Instruct: Given a question, retrieve relevant documents that answer the question.
Query: How many Transformers films have there been?
Transformers is a series of American science fiction action films based on the franchise of the same name which began in the 1980s.[note 1] Michael Bay has directed the first five films: Transformers (2007), Revenge of the Fallen (2009), Dark of the Moon (2011), Age of Extinction (2014) and The Last Knight (2017).[1][2][3] A spin-off, Bumblebee, directed by Travis Knight and produced by Bay, was released on December 21, 2018. The series has been distributed by Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks.
All entered films must be seen by a minimum number of voters and discussed at a voter meeting before being marked as having been given fair consideration. Once all entered films have been given fair consideration, votes are cast privately in two rounds: once to reduce all entries to long lists of around 15 films in each category, and again to reduce the long lists to the 5 final nominees. In calculating the results, BIFA takes into account the number of voters who have seen each film as well as how many voted for it.
Hempfling has been demonstrating these techniques for most of his career, often working with difficult, fearful or apparently aggressive horses and appearing to transform their behaviour within minutes. Many of these encounters have been filmed and included in movie documentaries and on YouTube. Hempfling has written several books in German documenting his evolving methods and outlook on horses, people and life. Several of these works have been translated into English.
In a hidden extra for the Blu-ray version of "Revenge of the Fallen", Bay expressed his intention to make "Transformers 3" not necessarily larger than "Revenge of the Fallen", but instead deeper into the mythology, to give it more character development, and to make it darker and more emotional. Unicron is briefly shown in a secret "Transformers 3" preview feature in the "Revenge of the Fallen" Blu-ray disc. Ultimately, the producers decided to forgo a plot involving the planet-eating Transformer, and no further comments were ever made on the subject. Having been called "Transformers 3" up to that point, the film's final title was revealed to be "Dark of the Moon" in October 2010. After "Revenge of the Fallen" was almost universally panned by critics, Bay acknowledged the general flaws of the script, having blamed the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike prior to the film for many problems. Bay promised to not have the "dorky comedy" from the last film. On March 19, 2010, the script was said to be finished.
The vast variation in how Chinese nationalism has been expressed has been noted by commentator Lucian Pye who argues that this reveals a lack of content in the Chinese identity. However, others have argued that the ability of Chinese nationalism to manifest itself in many forms is a positive trait in that it allows the ideology to transform itself in response to internal crises and external events.
It also seems that lycanthropy is not specific to an experience of human-to-wolf transformation; a wide variety of creatures have been reported as part of the shape-shifting experience. A review of the medical literature from early 2004 lists over thirty published cases of lycanthropy, only the minority of which have wolf or dog themes. Canines are certainly not uncommon, although the experience of being transformed into a hyena, cat, horse, bird or tiger has been reported on more than one occasion. Transformation into frogs, and even bees, has been reported in some instances. In Japan, transformation into foxes and dogs was usual (, ). A 1989 case study described how one individual reported a serial transformation, experiencing a change from human to dog, to horse, and then finally cat, before returning to the reality of human existence after treatment. There are also reports of people who experienced transformation into an animal only listed as "unspecified".
The film will show us how historically all major cultures and religions have had their own rites of passage. The film will show us the price we pay as a society for not initiating our teens. Communities are answering the call by co-creating their own functional rites of passage today. We will see real families who’ve been struck by the horrors and crimes of youth and how they’re repairing themselves and their neighborhoods. Finally, it will not only show us teens themselves who’ve been transformed by rites of passage, but how their metamorphosis has revolutionized their relations with family and friends, teachers and bosses, creating positive changes rippling across homes, schools, neighborhoods, workplaces, cities and farms across the planet.
Again, the restrictions under which the integral exists have been omitted here. Note how the Mellin transform of the result merely assembles the gamma factors from the Mellin transforms of the two functions in the integrand. Many of the amazing definite integrals listed in tables or produced by computer algebra systems are nothing but special cases of this formula.
The film created a greater awareness of the franchise and drew in many new fans. "Transformers" box office success led to the active development of films based on "Voltron" and "Robotech", as well as a "Knight Rider" remake. When filming the sequel, Bay was told by soldiers the film helped their children understand what their work was like, and that many had christened their Buffalos – the vehicle used for Bonecrusher – after various Transformer characters.
Jack Weatherford explains how the peoples of the Americas have been forgotten for their contributions to the modern world. He also explains how the Europeans learned how to deal with excess. 
Rites of Passage will show how historically all major cultures and religions have had their own rites of passage. The film will also show the price society pays for not initiating teens and how communities are answering the call by co-creating their own functional rites of passage today. Rites of Passage will show real families who have been struck by the horrors and crimes of youth and how they are repairing themselves and their neighborhoods. Finally, the film will not only show teens who have been transformed by rites of passage, but also how their metamorphosis has revolutionized their relations with family, friends, teachers, and bosses, thereby creating positive changes rippling across homes, schools, neighborhoods, workplaces, cities and farms across the planet.
Film author Richard Glazer speculates that the film may have been autobiographical, "reflecting Capra's own uncertainties." Glazer describes how, "John's accidental transformation from drifter to national figure parallels Capra's own early drifting experience and subsequent involvement in movie making ... "Meet John Doe", then, was an attempt to work out his own fears and questions."
How It Should Have Ended (HISHE) is an animated webseries that parodies popular films by creating alternate endings and pointing out various flaws. Endings for many major movies have been presented, using the tagline ‘sometimes movies don't finish the way we'd like’.
The documentary, "Cricket & Parc Ex: A Love Story" (2016), by director Garry Beitel and producer Barry Lazar (reFrame Films), profiled the more recently arrived immigrant South Asian communities which have moved into Park Extension and how their love for the game of cricket brings them together. It is also a film about how recreational sport can transform a neighborhood.
Bennett liberally adapted Joseph Conrad's novel, transforming the highly political Tsarist-era agents provocateurs into foreign agents without any obvious political leanings. Verloc's shop is transformed into a cinema, with the films being shown echoing the story, and the policeman investigating the case is an undercover officer posing as a greengrocer. Since the film was produced in the years immediately preceding World War II, the unnamed hostile power behind the bombings has been assumed by many viewers to be Nazi Germany.
However, the film does not specify this, and indeed, Verloc's first name has been changed, presumably because his name in the novel, Adolf, had too many connotations by the time the film was made.
Other films unearthed during his research include a British compilation For the Honour of Australia, which worked together two Australian films about the Sydney-Emden battle of December 1914, "For Australia" (1915) and "How We Beat the Emden" (1915). The film, now available at the NFSA, is historically important for preserving actual footage of the wrecked Emden, filmed for a feature documentary in 1915. The last film was the 1928 production The Exploits of the Emden, which Reynaud re-edited together after it had been split into two films. Reynaud has published extensively on Anzac cinema, showing how the representation of the Great War has shifted over time to reflect national interests and concerns, helping to buttress popular perceptions of the Anzac legacy. Representations have changed over time, particularly in showing the ideal Australian soldier, who has transformed from a well-to-do city boy in many Great War movies to a larrikin but good-hearted boy from the bush in films from the 1930s onwards. Similarly, the representation of the British in Australian war films has shifted from the idealized man of the Great War years to the antithesis of the noble bushman Anzac, a shift that began in the 1970s.
There is a large literature on how one might estimate the ambient lighting from the camera data and then use this information to transform the image data. A variety of algorithms have been proposed, and the quality of these has been debated. A few examples and examination of the references therein will lead the reader to many others. Examples are Retinex, an artificial neural network or a Bayesian method.
Skids and Mudflap were originally set to appear in , but were cut from the final film due to many fans considering them to be racist and due to time restraints. Despite this, he and Mudflap do appear in vehicle form at the end of two Autobot convoys at the beginning of the film. They have been upgraded into black Chevrolet Sparks with a stripe of their original color, thus making Skids black and green. As they do not appear in any subsequent Transformers film, it is generally accepted that Skids and Mudflap either met their end from Sentinel Prime or were killed by Cemetery Wind in between Transformers: Dark of the Moon and Transformers: Age of Extinction. 
There has been a strong negative reaction to Mudflap and Skids in "" as the pair were received by some as racist stereotypes. The characters speak in street-slang dialogue, confess to not doing much reading, and have been perceived by some critics to have been designed with the body proportions of monkeys. Skids also sports a gold tooth. Manohla Dargis of the "New York Times" said that "the characters [...] indicate that minstrelsy remains as much in fashion in Hollywood as when, well, Jar Jar Binks was set loose by George Lucas." Critic Scott Mendelson of "The Huffington Post", who perceived the characters to resemble monkeys, said, "To say that these two are the most astonishingly racist caricatures that I've ever seen in a mainstream motion picture would be an understatement." Harry Knowles, founder of Ain't It Cool News, asked his readers not to support the film, telling them, "you'll be taking [your children] to see a film with the lowest forms of humor, stereotypes and racism around." Director Michael Bay has defended the characters, explaining that the characters' mannerisms were chosen by the actors who voiced them, and that they did so in fun.
Lee's death was alleged to have a melancholic effect on viewers; Desson Howe of "The Washington Post" wrote that Lee "haunts every frame" and James Berardinelli called the film "a case of 'art imitating death', and that specter will always hang over "The Crow"". Berardinelli called it an appropriate epitaph to Lee, Howe called it an appropriate sendoff, and Ebert stated that not only was this Lee's best film, but it was better than any of his father's (Bruce Lee). Critics generally thought that this would have been a breakthrough film for Lee, although James disagreed. The changes made to the film after Lee's death were noted by reviewers, most of whom saw them as an improvement. Howe said that it had been transformed into something compelling. James, although terming it a genre film, said that it had become more mainstream because of the changes.
When Nicolas confronts Gila, he refers to sexual torture of her that has taken and will continue to take place off stage: "Have they [my soldiers] been raping you? […] How many times? How many times have you been raped? "Pause". How many times?" […] "How many times have you been raped?"
How Molly Made Good (aka: How Molly Malone Made Good) is a 1915 silent drama film which is one of the first films to feature cameo appearances by major celebrities. It survives in the Library of Congress and is available on DVD. The writer of the film, Burns Mantle, may have been influenced by the globe-trotting adventure of Nellie Bly in 1889, when the reporter circumnavigated the globe in a specified amount of time using several means of conveyance and visiting as many famous cities as possible.
Invariant representations has been incorporated into several learning architectures, such as neocognitrons. Most of these architectures, however, provided invariance through custom-designed features or properties of architecture itself. While it helps to take into account some sorts of transformations, such as translations, it is very nontrivial to accommodate for other sorts of transformations, such as 3D rotations and changing facial expressions. M-Theory provides a framework of how such transformations can be learned. In addition to higher flexibility, this theory also suggests how human brain may have similar capabilities.
In the film, Lillian Travers, a wealthy Northern woman about to be married, takes a magical seed which transforms its user into the opposite gender. Lillian's transformation into Lawrence Talbot has also sometimes been read as a transformation into a butch lesbian. This reading is bolstered by the later transformation of Lillian's fiancé into what could be an effeminate gay man. However, as Lillian and her fiancé are shown attracted both to each other and to the same sex (albeit at different times), the film has also been considered to have the first documented appearance of bisexual characters in an American motion picture.The film is also known for its use of blackface antics; an aspect carefully dissected in Siobhan Somerville's "Queering the Color Line." Since its inclusion in Vito Russo's "The Celluloid Closet", the film has increasingly been seen as one of the earliest film representations of homosexuality and cross-dressing in American culture.
While it is difficult to measure exactly how much land has been transformed by human use, estimates range from 39 to 50%. This includes agricultural land, pastureland, urban areas, and heavily harvested forest systems. An estimated 50% of arable land is already under cultivation. Land transformation has increased rapidly over the last fifty years, and is likely to continue to increase. Beyond direct transformation of land area, humans have impacted the global biogeochemical cycles, leading to human caused change in even the most remote areas. These include addition of nutrients such nitrogen and phosphorus, acid rain, ocean acidification, redistribution of water resources, and increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Humans have also changed species compositions of many landscapes that they do not dominate directly by introducing new species or harvesting native species. This new assemblage of species has been compared to previous mass extinctions and speciation events caused by formation of land bridges and colliding of continents.
In a hidden extra for the Blu-ray release of Revenge of the Fallen, Bay expressed his intention to make Transformers3 not necessarily larger than Revenge of the Fallen, but instead deeper into the mythology, to give it more character development, and to make it darker and more emotional.[67] Unicron is briefly shown in a secret Transformers 3 preview feature in the Revenge of the Fallen Blu-ray Disc. Ultimately, the producers decided to forgo a plot involving the planet-eating Transformer, and no further comments were ever made on the subject.[67] Having been called Transformers 3 up to that point, the film's final title was revealed to be Dark of the Moon in October 2010.[68] After Revenge of the Fallen was almost universally panned by critics, Bay acknowledged the general flaws of the script, having blamed the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike prior to the film for many problems. Bay promised to not have the "dorky comedy" from the last film.[69] On March 19, 2010, the script was said to be finished.[70]