Instruct: Given a question, retrieve relevant documents that answer the question.
Query: Who created the character The Hulk?
The Hulk is a fictional superhero appearing in publications by the American publisher Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in the debut issue of The Incredible Hulk (May 1962). In his comic book appearances, the character is both the Hulk, a green-skinned, hulking and muscular humanoid possessing a vast degree of physical strength, and his alter ego Dr. Robert Bruce Banner, a physically weak, socially withdrawn, and emotionally reserved physicist, the two existing as independent personalities and resenting of the other.
Created by Roy Thomas and Herb Trimpe, the character made his first appearance in "The Incredible Hulk" (vol. 2) #131 as an angry young man who befriends the Hulk. During the late 1970s, he became a regular supporting character of the series, usually appearing as a friend of Bruce Banner.
I have a theory about She-Hulk. Which was created by a man, right? And at the time in particular I think 95% of comic book readers were men and certainly almost all of the comic book writers were men. So the Hulk was this classic male power fantasy. It's like, most of the people reading comic books were these people like me who were just these little kids getting the shit kicked out of them every day... And so then they created She-Hulk, right? Who was still smart... I think She-Hulk is the chick that you could fuck if you were Hulk, you know what I'm saying? ... She-Hulk was the extension of the male power fantasy. So it's like if I'm going to be this geek who becomes the Hulk then let's create a giant green porn star that only the Hulk could fuck.
Red Hulk was listed as #41 on IGN's "Top 50 Avengers". IGN reviewer Jesse Schedeen was generally critical of the series, citing a lack of character development and the emphasis on continuous action sequences over the ongoing question of Red Hulk's identity. Schedeen also derided the treatment of other mainstream Marvel characters within the pages of "Hulk", saying about issue #5 "The series has already treated She-Hulk and Iron Man like ragdolls who crumple under the awesome might of Red Hulk. Now it's Thor's turn". Claiming bad dialogue, poor pacing and maltreated characters, Schedeen stated that Ed McGuinness' artwork was the only saving grace for the title.
Sam Elliott plays General Ross in the 2003 film "Hulk" directed by Ang Lee.
The 1982 animated series based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. The series was based upon the Hulk comic in regards to the origin story (albeit with supposedly alien involvement rather than Soviet spies), as well as featuring characters from the comics including Rick Jones (who would often refer to Bruce as "Doc"), Major Ned Talbot, who was essentially the same character as Glenn Talbot (although perhaps a little less intelligent and more clumsy than his comic book counterpart and as a result of this is referred to by his men as Noodlehead Ned), Betty Ross, and General Ross, along with the first cartoon appearance of the She-Hulk. Yet only one classic Hulk villain appeared in a single episode of the series, The Leader, with a number of villains normally associated with other Marvel characters and newly created foes filling out the other episodes.
Jarella is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Along with Betty Ross Banner and Caiera, she was one of the Hulk's great loves. The character was introduced in "The Incredible Hulk" vol. 2 #140. Jarella was created by Roy Thomas, Herb Trimpe and American science fiction author Harlan Ellison, who was the guest writer for that issue.
The Hulk appeared in the 1978–1982 live action television series, "The Incredible Hulk", and its subsequent television films. Created by Universal Studios, it starred Bill Bixby as Dr. David Banner and Lou Ferrigno as the Hulk. It does not follow the comic book-fantasy format, omits the typical villains or supporting characters, and Hulk does not speak, but only growls and roars. In this series, David Banner becomes the Hulk, is assumed dead, and goes on the run while being pursued by tabloid investigative reporter Jack McGee (Jack Colvin), who is bent on proving that the creature exists. The two-hour pilot movie, which established the Hulk's origins, aired on November 4, 1977. The series was originally broadcast by CBS from March 10, 1978 to June 2, 1982, with eighty-two episodes in five seasons, and later followed by three television films.A sequel to 2008's "The Incredible Hulk" has been discussed, with Marvel Studios having suggested a possible release after 2015's "Avengers: Age of Ultron" due to the positive audience reception towards Ruffalo's portrayal of Bruce Banner in "The Avengers". Ruffalo is set to reprise his role in any future adaptation of the character. In June 2014, Ruffalo said he believed the studio might be considering doing a new standalone Hulk film, saying, "I think they are, for the first time, entertaining the idea of it. When we did "The Avengers" it was basically 'No!', and now there is some consideration for it. But there's still nothing definitive, not even a skeletal version of what it would be." In December 2014, Joss Whedon stated that, for the time being, a new solo Hulk film has not been announced or confirmed, due to Marvel wishing to have a character that only appears in "Avengers" films, despite the positive reception to Ruffalo. In April 2015, Ruffalo told Collider that Universal holding the distribution rights to Hulk films may be an obstacle to releasing a future Hulk standalone film. Two nights after the release of "Infinity War", fans started a petition for Marvel to extend Ruffalo's contract for him to appear in an "Incredible Hulk 2" and for Universal to let Disney have the distribution rights to any potential post-"Avengers 4" Hulk films and Disney, in return, give Universal, for each, a marquee credit (including placement of the studio's opening logo) and 8-9% of the profits as they have for Paramount with "The Avengers" and "Iron Man 3".
Pocket Books published two mass market paperback solo novels starring the character, "The Incredible Hulk: Stalker From the Stars" in 1978 and "The Incredible Hulk: Cry of the Beast" in 1979. The Hulk has appeared in the following novels:
Leterrier had planned to use prosthetic makeup and animatronics to complement the computer-generated imagery that was solely used in the previous film. The make-up artists who worked on "" were set to portray Blonsky's gradual transformation, which Zak Penn said would portray Blonsky "not [being] used to having these properties. Like he's much heavier, and we talked about how when he walks down the sidewalk, his weight destroys the sidewalk and he's tripping. [It's all about] the humanization of these kinds of superhero characters, showing the effects physics may actually have on [them]." Tom Woodruff, Jr. of Amalgamated Dynamics (who created all the costumes for the "Alien" films since "Alien 3") was in negotiations, and created two busts of the Hulk and prosthetic hands to act as stand-ins for the character. A full animatronic was never created as it was decided it would complicate production to set up shots for a puppet and then a computer graphic. An animatronic was used for Sterns' mutating head, however. Destruction was mostly done practically. A model of a bottling machine was smashed through a wall for when the Hulk escapes the factory. The filmmakers used steam and dry ice for the gas used to smoke out the Hulk, and they destroyed a real Humvee by dropping a weight on it when shooting the Culver University battle. Pipes blew fire for when the Hulk strikes down the computer-generated helicopter. When Banner falls from the helicopter to trigger the Hulk into fighting the Abomination, Norton was attached to a surface held by a bar which turned 90 degrees while the camera was pulled to the ceiling to simulate falling. Leterrier jokingly remarked that making Norton fall that distance would obviously render him unable to act.
Xemnu the Living Titan, also known as Xemnu the Hulk, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Xemnu is an alien who has attempted to conquer the Earth several times. The character first appeared in the story "I Was a Slave of the Living Hulk!" in "Journey into Mystery" #62, and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.
Skaar is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as a supporting character to Hulk. He is the son of the Hulk and the extraterrestrial Caiera, who conceived him during the "Planet Hulk" storyline. Created by writer Greg Pak and artist John Romita Jr., he first appeared in "What If? Planet Hulk" #1 (cover-dated Dec. 2007).
It is later revealed that the Red Hulk was created as part of a Super Soldier program by persons including Doc Samson, and the criminal think tank Intelligencia, headed by the Hulk foe MODOK. The 2009 "Code Red" story arc also made allusions to Red Hulk's real identity, and introduced a Red She-Hulk character, when Domino identifies Red Hulk before his transformation.
ILM, who worked on previous incarnations of the Hulk, had to add much more detail to the character's facial features in "Ragnarok" due to the Hulk's increased dialogue. ILM visual effects supervisor Chad Wiebe explained that Ruffalo's expressions were captured fresh for the film using Medusa, a performance capture technology. With 90 different expressions captured, ILM "built an entirely new library that would allow [Hulk] to cover a full range of normal human visual characteristics." To help create the Hulk, a person on set was covered in green body paint, and would replicate the intended motions of the character to aid the visual effect artists. Additionally, stunt actor Paul Lowe, who is under tall, stood in for Hemsworth during some of his interactions with the Hulk so that the Hulk's stunt men would be proportionally correct. In some instances when Thor and the Hulk interacted, a digital double was used for Thor, also created by ILM, to have greater flexibility for the shots. ILM worked on all of the Hulk moments in the film outside the final fight sequence, which was completed by Framestore using ILM's assets, as Framestore was primarily responsible for rigging that sequence. Framestore completed nearly 460 shots, which featured digital doubles of Thor and Hela, Fenris, Korg, Miek, the giant Surtur at the end of the film, and over 9,000 buildings for Asgard, based on assets D Negative had from "The Dark World", resulting in over 263 character, vehicle, prop, and crowd rigs.
Elaine Banner or Elaine Walters is a fictional and supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character appeared later in multiple spin-offs and dramatizations of the "Hulk" and She-Hulk comic book titles. She was created by writer David Kraft and artist Mike Vosburg. She first appeared in "The Savage She-Hulk" Vol 1 #15 of April, in 1981. She is the sister of Susan and Brian Banner, the wife of Morris Walters, and the Aunt of Bruce Banner who would grow up to be the Gamma-Powered superhero known as the Hulk; while her daughter and Bruce's cousin would become the super-heroine known as The She-Hulk, when Bruce saved her life with a blood transfusion.
In "Hulk" vol. 2 #15 (September 2009), she appears for the first time as Red She-Hulk, who was created by writer Jeph Loeb and artist Ed McGuinness. Loeb said, "We've been very careful with the creation of this character. We wanted to make sure she didn't come off as silly—my memory of the introduction to [the original] She-Hulk—before anyone had read a page. But the character was a completely different take on the Hulk, a Hulk we'd never seen before. Jen [Walters] is a wonderful character. Our intention is [that] Red She-Hulk will make an equally important impression on the Marvel Universe ."
Over the long publication history of the Hulk's adventures, many recurring characters have featured prominently, including his best friend and sidekick Rick Jones, love interest and wife Betty Ross and her father, the often adversarial General "Thunderbolt" Ross. Both Banner and Hulk have families created in their respective personas. Banner is son to Brian, an abusive father who killed Banner's mother while she tried to protect her son from his father's delusional attacks, and cousin to Jennifer Walters, the She-Hulk, who serves as his frequent ally.[155] Banner had a stillborn child with Betty, while the Hulk has two sons with his deceased second wife Caiera Oldstrong, Skaar and Hiro-Kala, and his DNA was used to create a daughter named Lyra with Thundra the warrior woman.[156]
Like other long-lived characters, the Hulk's character and cultural interpretations have changed with time, adding or modifying character traits. The Hulk is typically seen as a hulking man with green skin, wearing only a pair of torn purple pants that survive his physical transformation. As the character progressed, other outfits were designed that could stretch to accommodate the transformations back and forth. As Bruce Banner, the character is approximately 5'9" tall and weighs 128Ibs, but when transformed into the Hulk, the character can stand between 7–8 feet tall and weigh up to 1,400Ibs.[94] Following his debut, Banner's transformations were triggered at nightfall, turning him into a grey-skinned Hulk. In Incredible Hulk #2, the Hulk started to appear with green skin,[95] and in Avengers #3 (1963) Banner realized that his transformations were now triggered by surges of adrenaline in response to feelings of fear, pain or anger.[96] Incredible Hulk #227 (1978) established that the Hulk's separate personality was not due to the mutation affecting his brain, but because Banner was suffering from multiple personality disorder, with the savage Green Hulk representing Banner's repressed childhood rage and aggression,[97] and the Grey Hulk representing Banner's repressed selfish desires and urges.[98]
Red Hulk (also known as Rulk or The IncREDible Hulk) was introduced in 2008 in "Hulk" #1. The Red Hulk was created to be an uninhibited, tactically intelligent adversary to the Hulk. Although Kenneth Johnson, the creator of the 1970s TV series "The Incredible Hulk", had suggested a red Hulk for that adaptation decades earlier, Marvel Editor-in-Chief Joe Quesada proposed the idea for the comics to debut a red version of the character, whose human identity was a secret. Initially, Red Hulk's identity was unknown both to the characters in the story and to the reading audience.
Although "Rampaging Hulk" / "The Hulk!" was intended to feature stand-alone stories, some characters (such as the extraterrestrial Bereet) crossed over into "The Incredible Hulk" title. Bereet appeared in issue #269 (March 1982) of the regular series to explain away the "Rampaging" series as fictions she created for the entertainment of her homeworld's residents. This rendered the "Rampaging Hulk" stories into metafiction.
Thunderbolt Ross first appeared in "The Incredible Hulk" #1 (May 1962), and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby as a nemesis for the Hulk. He was a reappearing character throughout this series. His character origin was revealed in "The Incredible Hulk" #291. The Red Hulk first appeared in "Hulk" vol. 1 #1 (January 2008) where he was created by Jeph Loeb and Ed McGuiness, but his identity as Ross was not revealed until later. He starred in this full series of 5 volumes. The origin of Red Hulk was revealed in "Hulk" #23.
I have a theory about She-Hulk. Which was created by a man, right? And at the time in particular I think 95% of comic book readers were men and certainly almost all of the comic book writers were men. So the Hulk was this classic male power fantasy. It’s like, most of the people reading comic books were these people like me who were just these little kids getting the shit kicked out of them every day... And so then they created She-Huk, right? Who was still smart... I think She-Hulk is the chick that you could fuck if you were Hulk, you know what I’m saying? ... She-Hulk was the extension of the male power fantasy. So it’s like if I’m going to be this geek who becomes the Hulk then let’s create a giant green porn star that only the Hulk could fuck.
She-Hulk was created by Stan Lee, who wrote only the first issue, and was the last character he created for Marvel Comics until his return to comics with "Ravage 2099" in 1992. The reason behind the character's creation had to do with the success of "The Incredible Hulk" (1977–82) and "The Bionic Woman" TV series. Marvel was afraid that the show's executives might suddenly introduce a female version of the Hulk, as had been done with "The Six Million Dollar Man", so Marvel decided to publish their own version of such a character to make sure that if a similar one showed up in the TV series, Marvel would own the rights.
Hulk 2099 (John Eisenhart) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Gerard Jones and Dwayne Turner and first appeared in "2099 Unlimited" #1. As with many other Marvel 2099 characters, Hulk 2099 was a futuristic re-imagining of the original Hulk.
For the "Marvel 2099" imprint, Gerard Jones and Dwayne Turner created a new version of the character. First appearing in "2099 Unlimited" #1, John Eisenhart, a selfish film producer in "LotusLand" (future Hollywood) is inadvertently exposed to gamma radiation by the Knights of the Banner (a cult worshipping the original Hulk) who intend to create a Hulk of their own. As the Hulk, Eisenhart finds himself representing freedom to a closed-off society. A "Hulk 2099" series was published for 10 issues.
Among the characters co-created by Trimpe during his run on the title were Jim Wilson in issue #131 (Sept. 1970) and Doc Samson in #141 (July 1971). During his time on the comic, he became the first artist to draw for publication the character Wolverine, who would go on to become one of Marvel's most popular. The character was conceived by Roy Thomas, written by Len Wein and designed by Marvel de facto art director John Romita, Sr., was an antagonist for the Hulk, introduced in the last panel of "The Incredible Hulk" vol. 2, #180 (Oct. 1974) and making his first full appearance the following issue. Trimpe in 2009 said he "distinctly remembers" Romita's sketch, and that, "The way I see it, [Romita and writer Len Wein] sewed the monster together and I shocked it to life! ... It was just one of those secondary or tertiary characters, actually, that we were using in that particular book with no particular notion of it going anywhere. We did characters in "The [Incredible] Hulk" all the time that were in [particular] issues and that was the end of them." Trimpe co-created nearly all of the characters introduced during his run on "The Incredible Hulk", with Wolverine being a rare exception.
Guilt Hulk is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted usually as an antagonist to the Hulk. Created by writer Peter David and artist Dale Keown, the character first appeared in "The Incredible Hulk" Vol. 2, #377 (January 1991) as a malevolent representation of Bruce Banner's abusive father, Brian Banner, that manifests itself in Banner's childhood memories.