Symphony Orchestra.
As invited conductor, he has conducted various many great European orchestras like London Philharmonic in two performances during the Athens Festival (1989), Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, English Chamber Orchestra, Frankfurt Radio Symphony Orchestra, Munich Symphony Orchestra, Hamburg Symphony Orchestra, Sinfonia Varsovia, Gustav Mahler Orchestra of Prague, Sofia Philharmonic Orchestra, Bulgarian National Radio Symphony Orchestra etc. cooperating with great soloists as Rostropovich, Agnes Baltsa, MIsha Maiski, David Garet, Lars Vogt, Kolja Blacher etc. He has also repeatedly collaborated with all the significant Greek Orchestras as the Athens State Orchestra, Thessaloniki State Orchestra, National Radio Symphony Orchestra, Greek National Opera’s Orchestra, Camerata of Athens, Athens Symphony Orchestra, Thessaloniki Symphony Orchestra and Patras Symphony Orchestra.
Ms. Amadio has been invited to guest conduct many of the world`s finest orchestras. Highlights of her international conducting appearances include Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra, Simfoniki RTV Slovenija, Jerusalém Symphony Orchestra, Israel Chamber Orchestra, the Iceland Symphony Orchestra, State of México Symphony Orchestra, Sodre Symphony Orchestra, Thailand Philarmonic Orchestra, State of São Paulo Symphonic Orchestra, Baden-Badener Philharmonie, Buenos Aires Philharmonic Orchestra, Chile National Symphony Orchestra, Perú National Symphony Orchestra, Bogotá Philharmonic Orchestra, Orkiestrę Symfoniczną Filharmonii Szczecińskiej, Orkiestra Symfoniczna Filharmonii Czestochowskiej, Ensemble Contrechamps, Savaria Symphony Orchestra, The Congress Symphony Orchestra, Silesian Opera Orchestra, Arpeggione Städtisches Kammerorchester, Lebanese Philharmonic Orchestra, National Philharmonic of Moldova, in addition to the most important Brazilian and Argentinian orchestras.
Some of her most recent commitments included her collaboration with some of the best orchestras in the world, such as the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, the London City Chamber Orchestra, as well as the Czech National Symphony Orchestra, the Russian National Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the Rome Symphony Orchestra, the National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra, the Milan Symphony Orchestra, l’Orchestre de la Suisse Romande (Switzerland), the Lithuanian National Symphony Orchestra, the Latvian National Symphony Orchestra, the Parma Symphony Orchestra, the Ukraine National Symphony Orchestra, among many other orchestras… including the most important Spanish Orchestras. In addition to collaborate with great soloists as renowned as Mischa Maisky, Boris Berezovsky and Shlomo Mintz, among others.
Graduates from the National Academy Orchestra hold, or have held positions with virtually every major orchestra across Canada (e.g. Toronto Symphony, Vancouver Symphony, National Arts Centre Orchestra, Orchestre Symphonique de Montréal, Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony, Symphony Nova Scotia, Thunder Bay Symphony Orchestra, Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, Edmonton Symphony, Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra) and orchestras across North America and around the world. Many form their own ensembles, go on to be teachers or entrepreneurs across the country.
Increasing pressure throughout the 1980s led the ABC to divest its orchestras in 1990. They formed Symphony Australia, an umbrella organisation that coordinates the now independent state-based orchestras (still owned by the ABC). The Sydney Symphony Orchestra was the first to be corporatised in 1996 when Sydney Symphony Orchestra Holdings Pty Ltd was formed.
Siirala is and was invited to play with orchestras like Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, Bamberger Symphoniker, Bochumer Symphoniker, hr-sinfonieorchester Frankfurt, Museumsorchester Frankfurt, SWR Sinfonieorchester Freiburg und Baden-Baden, NDR Radiophilharmonie Hannover, Gürzenich-Orchester Köln, WDR Sinfonieorchester Köln, Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, Wiener Symphoniker, Tonkünstlerorchester Wien, Orchestre National de Belgique, Orchestre National de Lille, City of Birmingham Symphony, Liverpool Philharmonic, BBC Symphony London, Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Irish National Symphony, Orchestra del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Residentie Orkest Den Haag, Iceland Symphony Orchestra, Swedish National Orchestra, Swedish Radio Symphony, Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Sinfonia Varsovia, St. Petersburger Symphoniker, Estonian National Symphony, Detroit Symphony, New Jersey Symphony, Singapore Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra, Hiroshima Symphony Orchestra, New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra, Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra as well as with the orchestras of Melbourne and Queensland.
Among the orchestras he has conducted are the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, BBC Philharmonic, BBC Symphony Orchestra, BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, BBC National Orchestra of Wales, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, Lahti Symphony, Nagoya Philharmonic Orchestra, Orchestre national du Capitole de Toulouse, Royal Northern Sinfonia, Copenhagen Philharmonic Orchestra, Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, Queensland Symphony Orchestra, West Australian Symphony Orchestra, Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra, Royal Flemish Philharmonic, Staatsorchester Stuttgart, Essen Philharmonic, Bremer Philharmoniker, San Diego Symphony and the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. Orchestral debuts in 2017/18 include the Prague Philharmonia, the Hague Residentie Orchestra, Filarmonica del Teatro Comunale di Bologna (Filarmonica di Bologna) and the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra.
He has also conducted, among others, The Basque National Orchestra, The Community of Madrid Orchestra, The London Philarmonic Orchestra, The RTVE Symphony Orchestra, London Metropolitan Orchestra, Malaga Symphony Orchestra, Budapest Symphony Orchestra, Royal Seville Symphonic Orchestra, Bilbao Symphony Orchestra, Extremadura Symphony Orchestra, Navarra Symphony Orchestra, Czech National Orchestra, Asturias Symphony Orchestra and Galicia Symphony Orchestra. In recent years, he has taken time to record the majority of his productions with State funded Spanish orchestras.
Parker has appeared as soloist with many of the world's leading orchestras, including the Bergen Philharmonic, the Berlin Radio Symphony, the Bournemouth Symphony, the Cleveland Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the National Symphony Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the San Francisco Symphony, the Scottish National Orchestra, the Warsaw Philharmonic, the St Paul Chamber Orchestra, as well as every major Canadian orchestra. As guest soloist, Parker has toured the Pacific Rim with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, Japan with the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra, Germany with the Royal Philharmonic, Western Canada with the National Arts Centre Orchestra and North America with the Hallé Orchestra.
Hough has appeared as a soloist with major orchestras around the world including the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Dallas Symphony, the Philharmonia Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Toronto Symphony, the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, the Minnesota Orchestra, the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic, the English Chamber Orchestra, the NHK Symphony Orchestra, Malaysian Philharmonic, the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, the Minnesota Orchestra, the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, the Colorado Symphony Orchestra, the Singapore Symphony Orchestra, and the National Symphony Orchestra (Taiwan).
After leaving the Saarbrücken Radio Symphony Orchestra, Stern founded the IRIS Orchestra in Germantown, Tennessee, which specializes in playing American contemporary music. Beyond his work with IRIS, he frequently appeared throughout North America as a guest conductor of many symphony orchestras, including a series of concerts at the New York Philharmonic in the summer of 2001, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Pittsburgh Symphony, the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra, the Atlanta Symphony, the Houston Symphony, the Baltimore Symphony, the Toronto Symphony, Ottawa's National Arts Centre Orchestra, the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, and Washington, D.C.'s National Symphony Orchestra. He also began regular appearances at the Aspen Music Festival. In September 2001, Stern led the Vienna Radio Symphony on a tour of China.
As a guest conductor, Hicks has appeared with the Philadelphia Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony, Atlanta Symphony, Florida Symphony, Los Angeles Philharmonic, Milwaukee Symphony, Detroit Symphony Orchestra, National Symphony Orchestra, Des Moines Symphony, Las Vegas Philharmonic, Danish National Symphony Orchestra, Prime Philharmonic (Seoul, Korea), East Slovak State Opera Theatre, New National Theatre Tokyo, and the Orchestra of Teatro La Fenice.
Ensembles appearing at the Hall include the Juilliard String Quartet, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam, the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra, the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra, the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra and the Vienna Boys Choir. Concerts by visiting orchestras are often broadcast to overflow crowds numbering in the thousands who fill the Square. Professional Taiwanese ensembles that regularly appear in the hall include the National Symphony Orchestra, the Taipei Symphony Orchestra, the National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra, the Evergreen Symphony Orchestra, the Taipei Chinese Orchestra, the Taiwan National Choir, the Formosa Singers, and the Taipei Philharmonic Orchestra and Chorus.
He has also appeared as a soloist with the BBC Philharmonic, Cleveland Orchestra, Orchestre National de France, Calgary Symphony, Toronto Symphony, Atlanta Symphony, Vancouver Symphony, Milwaukee Symphony, Netherlands Radio Orchestra, the Warsaw Philharmonic, the BBC Scottish, Gewandhaus Leipzig, Concertgebouw Orchestra, Dallas Symphony, Baltimore Symphony, Seattle Symphony Orchestra, Dresden Philharmonic, Taiwan National Symphony, Chicago Symphony, BBC Symphony, Bournemouth Symphony, Bonn Beethoven Orchestra, Hong Kong Philharmonic, Rotterdam Philharmonic, Montreal Symphony, Quebec Symphony, Prague Philharmonia, Bern Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Symphony Orchestra, and the Philadelphia Orchestra.
Increasing pressure throughout the 1980s led the ABC to divest its orchestras in 1990. They formed Symphony Australia, an umbrella organisation that coordinates the now independent state-based orchestras (still owned by the ABC). The Sydney Symphony Orchestra was the first to be corporatised in 1996 when Sydney Symphony Orchestra Holdings Pty Ltd was formed.