Instruct: Given a question, retrieve relevant passages that can help answer the question.
Query: How much ash would Yellowstone produce?
The last full-scale eruption of the Yellowstone Supervolcano, the Lava Creek eruption which happened approximately 640,000 years ago,[31] ejected approximately 240 cubic miles (1,000km3) of rock, dust and volcanic ash into the sky.[2]
Yellowstone National Park has one of the world's largest petrified forests, trees which were long ago buried by ash and soil and transformed from wood to mineral materials. This ash and other volcanic debris are believed to have come from the park area itself as the central part of Yellowstone is the massive caldera of a supervolcano. The park contains 290 waterfalls of at least , the highest being the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone River at .
For as long as humans have domesticated animals in order to produce meat, livestock judging has been a critical skill. Butchers – and later, commercial meat packers – had to be able to judge how much meat they could cut out of an animal just by looking at a live animal. Breeders responsible for producing the next generation had to judge how well males would pass on desirable traits and how well females would produce and care for their offspring. Those responsible for raising the animals and feeding them to the point of slaughter had to judge how well the young animals would convert the food that was available into useful meat. 
Union Falls ht. is a waterfall on Mountain Ash Creek, a tributary of the Fall River in the "Cascade Corner" (southwest) of Yellowstone National Park. It is the second highest waterfall in Yellowstone exceeded in height only by the lower Yellowstone Falls. The falls got its name from members of the Arnold Hague Geological Surveys sometime between 1884-86. Geologist J.P. Iddings claims the name derives from the fact that a tributary of Mountain Ash Creek joins at the very brink of the falls, thus "Union Falls". Access to the falls is via the Mountain Ash Creek trail and the Grassy Lake Road.
Scorpio and those that were on the "Nostalgia for Infinity" when it left Ararat travel to Yellowstone, only to see it utterly destroyed by the Inhibitors, then head to Hela in order to find Quaiche and negotiate with the shadows. In a twist of plans, Scorpio, Khouri, Vasko and Aura, after Scorpio destroy the bridge crossing Absolution Gap, decide to let the Scrimshaw Suit carrying the shadow envoy fall to its destruction with Quaiche's cathedral. His fate after this is unknown (all that is said is that "after that, he didn't remember very much"), although it is implied that he is the one accompanying Aura on planet Ararat in the prologue and epilogue of "Absolution Gap". This would, however, make Scorpio over four hundred subjective years old by Yellowstone's calendar though he has only lived through 60 or so due to relativistic effects and prolonged time in 'reefer' (cryo) sleep. He had previously stated he would be unlikely to reach a body age beyond his 50s, but how much of this predicted life expectancy was due to his biology and how much to his dangerous lifestyle is unclear as few other hyper-pigs are major characters.
The loosely defined term "supervolcano" has been used to describe volcanic fields that produce exceptionally large volcanic eruptions. Thus defined, the Yellowstone Supervolcano is the volcanic field which produced the latest three supereruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot; it also produced one additional smaller eruption, thereby creating the West Thumb of Yellowstone Lake[10] 174,000 years ago. The three supereruptions occurred 2.1 million, 1.3 million, and approximately 630,000 years ago, forming the Island Park Caldera, the Henry's Fork Caldera, and Yellowstone calderas, respectively.[11] The Island Park Caldera supereruption (2.1 million years ago), which produced the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, was the largest, and produced 2,500 times as much ash as the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption. The next biggest supereruption formed the Yellowstone Caldera (~ 630,000 years ago) and produced the Lava Creek Tuff. The Henry's Fork Caldera (1.2 million years ago) produced the smaller Mesa Falls Tuff, but is the only caldera from the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone hotspot that is plainly visible today.[12]
Hayden Valley is a large, sub-alpine valley in Yellowstone National Park straddling the Yellowstone River between Yellowstone Falls and Yellowstone Lake. The valley floor along the river is an ancient lake bed from a time when Yellowstone Lake was much larger. The valley is well known as one of the best locations to view wildlife in Yellowstone.
Beginning in 1972, Paul Schullery worked at Yellowstone National Park with a series of job responsibilities. Some of these responsibilities included ranger-naturalist, historian-archivist, environmental protection specialist, as well as senior editor in the Yellowstone Center for Resources, and chief of cultural resources. In an interview with "Yellowstone Science", he tells how he was pretty clueless going into the job, and initially intended to become a park ranger, but then showed up to find that he was going to be a ranger-naturalist and would have to talk in front of people. He then went on to do research for Yellowstone and had access to all the Yellowstone Archives. His job was mainly to refine the collection, and find a way to draw attention to its importance. His work in Yellowstone ended in 2008 when he retired, but he still continues to write and publish his work. Alongside his work in Yellowstone and writing/editing, Schullery worked as the executive director of The American Museum of Fly Fishing in Manchester, Vermont from 1977 to 1982. He now works as an adjunct professor of American Studies and affiliate professor of history at University of Wyoming and Montana State University respectively. Since 2009, Schullery was recognized as scholar-in-residence at the Montana State University Library.
Taylor commented that Ash and the other characters "loosened up" after the first ten episodes of the anime; she believed the writers were more relaxed and no longer felt the pressure of making sure everything was done correctly. Taylor commented: "I enjoy playing Ash now much more than I did in the very beginning because I can have fun with him more, and we kind of know him and can work out how he really would react. We have the classic Ash responses and things like that."[12] Sarah Natochenny replaced Taylor in season nine when The Pokémon Company International (known at that time as Pokémon USA) took over the licensing, prompting a shift in recording studios.[13]
According to a recent study, if the Yellowstone caldera erupted again as a supervolcano, an ash layer one to three millimeters thick could be deposited as far away as New York, enough to "reduce traction on roads and runways, short out electrical transformers and cause respiratory problems". There would be centimeters of thickness over much of the U.S. Midwest, enough to disrupt crops and livestock, especially if it happened at a critical time in the growing season. The worst-affected city would likely be Billings, Montana, population 109,000, which the model predicted would be covered with ash estimated as 1.03 to 1.8 meters thick.
In March 2018, as coal power producers complied with federal Obama-era groundwater monitoring rules at coal ash disposal sites, the Trump Administration announced plans to let states regulate the facilities similar to how they regulate municipal trash landfills. The United States EPA announced a series of proposals it said would save the utility industry up to $100 million annually in compliance costs.
Much of the Lower Mainland is vulnerable to explosive eruptions from the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. Volcanoes in this zone are capable of producing large quanities of volcanic ash that may cause short and long term water supply problems for Lower Mainland communities. All airports covered by the accompanying eruption column would be closed, heavy ash falls would damage electrical equipment and weak structures could collapse under the weight of the ash.
Foresters and ecologists argue that large controlled burns in Yellowstone prior to the fires would not have greatly reduced the area that was consumed in 1988. Controlled burns would quickly become uncontrolled if they were allowed to burn with the intensity that many tree and plant communities need for proper regeneration. Consequently, natural fires, rather than controlled burns, are the park's primary maintenance tool. Since the late 1970s, some 300 natural fires have been allowed to burn themselves out. In rare circumstances, natural fires are supplemented by controlled burns that are deliberately started to remove dead timber under conditions which allow fire fighters an opportunity to carefully control where and how much wood fuel is consumed.
The film then returns to the hooded people, which reveal that among them is Rick Lieberman himself, alive and well. He tells the audience that he chose to come back to the bunker so that he could face the reality of what nearly happened. He also wanted to see Yellowstone park, and he reflects that this is not only how life ends, but how it begins. Nature would recover from this disaster. And one day, Yellowstone would erupt again, "but not on his watch."
The song was produced by Bones Howe and arranged by Rene DeKnight.
On August 31, 2012, the US Fish and Wildlife Service announced that it would be removing endangered species protections from the northern Rocky Mountain wolf, as Wyoming has achieved the necessary populations to qualify with 328 wolves. Fish and Wildlife Service Director Dan Ashe called the renewal of the wolf subspecies to be a "major success story". Wyoming has also instituted its own "dual status" system that would protect the wolves inside Yellowstone park, but allow any wolves who leave the area to be shot on sight. Currently, 224 of the 328 wolves in Wyoming live outside of Yellowstone Park.
Starting in the 1940s, park managers, biologists, conservationists and environmentalists began what would ultimately turn into a campaign to reintroduce the gray wolf into Yellowstone National Park. When the Endangered Species Act of 1973 was passed, the road to legal reintroduction was clear. In 1995, gray wolves were first reintroduced into Yellowstone in the Lamar Valley. The history of wolves in Yellowstone chronicles the extirpation, absence and reintroduction of gray wolves to Yellowstone, and how the reintroduction was not without controversy or surprises for scientists, governments or park managers.
During the storyline Ash's family are affected in different ways. Weston revealed that the serial build up to the storyline by having Ash argue with her sister, Lacey (Georgia Bourke), so that when Ash becomes ill Lacey would feel guilty. 
When Ash is hospitalised her mother, Martha (Carli Norris), is also affected and does not cope well, forcing Callum to take over his mother's duties. Norris explained that although Martha would "die for her children" she is like a child herself and when she is required to support her family she can not handle it. Weston expressed that during the storyline viewers would see why Ash and Callum moan about Martha, explaining that viewers discover she has an alcohol problem. On how Callum is affected, Weston said that they are close as brother and sister which is proved within the storyline. She said that they usually pretend like they do not get on and Ash speaks to Callum like he is "the annoying little brother" but "underneath it all, you can see how much they care about each other". Weston felt that it was nice to explore a new side of their relationship during the storyline.
On 20 March 2012 Digital Spy reported that the serial would explore the Kane family when Ash collapses and is diagnosed with meningitis. For the storyline Weston conducted research on the subject as she was unsure how Ash would be affected while she had the illness and she wanted to portray the role with realism. "Hollyoaks" worked closely with Meningitis trust when developing the storyline, with the trust aiming to raise awareness of meningitis in young adults. Weston backed Meningitis UK's Trust Your Instincts campaign which aims to raise awareness of symptoms, with the actress portraying Ash as having some of the "classic symptoms" during the storyline. Weston explained that in the buildup Ash returns from a night out and everybody "just think she’s drunk. So she wakes up with a hangover, which is so typical of Ash, and everyone’s ignoring her while she’s going: ‘No, I feel really ill, and I didn’t drink that much.’ Then she’s on the floor and they call the ambulance. [...] it’s quite serious, because they induce a coma". Weston explained that Ash's illness is the bacterial meningitis which is "really serious - you can die within a few hours of getting it". Ash becomes comatose with the illness. Weston said that she found these scenes difficult to film despite her presumption that the scenes would be "easy". She explained that the scenes were difficult as she found it hard to lie straight, stay awake and be aware of what was happening around her. Ash recovers and wakes from her coma.
The Island Park Caldera is older and much larger than the Henry's Fork Caldera with approximate dimensions of 58 miles (93 km) by 40 miles (64 km). It is the source of the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff that is found from southern California to the Mississippi River near St. Louis. This supereruption occurred 2.1 million years BP and produced 2500 km of ash. The Island Park Caldera is sometimes referred to as the First Phase Yellowstone Caldera or the Huckleberry Ridge Caldera. The youngest of the hotspot calderas, the Yellowstone Caldera, formed 640,000 years ago and is about 34 miles (55 km) by 45 miles (72 km) wide. Non-explosive eruptions of lava and less-violent explosive eruptions have occurred in and near the Yellowstone Caldera since the last super eruption. The most recent lava flow occurred about 70,000 years ago, while the largest violent eruption excavated the West Thumb of Lake Yellowstone around 150,000 years ago. Smaller steam explosions occur as well – an explosion 13,800 years ago left a 5 kilometer diameter crater at Mary Bay on the edge of Yellowstone Lake.
Each of the three climactic eruptions released vast amounts of ash that blanketed much of central North America, falling many hundreds of miles away. The amount of ash and gases released into the atmosphere probably caused significant impacts to world weather patterns and led to the extinction of some species, primarily in North America.
A subsequent caldera-forming eruption occurred about 160,000 years ago. It formed the relatively small caldera that contains the West Thumb of Yellowstone Lake. Since the last supereruption, a series of smaller eruptive cycles between 640,000 and 70,000 years ago, has nearly filled in the Yellowstone Caldera with 80 different eruptions of rhyolitic lavas such as those that can be seen at Obsidian Cliffs and basaltic lavas which can be viewed at Sheepeater Cliff. Lava strata are most easily seen at the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, where the Yellowstone River continues to carve into the ancient lava flows. The canyon is a classic V-shaped valley, indicative of river-type erosion rather than erosion caused by glaciation.
Ash is introduced along with brother Callum. "Hollyoaks" executive producer Emma Smithwick said that the siblings are "quite reserved and they keep themselves to themselves" which she felt needed to be explained. She felt that to explore the reasoning behind their behaviour viewers would need to learn more about "where they come from and their family life" which would involve introducing "satellite" family members. The character's background was explored via the introduction of her family. Weston welcomed the growth of the Kane family because of their similarities, with each one having "dark and moody" traits. Weston said she would like to further explore the family saying that "there’s definitely a lot of hidden stuff there that we haven’t seen yet, especially with the dad, who we don’t really know much about". Duncan said that Callum and Ash have always got on well and he "loves his sister very, very much". He added that Ash is Callum's best friend as she has helped him through a lot "over the years".
Executive producer Lucy Addario wanted to explore how Kat would cope without "the armour of her police uniform" and implemented a story arc in which she resigns from the police force. Miller was told that she would not be wearing make-up for the storyline, although dark circles were added under her eyes. She felt both vulnerable and liberated by the experience, and found it was easier to focus on Kat's pain. On-screen, Kat discovers that Ash knew Andy Barrett (Tai Hara) was rebirthing cars at the garage. When Ash asks her to keep quiet, they argue. Kat starts to feel increasingly guilty that she has abused her position, and following another argument with Ash, she walks off. Ash believes Kat has gone to tell Sergeant Phillip McCarthy (Nicholas Cassim) about the cover up, but instead Kat resigns. Ash finds Kat on the beach, where she has a panic attack. Mason told Ali Cromarty from "TV Week" that Ash is worried about her state of mind and did not realise how much the cover up was affecting her. 
In the United Nations System of National Accounts (UNSNA), market production includes all those producing units who sell most or all of their output at prices which are "economically significant" (i.e. at prices which influence how much producers are willing to supply, and how much purchasers wish to buy). For example, a school or a university would be a market producer, if it charges fees which are based on their production costs, and which are sufficiently high to influence demand for their services. The school or university would have to generate a definite operating surplus (profit) or loss.
Strong high-altitude wind carried much of this material east-northeasterly from the volcano at an average speed of about . By 9:45 a.m. it had reached Yakima, Washington, away, and by 11:45 a.m. it was over Spokane, Washington. A total of of ash fell on Yakima, and areas as far east as Spokane were plunged into darkness by noon where visibility was reduced to and of ash fell. Continuing St. Helens' ash fell in the western part of Yellowstone National Park by 10:15 p.m. and was seen on the ground in Denver, Colorado, the next day. In time, ash fall from this eruption was reported as far away as Minnesota and Oklahoma, and some of the ash drifted around the globe within about 