Instruct: Given a question, retrieve passages that can help answer the question.
Query: When was Belgium established as a nation state?
Belgium is a classic example of a state that is not a nation state. The state was formed by secession from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1830, whose neutrality and integrity was protected by the Treaty of London 1839; thus it served as a buffer state after the Napoleonic Wars between the European powers France, Prussia (after 1871 the German Empire) and the United Kingdom until World War I, when its neutrality was breached by the Germans. Currently, Belgium is divided between the Flemings in the north and the French-speaking or the German-speaking population in the south. The Flemish population in the north speaks Dutch, the Walloon population in the south speaks French or German. The Brussels population speaks French or Dutch.
During the Conference of Vienna, it was decided that Aachen was assigned to Prussia and Vaals to the Kingdom of the Netherlands. When Belgium declared itself independent in 1830, Vaals was a part of Belgium until 1839. From 1839 onwards Vaals was reassigned to the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Near Vaals four national boundaries, those of Prussia, Belgium, the Netherlands and the Neutral Territory of Moresnet, met. While Moresnet had a flag (Black-White-Blue), it did not have a head of state or a government. As a result of the less than nation-state of Moresnet, in those days at Vaals there was a Four-Border-Point, but not a Four-Country-Point. The "Viergrenzenweg" ("Four-Borders-Road") still exists in Vaals, a reminder of this era, lasting from 1839 to 1919, after which Moresnet was absorbed into Belgium. 
The Constitution of Belgium dates back to 1831. Since then Belgium has been a parliamentary monarchy that applies the principles of ministerial responsibility for the government policy and the Trias Politica. The Constitution established Belgium as a centralised unitary state. However, since 1970, through successive state reforms, Belgium has gradually evolved into a federal state.
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. The 1830 Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Belgium under a provisional government and a national congress. Since the installation of Leopold I as king in 1831, Belgium has been a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
In November 1830, the National Congress of Belgium was established to create a constitution for the new state. The Congress decided that Belgium would be a popular, constitutional monarchy. On 7 February 1831, the Belgian Constitution was proclaimed. However, no actual monarch yet sat on the throne.
There are currently over 250 community land trusts in the United States. In 2006, a national association was established in the United States to provide assistance and support for CLTs: the National Community Land Trust Network. Also established that year to serve as the Network’s training and research arm was the National CLT Academy. Fledgling CLT movements are also underway in England, Canada, Australia, Belgium, Kenya and New Zealand. Similar nationwide networks for promoting and supporting CLTs have recently been formed in the United Kingdom and in Australia.
In the early years of the Hundred Years' War, Edward III allied with the nobles of the Low Countries and the burghers of Flanders against France. 
Belgium established its independence in the revolution of 1830. Like the other European Great Powers, Britain was slow to recognise the new state. Even the election of Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, former son-in-law of Britain's King George IV and uncle to the future Queen Victoria, as King of the Belgians failed to win diplomatic recognition from London. Belgium's emergence had caused the break-up of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, one of several buffer states established after the end of the Napoleonic Wars as a check against future French expansion, and London feared this newly formed nation would be unable to survive hostile expansion by its neighbours. A British-organised European Congress produced the Treaty of London of 1839, whereby the Great Powers (and the Netherlands) all formally recognised the independence of Belgium, and (at Britain's insistence) guaranteed its neutrality.
The National Congress (, ) was a temporary legislative assembly in 1830, established shortly after the Belgian Provisional Government had proclaimed national independence following the Belgian Revolution. Its primary task was to create a constitution for the newly formed state.
When Belgium became independent, state archives services were established in each chef-lieu of the following provinces: Bruges (1834), Namur (1849), Arlon (1851), Hasselt (1869), Antwerp (1896) and Tournai (from 1834 to 1895). In 1964, four district repositories were opened: in Huy (closed since February 2008), Kortrijk, Ronse (closed since September 2010) and Tournai. Auxiliary repositories were opened in Saint-Hubert (1960) and Beveren (1964). The State Archives repository in Eupen was created in 1988 following the second state reform of Belgium. The State Archives repositories in Leuven (2001), Anderlecht (2002) and Louvain-la-Neuve (2009) were established following the splitting of the province of Brabant. The National Archives 2 - Joseph Cuvelier repository will be inaugurated soon.
This is a list of members of the National Congress of Belgium. The National Congress was the constituent assembly of Belgium, sitting from 1830 to 1831. It had 200 members, elected on 3 November 1830 to represent modern Belgium, Luxembourg, and Limburg. When those elected died or resigned from the Congress, substitutes took their places, meaning that a total of 236 people sat in the Congress.
Diplomatic relations were started in 1825 when Mexico established consular relations with the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Belgium became independent in 1830, and in 1838, representatives were sent to Mexico. The first consulate-level representatives were sent to Mexico in 1842. In 1861, both nations signed a "Treaty of Friendship" thus formally establishing diplomatic relations.
Before the war, Belgium had been a net importer of foodstuffs. The German invasion, together with the Allied blockade meant that as early as September 1914, various Belgian organisations had been preparing for the onset of famine in the occupied territory. Under the direction of a financier, Émile Francqui, and other philanthropists established the "Comité National de Secours et d'Alimentation" (CNSA or the "National Relief and Food Committee") to secure and transport food to Belgium, where it could be sold to Belgian civilians. The profits from this part of the operation were then used to distribute aid. After negotiations with both the Allies and Central Powers, the CNSA managed to secure permission to import food from the neutral United States. Francqui used his acquaintance with Herbert Hoover, the future American president, to collect food and other relief through an American organisation, the Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB), which was then distributed within Belgium by the CNSA. A number of smaller relief organisations affiliated to other neutral countries also worked within occupied Belgium.
Ruanda-Urundi was a part of German East Africa under Belgian military occupation from 1916 to 1924 in the aftermath of World War I, when a military expedition had removed the Germans from the colony. It became a League of Nations world B mandate allotted to Belgium, from 1924 to 1945. It was designated as a United Nations trust territory, still under Belgian administration, until 1962, when it developed into the independent states of Rwanda and Burundi. After Belgium began administering the colony, it generally maintained the policies established by the Germans, including indirect rule via local Tutsi rulers, and a policy of ethnic identity cards, (later retained in the Republic of Rwanda). Revolts and violence against Tutsi, known as the Rwandan Revolution, occurred in the events leading to independence.
As Belgium is a federal state, the flag of Belgium and the flags of the communities or regions in principle occupy the same rank. Nonetheless, when flags are raised and lowered or carried in a procession, the national flag takes precedence over all the others.
Belgium was heavily involved in the early development of railway transport. Belgium was the second country in Europe, after Great Britain, to open a railway and produce locomotives. The first line, between the cities of Brussels and Mechelen opened in 1835. Belgium was the first state in Europe to create a national railway network and the first to possess a nationalised railway system. The network expanded fast as Belgium industrialised, and by the early 20th century was increasingly under state-control. The nationalised railways, under the umbrella organisation National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB), retained their monopoly until liberalisation in the 2000s.
Belgium's most successful period started when they finished second in the UEFA Euro 1980. The 1980s and early 1990s are generally considered the first golden age of the national team. Under the leadership of Guy Thys, who coached more than 100 official games, they established a reputation of being a physical, well-organized team that was difficult to play against.
Two divers represented Belgium in 1924. It was the nation's third appearance in the sport, and the first time Belgium sent a woman in diving.
Eleven equestrians represented Belgium in 1924. It was the nation's fourth appearance in the sport; Belgium was one of three nations (along with France and the United States) to have competed in each Olympic equestrian competition to that point. Belgium finished without a medal for the first time; the best result was the jumping team (at fourth), while the top individual place was de Brabandère's sixth in the eventing.
Kingdom of Belgium (Belgium) recognized the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan) in December 31, 1991. Azerbaijan has been the first Post-Soviet State to establish diplomatic ties with Belgium in February 20, 1992.
The first unofficial tournaments were organised by the Cercle des Echecs de Bruxelles (the Chess Club of Brussels). In 1920 the "Fédération Belge des Echecs" (Belgium Chess Federation) was established under the supervision of the four principal chess clubs in Belgium at that time: Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent and Liège. The first official Belgian championship was played in 1921. Two titles were awarded: the title of "Champion of Belgium" and the title "Champion of the Belgium Chess Federation". The title champion of Belgium was reserved for players of the Belgian nationality, whereas non-Belgians could win the championship of the federation. A separate Belgian championship for women was established in 1938. In 1970 the Fédération Belge des Echecs was renamed the Fédération Royale Belge des Echecs and from then on there is only one title, the Chess Champion of Belgium.
With his plans having been rejected by the "Frontpartij" in October 1931 he broke away from that group to establish his own party, Verdinaso. Containing only 169 members on its foundation, the party was committed to a form of corporatism that Van Severen called national-solidarism as well as to integral nationalism. At its foundation it actually supported Flemish separatism but before long the group, which was far right, supported the "Dietsch" option. Van Severen advocated the use of force to take over the existing Belgium and then to establish the Greater Belgium state that he supported. He also advocated anti-parliamentarism, something that had been strengthened by his defeat in 1929, during which he felt moderates in the "Frontpartij" had deliberately sabotaged his re-election. His vision would eventually expand to that of the "Dietsche Rijk" which, rather than splitting Flanders off from Belgium in order to form the new state, advocated the effective union of the Benelux countries into a single entity. The change was brought about in part by Van Severen "discovering" in 1934 that the Walloons, like the Flemings, were descended from the Franks.
Unlike the British constitutional system, in Belgium "the monarchy underwent a belated evolution" which came "after the establishment of the constitutional monarchical system" because, in 1830–1831, an independent state, parliamentary system and monarchy were established simultaneously. Hans Daalder, professor of political science at the Rijksuniversiteit Leiden wrote: "Did such simultaneous developments not result in a possible failure to lay down the limits of the royal prerogatives with some precision—which implied that the view of the King as the Keeper of the Nation, with rights and duties of its own, retained legitimacy?"
Belgium became connected diplomatically with Ukraine at the beginning of the Soviet Union around 1919, but since the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine in 1991 new relations have been established since March 10, 1992. Belgium along with other European states formally recognised the independence of Ukraine on 31 December 1991. Leonid Kravchuk, the first president of an independent modern Ukraine, paid a diplomatic visit to Brussels in July 1992. On a parliamentary level, both Ukraine and Belgium have deputies and ambassadors functioning in the parliaments of both countries. Aside from national political connections, there are ties at a city level, particularly between the capitals of Kiev and Brussels and the twin cities of Donetsk and Charleroi, but also regionally between the Poltava region and Hainaut province. About 4,000 people involved in bilateral relations between Ukraine and Belgium.
The National Bank of Belgium (NBB; , , ) has been the central bank of Belgium since 1850. The National Bank of Belgium was established with 100% private capital by a law of 5 May 1850 as a "Société Anonyme" (SA). It is a member of the European System of Central Banks.
The relations began in 1947 with Belgian involvement in the Commission of Three Nations, together with Australia and the United States, on resolving Indonesia-Dutch disputes regarding the Indonesian sovereignty. Subsequently, Belgium was among the first European nation that recognized Indonesia in 1949. In December 1949 Indonesia established a representative to the Kingdom of Belgium. In 1963, both nations agreed to upgrade the bilateral relations from representative level to the level of embassy. The mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the European Community was established on 18 August 1990 in Brussels.
Belgium–France relations refer to interstate relations between Belgium and France. Relations were established after the independence of Belgium. Both nations are great allies. Both nations have cultural similarities, both governments cooperate and Belgium has an embassy in Paris, while France has an embassy in Brussels. Both nations are members of NATO and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and both were founding members of the European Union.