Instruct: Given a question, retrieve passages that answer the question.
Query: In what Tolkien book does Sting make its first appearance?
In The Hobbit (1937), hobbit Bilbo Baggins finds the blade in a troll-hoard, along with the swords Glamdring and Orcrist. Although it is only a dagger by the standard of Men or Elves, it serves as a sword for the diminutive Bilbo. He uses it to fight off the giant spiders in Mirkwood, and names the blade after the talking spiders refer to it as his "sting". Gollum is afraid of Sting, which aids Bilbo in his confrontation with Gollum under the Misty Mountains. Bilbo gives Sting to his nephew Frodo Baggins in The Fellowship of the Ring (1954). When Frodo is betrayed at the pass of Cirith Ungol, Samwise Gamgee takes the blade to prevent it from falling into enemy hands, but later returns it to Frodo. In The Return of the King (1955), Frodo gives Sting and all of his other possessions to Sam before Frodo departs for the Undying Lands.
In June 2011 Peter Jackson announced that actress Evangeline Lilly, who was known for her portrayal of Kate Austen in the ABC television drama "Lost", was cast in the role. Lilly, who had been a fan of Tolkien's books since she was 13, expressed some trepidation at the reaction of Tolkien purists to a character that does not appear in Tolkien's written works, but stated that creating the character for the adaptation was justified: "I believe she is authentic, because Tolkien refers to The Woodland Elves, he just doesn't talk about who they are specifically… [Peter and Fran] know that world so well. They’re not going to create a character that is not true to Tolkien's world." Nonetheless, following the June 12, 2013 release of the first trailer for the film, some fans expressed dissatisfaction with the creation of a character that did not originate in the source material.
Sting is a fictional artefact from J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy universe of Middle-earth. In the story, it is a magical Elvish knife or dagger presumably forged in Gondolin in the First Age.
"Namárië" () is a poem by J. R. R. Tolkien written in Quenya, a constructed language, and published for the first time in "The Lord of the Rings" ("The Fellowship of the Ring", Book 2, Chapter "Farewell to Lórien"). It is subtitled "Galadriel's Lament in Lórien", which in Quenya is "Altariello nainië Lóriendessë". The poem appears in only one other book by Tolkien, "The Road Goes Ever On".
The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion (2005) is a nonfiction book written by scholars Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull. It is an annotated reference to J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings". Hammond and Scull proceed chapter-by-chapter from the original foreword through to the end of "The Lord of the Rings". Appendices, examining the evolution of the text, changes, inconsistencies, and errors, often using comments from Tolkien's own notes and letters. Other sections cover the numerous maps of Middle-earth, chronologies of the story and its writing, and notes on the book and jacket design of the first editions of 1954-55. The book includes some previously unpublished material by Tolkien. It also reprints part of a 1951 letter in which Tolkien explicates, at some length, his conception and vision of "The Lord of the Rings". Reprinted for the first time since 1980, and corrected and expanded, is Tolkien's "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings" (previously referred to as "Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings"), an index of persons, places, and things designed to aid the translator in rendering Tolkien's work into foreign languages. It is available in both hardcover and paperback.
Veteran professional wrestling journalist Bill Apter chronicled Sting's career in a piece for WWE.com on February 19, 2014, wherein he stated that Sting's "best days may still be yet to come". Amid speculation about a contract offer from the company, Sting appeared in a WWE Network production on April 15, 2014, sharing a story of his former tag team partner The Ultimate Warrior, who had recently died. This marked Sting's first non-archive appearance on a WWE-branded show. Sting was a prominent contributor to the documentary film "Warrior: The Ultimate Legend", which aired on the WWE Network on April 17. The following day, online retailer Zavvi announced the WWE Home Video DVD and Blu-ray "The Best of Sting", which was released on September 23, 2014. On July 14, Sting appeared in a vignette on "Raw" to promote the video game "WWE 2K15", in which he was featured as a pre-order bonus character in both his 'Crow' and 'Surfer' (pre-1996) incarnations. That same day, WWE began selling official Sting merchandise. On July 24, Borden made his first public appearance for WWE, in full Sting garb, as a surprise guest at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con International. The event was held to announce WWE's upcoming line of Mattel action figures, in which the company's first ever Sting figure would appear. Prior to that appearance, Sting gave his first interview with WWE.com, which was released later that day. On August 4, WWE announced Sting as a guest on the "WWE 2K15" "Roster Reveal" panel, which took place on August 16 in Los Angeles.
J. R. R. Tolkien made a study of the surviving texts in an attempt to reconstruct what may have been the original story behind the Finnesburg Fragment and the "Finnesburg Episode" of "Beowulf"'. This study was eventually edited into the book "Finn and Hengest". Tolkien argues there that the story is historical, rather than legendary, in character. Tolkien also argues that "Finnsburuh" is most likely an error by either Hickes or his printer, since that construction appears nowhere else, and the word should be "Finnesburh". It is not clear whether this was the actual name of the hall or only the poet's description of it. Where exactly the hall was, or even whether it was in Frisia, is not known.
It is painstakingly restored from Tolkien's manuscripts and presented for the first time as a continuous and standalone story. The intent of the book is to extract a single narrative out of the ever-evolving materials that make up "The Tale of Beren and Lúthien". It does not contain every version or edit to the story, but those Christopher Tolkien believed would offer the most clarity and minimal explanation.
One of the first of Tolkien's characters to be created, he first appears in "The Fall of Gondolin", part of "The Book of Lost Tales", the earliest version of his "mythology" and histories. "The Fall of Gondolin" was, according to Tolkien's recollections, the first to be written—in 1916 or 1917. His name was then reused for the later "The Lord of the Rings" for different characters.
Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth is a book exploring previously unpublished images of artwork, illustrations, maps, letters and manuscripts of professor J. R. R. Tolkien, curated by the Bodleian Library and written by Catherine Mcilwaine, Tolkien archivist at the Bodleian. The book largely documents professor Tolkien's creative processes behind works like "The Hobbit", "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Silmarillion". Not only does the book draw on the collection at the Bodleian Library but also collections at Marquette University, as well as private collections.
The longest poem in "The Lord of the Rings" is the song about Eärendil which Bilbo sings at Rivendell. This poem has an extraordinarily complex history. Long before writing "The Lord of the Rings", Tolkien wrote a poem he called "Errantry", probably in the early 1930s, which was published in "The Oxford Magazine" on Nov. 9, 1933. Although this fanciful poem does not mention Eärendil, nor does it refer to any names or events from his mythology, Bilbo's song ultimately derives from it. There are six texts of different versions of this poem extant in Tolkien's papers, and no less than 15 further manuscripts and typescripts of Bilbo's song, in several lines of development. In fact, based on the evidence of the existing texts, it appears that the version which Tolkien sent to his publisher and which was published in the book was actually not his final version of the poem. Apparently the final version was mislaid, and an earlier version was the one that was printed.
"The Silmarillion" was compiled by Christopher Tolkien (who was long involved in J. R. R. Tolkien's creative process) and published in 1977, four years after Tolkien’s death. It presents an abridged cycle of Tolkien's drafts of his Elvish legends, drawing material from the earliest "Book of Lost Tales" to drafts written long after "The Lord of the Rings". Most of the original texts have subsequently appeared in the "History of Middle-earth". Christopher's goal was a version resembling what he thought at the time his father might have produced.
The three films ("", "", and "") based on the novel "The Lord of the Rings" by J. R. R. Tolkien were shot in various locations throughout New Zealand, and many of these locations have been preserved and altered to encourage the tourism that makes up a significant portion of the country’s economy. Tourists sometimes travel dressed as characters from the books or films, indulging in what is known throughout fandom as cosplay. Avid fans traveling to both well-known and obscure locations related to "The Lord of the Rings" are referred to as "Tolkien tourists".
It must be mentioned here that "Dagor Dagorath", the name properly said, was not used by Tolkien in "The Lost Road" or in "The Shaping of Middle-earth". All the occurrences of the term in these books were in the editorial notes of his son. The canonical mentions of the name are only in "Unfinished Tales". Christopher Tolkien included the name in "The Shaping of Middle-earth" because the first mention of the Second Prophecy of Mandos was placed there but Tolkien did not mention the existence of a Prophecy in the text published in "Unfinished Tales". The manner with which the name appears in "Unfinished Tales" suggests that there are some kind of "foretelling" of The End but does not state that it comes from one of Mandos' prophecies.
During his recovery in a cottage in Little Haywood, Staffordshire, he began to work on what he called "The Book of Lost Tales", beginning with "The Fall of Gondolin". "Lost Tales" represented Tolkien's attempt to create a mythology for England, a project he would abandon without ever completing. Throughout 1917 and 1918 his illness kept recurring, but he had recovered enough to do home service at various camps. It was at this time that Edith bore their first child, John Francis Reuel Tolkien. In a 1941 letter, Tolkien described his son John as "(conceived and carried during the starvation-year of 1917 and the great U-Boat campaign) round about the Battle of Cambrai, when the end of the war seemed as far off as it does now".
A book appeared in the library of Parisian magazine "Kultura" in 1959. The term 'Executed Renaissance' is accredited to Giedroyc. This wording as a suggestion for the name of a book first appeared in Giedroyc's letter to Shevelov from August 13, 1958: "And what about name. It would be better to give as a common name “"The Executed Renaissance: Anthology from 1917–1933"” "etc." Name would sound effectly. On the other hand, humble name “"Anthology"” only can take the sting out of propagation through the Iron Curtain. What do you think about it?"
Tolkien had been writing "The Lord of the Rings" for several years when Saruman came into existence as the solution to a long-unresolved plot development, and his role and characteristics continued to emerge in the course of writing. Tolkien started work on the book in late 1937, but was initially unsure of how the story would develop. Unlike some of the other characters in the book, Saruman had not appeared in Tolkien's 1937 novel, "The Hobbit", or in his then-unpublished "Quenta Silmarillion" and related mythology, which date back to 1917. When he wrote of Gandalf’s failure to meet Frodo, Tolkien did not know what had caused it and later said: "Most disquieting of all, Saruman had never been revealed to me, and I was as concerned as Frodo at Gandalf's failure to appear." Tolkien's son, Christopher, has said that the early stages of the creation of "The Lord of the Rings" proceeded in a series of waves, and that having produced the first half of "The Fellowship of the Ring", Tolkien rewrote the tale from the start three times. Saruman first appeared during a fourth phase of writing in a rough narrative outline dated August 1940. Intended to account for Gandalf's absence, it describes how a wizard titled "Saramond the White" or "Saramund the Grey", who has fallen under the influence of Sauron, lures Gandalf to his stronghold and traps him. The full story of Saruman's betrayal was later added to the existing chapters.
Several other authors in the genre, however, seemed to agree more with Dyson than Lewis. Science-fiction author David Brin criticized the book for what he perceived to be its unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure, its positive depiction of the slaughter of the opposing forces, and its romantic backward-looking worldview. Michael Moorcock, another famous science fiction and fantasy author, is also critical of "The Lord of the Rings." In his essay, "Epic Pooh", he equates Tolkien's work to "Winnie-the-Pooh" and criticizes it and similar works for their perceived Merry England point of view. Incidentally, Moorcock met both Tolkien and Lewis in his teens and claims to have liked them personally, even though he does not admire them on artistic grounds.
In Book III, ch. 5 of The Two Towers, Helm is described only as a "hero of old wars"; it seems likely that Tolkien did not envision him as a king when he wrote this chapter. The first version of the list of kings of Rohan does not appear in the manuscripts until a draft of the early chapters of Book V
The "Lord of the Rings" had its detractors in fandom, including both those who found the books unreadable or the character development inferior to the worldbuilding, and those who simply argued that Tolkien fans were taking things too far, with attempts to complete glossaries of Middle-earth already underway. A major defender and advocate of Tolkien in this era was Marion Zimmer Bradley, with such articles as her 1962 “Men, Halflings, and Hero Worship” in "Astra’s Tower". She wrote two Tolkien pastiches and one crossover story with Aragorn entering her own created world of Darkover. She published what would be a single issue of her own Tolkien fanzine, "Andúril".
In an interview about her association with Tolkien's works, Remington mentions that she had not been able to get hold of the books before making the illustration, and had only a sketchy idea from friends what they were about. Tolkien, the author, could not understand why her illustration included what he thought were pumpkins in a tree, or why a lion appeared at all (the lions were removed from the cover of later editions).
Balrogs are fictional creatures in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. They first appeared in print in his novel "The Lord of the Rings", where the Fellowship of the Ring encounter one known as Durin's Bane in the Mines of Moria. Balrogs appeared also in Tolkien's earlier writings, published posthumously in "The Silmarillion" and later books.
Bootleg paperbacks published by Ace Books eventually found their way into colleges in the US in the 1960s. In response, a revised, authorized edition was published by Ballantine Books. The "hippie" following latched onto the book, giving its own spin to the work's interpretation, such as the Dark Lord Sauron representing the United States military draft during the Vietnam War, to the chagrin of the author who stated that "Many American fans enjoy the books in a way which I do not". 
Many fantasy series written in the period were created by fans of "The Lord of the Rings", such as the "Shannara" books by Terry Brooks.
There were active Tolkien enthusiasts within science fiction fandom from the mid-1950s. The first organized Tolkien fan group was "The Fellowship of the Ring", founded by fans including Ted Johnstone and Bruce Pelz at Pittcon, the 18th World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon) in 1960. Articles on "The Lord of the Rings" had appeared regularly since 1962 in the science fiction fanzine "Niekas", edited by Ed Meskys.
Little else is said of the chain in "The Silmarillion". Tolkien describes it more fully in its first appearance in "The Book of Lost Tales" (which may or may not be applicable to later conceptions). Here its name is Angaino:
In distinguishing his work from others, Martin makes a point of emphasizing realism and plausible social dynamics above an over-reliance on magic and a simplistic "good versus evil" dichotomy, for which contemporary fantasy writing is often criticized. Notably, Martin's work makes a sharp departure from the prevalent "heroic knights and chivalry" schema that has become a mainstay in fantasy as derived from J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings". He specifically critiques the oversimplification of Tolkien's themes and devices by imitators in ways that he has humorously described as "Disneyland Middle Ages", which gloss over or ignore major differences between medieval and modern societies, particularly social structures, ways of living, and political arrangements. Martin has been described as "the American Tolkien" by literary critics. While Martin finds inspiration in Tolkien's legacy, he aims to go beyond what he sees as Tolkien's "medieval philosophy" of "if the king was a good man, the land would prosper" to delve into the complexities, ambiguities, and vagaries of real-life power: "We look at real history and it's not that simple ... Just having good intentions doesn't make you a wise king." Per this fact Martin has been credited with the rise of Grimdark fantasy, a modern form of an "anti-Tolkien" approach to fantasy writing which, according to British science fiction and fantasy novelist Adam Roberts, is characterized by its reaction to Tolkien's idealism even though it owes a lot to Tolkien's work. The Canadian fantasy writer R. Scott Bakker "says he wouldn't have been able to publish his fantasy novels without the success George R. R. Martin achieved first". Similarly, Mark Lawrence, author of "Prince of Thorns", was inspired by Martin and impressed by his Red Wedding scene.