Instruct: Given a question, retrieve documents that can help answer the question.
Query: Who developed MRI technology?
Raymond Vahan Damadian (born March 16, 1936) is an American physician, medical practitioner, and inventor of the first MR (Magnetic Resonance) Scanning Machine.[1]
Transfusion therapy lowers the risk for a new silent stroke in children who have both abnormal cerebral artery blood flow velocity, as detected by transcranial Doppler, and previous silent infarct, even when the initial MRI showed no abnormality. A finding of elevated TCD ultrasonographic velocity warrants MRI of the brain, as those with both abnormalities who are not provided transfusion therapy are at higher risk for developing a new silent infarct or stroke than are those whose initial MRI showed no abnormality.
In 1985 Cohen joined the MRI Applications Group at Siemens Healthcare where he began a career in MRI focused originally on education, and on technological improvements to reduce scan times. From 1988 to 1990 he directed the applications program at Advanced NMR Systems in Woburn Massachusetts, a small startup dedicated to the creation of a practical echo planar imaging instrument. He joined the faculty at Harvard/Massachusetts General Hospital in 1990 where he directed the "Hyperscan" fast imaging laboratory, and the MRI education program until 1993. Since 1993 he has been at UCLA, where he developed with John Mazziotta the first dedicated functional MRI imaging center.
Strengths: Researchers can use standalone PET or MRI operation, or use multi-modality imaging. PET and MRI techniques can be carried out either independently (using either the PET or MRI systems as standalone devices), or in sequence (with a clip-on PET) in front of the bore of the MRI system, or simultaneously (with the PET inserted inside the MRI magnet). This provides a much more accurate picture far more quickly. By operating the PET and MRI systems simultaneously workflow within a laboratory can be increased. The MR-PET system from MR Solutions incorporates the latest technology in Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM), which significantly reduces the size of the system and avoids the problems of using photomultipliers or other legacy detector types within the magnetic field of the MRI. The performance characteristics of SiPM are similar to a conventional PMT, but with the practical advantages of solid-state technology.
In 1980, Paul joined the GE Research Center in Schenectady NY. They ordered the biggest magnet available – a 1.5 Tesla system – and built the first high-field whole-body MRI/MRS scanner, overcoming problems of coil design, RF penetration and signal-to-noise. The results translated into the highly successful 1.5 Tesla clinical MRI products of which there are well over 20,000 systems today, representing 60-70% of all systems. Paul did the first localized MRS in human heart and brain. After starting a collaboration on heart applications with Robert Weiss at Johns Hopkins, Paul returned to Johns Hopkins University in 1994, as Professor and Director of the MR Research Division. He works on the application of MRS to measure cardiac energy metabolism in the healthy and failing heart, and the development of interventional MRI technology. He has about 200 peer-reviewed papers with most-cited reviews of tissue relaxation in Medical Physics, and ~50 patents, including high-field MRI (>0.7 Tesla), spin-echo MRI, ‘crusher’ gradients, 'fat-saturation', '3D-slab' MRI, and 'point resolved spectroscopy' (PRESS), 2D spatially-selective pulses, MRI-safe implantable leads (licensed and sold as Avista™ by Boston Scientific Inc), and 'MRI endoscopy'. He is an ISMRM Fellow, 1989 Gold Medal recipient, a GE gold patent and Coolidge Fellowship awardee, and 2015 Gold Medal recipient of the American Roentgen-Ray Society.
Gene (Eugene) Dolgoff (born 1950) is the founder, CEO, and CTO of HOLOBEAM TECHNOLOGIES INC., which is developing new technologies for treating diseases and medical imaging. The main technologies being developed, which are patent pending, are Holographic Energy Teleportation (HET), Advanced Nanoparticles, and a new type of MRI diagnostic imaging system.
Methods of diagnosis include ultrasounds, CT scan, and MRI scan. The least inexpensive, non-invasive, and most reliable method of diagnosis is an ultrasound. Ultrasounds are the best method for diagnosis but might not detect the smaller cysts in the kidneys. CT scans and MRI scans are able to capture the smaller cysts that cannot be see in an ultrasound, but normal CT scans and MRI scans would only be used as a diagnostic tool for someone at high risk. MRI are used to monitor the development of the cysts and growth of kidneys. Genetic test can be applicable to those who have family history of PKD. Genetic testing is very expensive and sometimes it fails to detect PKD in 15% of people who have it. 
Recognizing their achievements, the President of the United States awarded the nation’s highest honor in technology, the national Medal of Technology, jointly to Dr Damadian and Dr Lauterbur for the development of MRI. In presenting the award on July 15, 1988, President Ronald Reagan cited both scientists ‘for their independent contributions in conceiving and developing the application of magnetic resonance technology to medical uses including whole-body scanning and diagnostic imaging.[23]
Diffusion tensor MRI or Magnetic Transfer MRI are two options to enhance MRI-hidden abnormalities discovery. This is currently an active field of research with no definitive results, but it seems that these two technologies are complementary.
The Automation and Interventional Medicine Robotics Lab at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) has been developing enabling technologies for MRI-guided interventions. This work includes MR-compatible sensors, actuators, software, and controllers. The group has also developed various types of fully MRI-compatible robots for percutaneous prostate interventions and another one for guiding deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrode placement under real-time MR image guidance for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease.
The first neuroimaging technique ever is the so-called ‘human circulation balance’ invented by Angelo Mosso in the 1880s and able to non-invasively measure the redistribution of blood during emotional and intellectual activity. 
Then, in the early 1900s, a technique called pneumoencephalography was set. This process involved draining the cerebrospinal fluid from around the brain and replacing it with air, altering the relative density of the brain and its surroundings, to cause it to show up better on an x-ray, and it was considered to be incredibly unsafe for patients (Beaumont 8). A form of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) were developed in the 1970s and 1980s. The new MRI and CT technologies were considerably less harmful and are explained in greater detail below. Next came SPECT and PET scans, which allowed scientists to map brain function because, unlike MRI and CT, these scans could create more than just static images of the brain's structure. Learning from MRI, PET and SPECT scanning, scientists were able to develop functional MRI (fMRI) with abilities that opened the door to direct observation of cognitive activities.
Park's medical research also included the groundbreaking MRI study that used viscoelastic pads to improve patient care during MRI studies. His research group developed the patented viscoelastic pads used by many of the current MRI tables. The patented viscoelastic pads decrease ischemia, pain, and discomfort for patients undergoing MRI studies. His MRI research led to improved quality of the MRI imaging studies to improve patient care, He has also studied the effect of nicotine on bone arteriole blood flow.
UNB has developed technology used by Google, is a research partner with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is a global leader in powered prosthetic research and developing MRI technology, and is home to one of the motion analysis labs in North America as well as the world’s first research centre in dermoskeletics.
At five year follow-ups the overall risk of developing MS is 30%, with or without MRI lesions. Patients with a normal MRI still develop MS (16%), but at a lower rate compared to those patients with three or more MRI lesions (51%). From the other perspective, however, 44% of patients with any demyelinating lesions on MRI at presentation will not have developed MS ten years later.
To be MRI compatible, a robot needs to safely operate and perform its functions within the magnetic field of the MRI without deteriorating the image quality. Thus, the development of MRI robots is a very challenging engineering task because MRI scanners use magnetic fields of very high density (3 teslas is now common), and most of the components commonly used in robotics may not be used in close proximity of the magnet.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), also known as cardiac MRI, is a medical imaging technology for non-invasive assessment of the function and structure of the cardiovascular system. Conventional MRI sequences are adapted for cardiac imaging by using ECG gating and high temporal resolution protocols. The development of CMR is an active field of research and continues to see a rapid expansion of new and emerging techniques.
In 1983, Pettigrew undertook a position as clinical research scientist at Picker International, Inc., where he began work in developing nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, later called MRI, specifically for the heart. Picker was the first company to manufacture an MRI scanner, and Pettigrew helped develop their technology for cardiovascular imaging. Of the first 10 Picker MRI scanners installed worldwide, Pettigrew co-developed, along with A.V. Lakshminarayanan, and installed the cardiac imaging software on all of these systems. These included the first units at the Mayo Clinic, Wake Forrest University, and the NIH Clinical Center and several systems in Europe.
The Microwave Research Institute (MRI) was founded in 1945 by Ernst Weber at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (which later became the Polytechnic Institute of New York University). Research conducted at the institute included work in the areas of "electromagnetic theory, antennas and radiation, network theory and microwave networks, microwave components and devices." MRI was internationally regarded as one of the foremost centers of research on microwave field theory in the world. In 1985 it was renamed the Weber Research Institute in honor of its founder.Among its most prominent members were Nathan Marcuvitz, Leo B. Felsen, Dante C. Youla and Arthur A. Oliner, all fellows of IEEE and members of the National Academy of Engineering. The institute has attracted researchers from all over the world, including Alexander Graham Bell Medal winner Tsuneo Nakahara, who in 1961 was a visiting research associate of the institute, and who went on to be vice chairman of the Sumitomo Electric Company, and Dr. Oguchi, who became chief engineer of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone. Another faculty member closely associated with MRI was KunMo Chung, Director of the Plasma Physics Laboratory from 1967 to 1975, who served as Minister of Science and Technology of South Korea two times and who was associated with numerous international science and technology agencies.
In 1984, Pettigrew received a fellowship from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) in their Harold Amos Medical Faculty Development Program, created to help achieve more appropriate representation and inclusion of minority scientists and scholars in academia. As an RWJF fellow, he moved to Emory University School of Medicine in the Department of Radiology and continued his work in developing non-invasive cardiovascular imaging employing nuclear medicine and MRI. At Emory, he partnered with scientists at Philips Medical Systems to develop the first industrial cardiovascular MRI software package (Philips Cardiac Package, 1988). In 1989, when the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) held its Diamond Jubilee 75th Anniversary meeting, then hailed as the largest medical meeting in the world, Pettigrew delivered the invited keynote, the Eugene Pendergrass New Horizons Lecture. This talk, titled "Four Dimensional Cardiac MRI: Diagnostic Procedure of the Future", predicted the advanced medial technological approach being realized and built upon today.
Damadian has received several prizes. In 2001, the Lemelson-MIT Prize Program bestowed its $100,000 Lifetime Achievement Award on Damadian as "the man who invented the MRI scanner."[3] He went on to collaborate with Wilson Greatbach, one early developer of the implantable pacemaker, to develop an MRI-compatible pacemaker. The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia gave its recognition of Damadian's work on MRI with the Bower Award in Business Leadership.[4] He was also named Knights of Vartan 2003 "Man of the Year".[5] He received a National Medal of Technology in 1988 and was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1989.[6]
In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield for their discoveries related to MRI. Although Nobel rules allow for the award to be shared by up to three recipients, Damadian was not given the prize. The controversy over who played what part in the development of the MRI had gone on for years prior to the Nobel announcement, and many in the scientific community felt that the Nobel had not been awarded for the MRI for so long due to debate over Damadian's role in its development.[14]
As previously noted, there are often few signs of white matter injury in newborns. Occasionally, physicians can make the initial observations of extreme stiffness or poor ability to suckle. The preliminary diagnosis of PVL is often made using imaging technologies. In most hospitals, premature infants are examined with ultrasound soon after birth to check for brain damage. Severe white matter injury can be seen with a head ultrasound; however, the low sensitivity of this technology allows for some white matter damage to be missed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is much more effective at identifying PVL, but it is unusual for preterm infants to receive an MRI unless they have had a particularly difficult course of development (including repeated or severe infection, or known hypoxic events during or immediately after birth). No agencies or regulatory bodies have established protocols or guidelines for screening of at-risk populations, so each hospital or doctor generally makes decisions regarding which patients should be screened with a more sensitive MRI instead of the basic head ultrasound.
According to a UCSD website, the work of Dale's laboratory at UCSD has yield several other technological developments, including “a method for tracking and correcting for head motion, in real time, during MRI scans; a fully automated method for identifying white matter tracts from MRI scans; and a method for quantifying longitudinal anatomical change from serial MRI scans.” In addition, the laboratory has produced “a free software program that aids in the study of anatomical changes associated with early stages of Alzheimer’s disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). This technology, developed for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), involves longitudinal MRI and PET scans as well as CSF biomarkers in a large number of patients.” Dale has also initiated a number of “collaborative efforts using neuroimaging methods to study the genetic and environmental influences on brain structure and development” and that an “FDA-approved version of his automated segmentation technology is now in routine use for quantitative assessment of regional atrophy in patients under clinical evaluation for AD/MCI at UCSD.”
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used for scanning the brain for topological and landmark structure in the brain, but can also be used for imaging activation in the brain. While detail about how MRI works is reserved for the actual MRI article, the uses of MRI are far reaching in the study of neuroscience. It is a cornerstone technology in studying the mind, especially with the advent of functional MRI (fMRI). Functional MRI measures the oxygen levels in the brain upon activation (higher oxygen content = neural activation) and allows researchers to understand what loci are responsible for activation under a given stimulus. This technology is a large improvement to single cell or loci activation by means of exposing the brain and contact stimulation. Functional MRI allows researchers to draw associative relationships between different loci and regions of the brain and provides a large amount of knowledge in establishing new landmarks and loci in the brain.
During these years the Montreal Neurological Institute pioneered the development of medical imaging technologies introducing Canada's first CAT scan in 1973, PET scan in 1975 and MRI in 1982. The technique of medical ultrasonography also became widely available beginning in the late 1960s and was especially popular with expectant mothers interested in the health and sex of their fetus. The number of these machines in use has grown greatly over the years. In 2004 there were about 150 MRI units and about 350 CAT units in use in Canada.