Instruct: Given a question, retrieve relevant passages that can help answer the question.
Query: What was the last battle in the Spanish Civil War?
The final offensive of the Spanish Civil War took place between 26 March and 1 April 1939, towards the end of the Spanish Civil War. On 5 March 1939, the Republican Army led by Colonel Segismundo Casado and the politician Julián Besteiro rose against the Socialist prime minister Juan Negrín and formed a military junta, the National Defence Council (Consejo Nacional de Defensa or CND) in order to negotiate a peace deal. Negrín fled to France but the Communist troops around Madrid rose against the junta, starting a civil war within the civil war. Casado defeated them and started peace negotiations with the Nationalists. Francisco Franco, however, was prepared to accept only an unconditional surrender. On 26 March the Nationalists started a general offensive and by 31 March they controlled all Spanish territory. Hundreds of thousands of Republicans were arrested and interned in concentration camps.
During the Spanish Civil War, there was a massive cavalry charge by the Fascist’s division during the Battle of Alfambra on 5 February 1938, the last great mounted charge in Western Europe.
In 1710 a hard-fought battle took place in the township between Lord Stanhope's troops and the Franco-Spanish army during the War of the Spanish Succession. The town was also the scenario of violent battles during the Battle of Guadalajara in the Spanish Civil War.
The Battle of Brunete was fought in the area during the Spanish Civil War. The battle ended in a stalemate but was seen as a tactical victory for the Spanish Nationalist Forces.
The four stories are about the Spanish Civil War: "The Denunciation," "The Butterfly and the Tank," "Night Before Battle," and "Under The Ridge". Chicote's bar and the Hotel Florida in Madrid are recurrent settings in these stories.
Angela Jackson, (born 1946) is a Doctor in history. The doctoral thesis of Angela Jackson, "British Women and the Spanish Civil War" was published in 2002 for the publisher Routledge of London. Next Jackson wrote "Beyond the field of battle: Witness, memory and record of a cave hospital in the Spanish Civil War", in the Catalan language and in English. Based on this research, in the year 2007 she published her next novel, "Warm Earth". Jackson currently lives in Priorat, where she continues to be involved in the conservation of the historical memory of the war, especially the historical facts and the memory of the period of the Second Spanish Republic and the Spanish Civil War (1931–39) in the region of Priorat. Jackson's second book with Cossetània is "The Brigades strictly between ourselves".
Smith was born on January 8, 1840 in what is now Lafayette, Walworth County, Wisconsin. During the American Civil War, he enlisted with the Union Army. He achieved the rank of captain with the 28th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Conflicts Smith participated in include the Battle of Helena and the Battle of Spanish Fort.
John Jefferson Williams (1843 – May 13, 1865) was a Union soldier and private in Company B the 34th Regiment Indiana Infantry. He was killed at the Battle of Palmito Ranch, the last land battle of the Civil War, and is generally recognized as the last soldier killed in the American Civil War.
The 17th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Popular Army of the Republic that participated in the Spanish Civil War. Born in the context of the Battle of Madrid, took part in the Battle of Jarama and the fronts of Guadalajara.() was a division of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. 
This unit was involved in the Battle of Jarama —and great part of the Battle of Madrid, suffering grievous losses in both battles.
The People's Republican Army reached its highest level of organization in the Battle of the Ebro, during the last half of 1938, but it was also the battlefield where it was broken. Very young soldiers, averaging 17 and a half in age, whose unit was known as the 'Baby bottle conscription' (""quinta del biberón"") would be mobilized for this last big battle of the Civil War, the last one in which the International Brigades operated. These type of large war operations fulfilled the Communist propaganda goals promoted by Juan Negrín and his clique, but were disastrous and wasteful for the Spanish Republican Army, whose energy and organization would have been better employed in small-scale operations.
Nehemiah Mayo Dyer (aka. N. Mayo Dyer) (19 February 1839 – 28 January 1910) was a Rear Admiral in United States Navy, who served during the American Civil War and Spanish–American War. He was one of the few individuals to have served in both the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War and the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War.
The 66th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Popular Army of the Republic that participated in the Spanish Civil War. Born in the context of the Battle of Madrid, took part in the Battle of Jarama and the fronts of Guadalajara and Extremadura.() was a division of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. 
This unit was involved in the Battle of Jarama —part of the Battle of Madrid, as well as in the Battle of Peñarroya, suffering grievous losses in both battles.
Paivio left Canada at the age of 19 to fight in the Spanish Civil War. He was captured during the war, saved from execution by an Italian officer, and placed in a prisoner-of-war camp. Paivio was the last surviving Canadian veteran of the Spanish Civil War, and in 2012 he was honored by the Spanish government by being granted honorary citizenship.
A native of Wiltshire, Hiseland first became a soldier at the age of thirteen and served all through the English Civil Wars. A Royalist, he fought for King Charles at the Battle of Edgehill on 23 October 1642. As well as his service in the Civil War, he followed the colours again in the Williamite War in Ireland and in the War of the Spanish Succession. He was the last survivor of Edgehill and retired with the rank of sergeant.
During the American Civil War, Spanish Fort was heavily fortified as an eastern defense to the city of Mobile. Fort Huger, Fort (Battery) Tracey, Fort (Battery) McDermott, Fort Alexis, Red Fort, and Old Spanish Fort were all part of the Mobile defenses in what is now Spanish Fort. After the Union victory in the Battle of Mobile Bay, Mobile nevertheless remained in Confederate hands. Union forces embarked on a land campaign in early 1865 to take Mobile from the east. Spanish Fort was the site of the Battle of Spanish Fort in the Mobile Campaign of the war. Its fall allowed Union forces to concentrate on Fort Blakeley to the north, and hence destroy the last organized resistance east of the Mississippi River. The falls of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley permitted Union troops to subsequently enter Mobile unopposed after the conclusion of the Civil War.
Worcestershire was the county where the first battle and last battle of the English Civil War took place.
The first battle, the Battle of Powick Bridge, fought on 23 September 1642, was a cavalry skirmish and a victor for the Royalists (Cavaliers). The final battle, the battle of Worcester, fought on 3 September 1651, was decisive and ended the war with a Parliamentary (Roundhead) victory and King Charles IIa wanted fugitive.
The Confederates lost the city of Spanish Fort in Alabama at the Battle of Spanish Fort, which took place between March 27 and April 8, 1865 in Baldwin County. After losing Spanish Fort, the Confederates went on to lose Fort Blakely to Union forces at the Battle of Fort Blakely, between April 2 and 9, 1865. This was the last battle of the American Civil War involving large numbers of United States Colored Troops.
Aub, Max (1979) (in Spanish). Campo del moro. Madrid. Alfaguara. ISBN9788420420226. Aub, Max (1981) (in Spanish). Campo de los almendros. Madrid. Alfaguara. ISBN9788420420240. Beevor, Antony. (2006). The battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil war, 1936–1939. Penguin Books. London. ISBN978-0-14-303765-1. Graham, Helen. (2005). The Spanish Civil War. A Very Short introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-280377-1. Jackson, Gabriel. (1967) The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton University Press. Princeton. ISBN978-0-691-00757-1. Preston, Paul. (1995). Franco. Fontana Press. London. ISBN978-0-00-686210-9. Preston, Paul. (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. Harper Perennial. London. ISBN978-0-00-723207-9. ISBN0-00-723207-1. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. ISBN978-0-14-101161-5.
The Battle of Guadarrama (, also known as "Batalla de Somosierra") was a battle involving troops loyal to the Second Spanish Republic in the Guadarrama Range at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.
The Battle of Natural Bridge was fought during the American Civil War in what is now Woodville, Florida near Tallahassee on March 6, 1865. A small band of Confederate troops and volunteers, mostly composed of teenagers from the nearby Florida Military and Collegiate Institute that would later become Florida State University, and the elderly, protected by breastworks, prevented a detachment of United States Colored Troops from crossing the Natural Bridge on the St. Marks River. The Natural Bridge is a one-quarter mile long stretch along which the St. Marks River runs underground, after dropping into a sinkhole. This action prevented the Union Army from capturing the Florida capital and made Tallahassee the only Confederate capital east of the Mississippi River not to be captured by Union forces during the war. The battle has been described as the last Confederate victory in the American Civil War, and it was the second largest American Civil War battle in Florida.
The Battle of Cape Palos was one of the last Republican victories of the war. Although the action was the largest naval battle of the Spanish Civil War and an important Republican victory, it had little noticeable long-term effect on the war. The Republican Navy failed to press their advantage, and the loss of "Baleares" was partially offset when the modernised cruiser "Navarra" joined the Nationalist fleet some months later.
The 3rd Mixed Brigade (), was one of the earliest mixed brigades of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. It was formed in the fall of 1936 with battalions of the "Carabineros" corps and saw major action right away in the Defence of Madrid. This brigade also included female combatants —such as Sergeant ""La Chata""— and would take part in most of the major battles of the Spanish Civil War, except in the Battle of Jarama. 
The Spanish Civil War exposed political divisions across Europe. The right and the Catholics supported the Nationalists as a way to stop the expansion of Bolshevism. On the left, including labor unions, students and intellectuals, the war represented a necessary battle to stop the spread of fascism. Anti-war and pacifist sentiment was strong in many countries, leading to warnings that the Civil War had the potential of escalating into a second world war. In this respect, the war was an indicator of the growing instability across Europe.
Because Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin used the war as a testing ground for modern warfare, some historians, such as Ernst Nolte, have considered the Spanish Civil War, along with World War II, part of a European Civil War lasting from 1936 to 1945 and characterised mainly as a left/right ideological conflict. This interpretation has not found acceptance among most historians, who consider the Spanish Civil War and Second World War to be two distinct conflicts. Among other things, they point to the political heterogeneity on both sides ("See Spanish Civil War: other factions") and criticise a monolithic interpretation, which overlooks the local nuances of Spanish history.
The Battle of Santander was fought over the summer of 1937 in the War in the North campaign in the Spanish Civil War. Santander's fall on August 26 assured the Nationalist conquest of the province of Santander, now Cantabria, and marked the last stand of the Republic's "Army of the North," which was destroyed and captured in the fighting.