Instruct: Given a question, retrieve relevant passages that answer the question.
Query: Who was the first leader of West Germany?
Theodor Heuss (German pronunciation:[ˈte:odɔɐ ˈhɔʏs]; 31 January 1884 – 12 December 1963) was a West German liberal politician who served as the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1959. Beside the stern chancellor Konrad Adenauer, Heuss' cordial manners largely contributed to the stabilization of democracy in West Germany during the Wirtschaftswunder years.
Caesar gave the first surviving written description of the area and described its people as the "Germani cisrhenani", who were a part of the Belgae. Amongst these Germani, Belgian Limburg contained at least part of the country of the Eburones who fought against Julius Caesar under their leaders Ambiorix and Cativolcus. Apart from the "Germani", somewhere in the west of the region (but possibly outside Limburg) were the Aduatuci, who were the descendants of the Cimbri and Teutones who had settled from the direction of Denmark some generations before Caesar.
After the Second World War, only one German national basketball team existed. At the EuroBasket 1953, a unified German team competed with four East German players and finished 14th. At the EuroBasket 1959 in Istanbul, unlike its counterpart from West Germany, the East German national team qualified for the EuroBasket but only finished 14th out of 17.
The first match between East and West Germany was played in 1960 at the qualification to the Summer Olympics. Despite the lack of popularity of basketball in East Germany, it took the West German basketball team until 1973 to earn its first victory over the East Germans who displayed disciplined playing styles.
At the EuroBasket 1961 in Belgrade, East Germany finished 12th out of 19, 4 spots better than West Germany.
Overall, the national basketball team of East Germany had its biggest success at the EuroBasket 1963 in Wrocław. After four victories and three losses in the preliminary round, East Germany went as the third seed (behind the tournament winner Soviet Union and silver medalist Poland) in Group B. Since only the first two places advanced to the semi-finals, East Germany had to play against Belgium and Bulgaria in the play-offs. After beating Belgium 81:35, East Germany lost 62:77 against Bulgaria. According to many experts, East Germany was one of the biggest surprises of the tournament.
At the EuroBasket 1965 in Moscow/Tbilisi, the East German team could not repeat its impressive performance two years earlier. However, it outperformed its West German competitors by 4 spots and finished 10th out of 16. At its last appearance at a EuroBasket 1967 in Helsinki/Tampere, East Germany finished 14th out of 16. West Germany did not qualify for the tournament.
Despite some solid performances at European basketball competitions, East Germany's national basketball team never qualified for the world championships or the Summer Olympics.
Germany had the advantage of performing last. After coming second in 1980 and second in Dublin the year previously, Ralph Siegel and Bernd Meinunger took the first Grand Prix for Germany. The winner, Nicole, beat the nearest competition by 61 points and over 13 million West Germans watched her victory on television. Germany was the commanding leader for nearly the entire voting process.
He was able to work as a freelance writer, and under the pseudonym "Fred Werner" wrote a number of works on Conscientious objection ("Wehrdienstverweigerung") in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). As leader in West Berlin of the local "League of Former GDR Citizens" (""Verband ehemaliger DDR-Bürger"") he provided support for former East Germans who had been persecuted for their political views by the state and subsequently released into West Germany as part of the that had been operated between East and West Germany since 1962.
Commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Infantry Branch, Schwarzkopf spent October 1956 to March 1957 at United States Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, where he earned his Parachutist Badge. His first assignment was as platoon leader, later executive officer, of E Company, 2nd Airborne Battle Group, 187th Airborne Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. It was during this time he later recounted he found chronic problems in military leadership, amid what historians have called a larger doctrinal crisis. Schwarzkopf later recounted many officers and NCOs he met in this assignment "had no sense of duty or honor, and who saw the world through an alcoholic haze." He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1958. In July 1959, Schwarzkopf was assigned his first overseas assignment; as a staff officer alternating with duties as a platoon leader, liaison officer, and reconnaissance platoon leader with the 6th Infantry Division in West Germany. In July 1960, Schwarzkopf was assigned as aide-de-camp to Brigadier General Charles Johnson, who commanded the Berlin Brigade in West Berlin.
The 1974 FIFA World Cup, the tenth staging of the World Cup, was held in West Germany (including West Berlin) from 13 June to 7 July. The tournament marked the first time that the current trophy, the FIFA World Cup Trophy, created by the Italian sculptor Silvio Gazzaniga, was awarded. The previous trophy, the Jules Rimet Trophy, had been won for the third time by Brazil in 1970 and awarded permanently to the Brazilians. The host nation won the title, beating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final at Munich's Olympiastadion. The victory was the second for West Germany, who had also won in 1954. Australia, East Germany, Haiti and Zaire made their first appearances at the final stage, with East Germany making their only appearance before Germany was reunified in 1990.
In the first round, Austria had surprisingly won their group, ahead of Brazil even though they had lost to them. A rather lacklustre West Germany had only finished second in their group, following two scoreless draws. While the West German team still contained a number of players who had contributed to winning the 1974 World Cup, others had retired from the national team, being dissatisfied with the old-fashioned attitude of German Football Association (DFB) leaders and coach Helmut Schön, who at age 62 was about to retire after the tournament.
The orchestra was co-founded in Weimar, Germany, by Said and Barenboim in 1999, and named after the "West–östlicher Divan" ("West–Eastern Divan"), an anthology of poems by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who took his inspiration from the Persian poet Hafis. The first ensemble workshop took place in 1999, as part of Weimar's program as the European Capital of Culture that year. Since Edward Said's death, his widow Mariam C. Said has been a co-leader of the orchestra.
In organized politics, his first major position was Hessian leader of the Marxist German Peace Union (Deutsche Friedensunion, DFU) as managing director—a partial successor of the banned Communist Party of Germany — in 1976. The GPU was always a minor party, and it changed its status to "political union" in 1984, the same year that Willi van Ooyen became federal leader of the party across the whole of West Germany. This organisation was mainly founded by East Germany.
The fourth of six children, Martin Fitzgerald Lawrence was born on April 16, 1965, in Frankfurt, West Germany, to African American parents who were serving in the U.S. military in West Germany at the time of Martin's birth. Lawrence was named after civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and U.S. President John F. Kennedy. His parents divorced when he was eight years old and Lawrence rarely saw his estranged father, John Lawrence, who worked as a police officer. His mother, Chlora (née Bailey), began working several jobs to support her family.
He passed Part I of his national exams for Law in 1960 and Part II in 1965, supporting himself during this period as a legal clerk (""Rechtsreferendar""). In 1964 he joined the Free Democratic Party (FDP), a centre-right political party committed to economic and (sometimes less prominently) socially liberal ideals. At that time the FDP party leader, was pushing for better contacts between East and West Germans even though, at the time, the legitimacy of the East German state was not officially "recognised" by the government in the west. It was, for instance, during Mende's period as West German Vice-Chancellor that West Berliners were permitted, for the first time, to cross the Wall for Christmas visits in December 1963. From 1964, East German senior citizens were allowed to visit West Germany. The political division of Germany was a matter with which Detlef Kühn was passionately concerned, and became core to his professional career. In the 1965 General Election the FDP won 9.5% of the national vote and prepared to rejoin the governing coalition as a junior partner. The FDP group in the Bundestag (national parliament) identified a critical vacancy for a lawyer to work as a parliamentary research assistant and offered Kühn the job. In a discussion the newly elected leader of the FDP group in the Bundestag, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, who would become an important political ally, urged him to accept. Kühn did so, and in 1966 moved with his new wife from West Berlin to Bonn (officially the "provisional capital of West Germany") to take up his duties.
In 1946, the Papal Mission for Displaced Persons in Germany was moved to Kronberg by Pope Pius XII. The apostolic visitor and leader of the institution was the Bishop of Fargo, North Dakota, USA Aloisius Muench, who was of German heritage. His spiritual guidance mandate included caring for those who had fled or been driven out of Eastern Europe. Until the summer of 1949, he organized from Kronberg the transport of about 950 goods wagons full of Papal aid supplies to Germany. He was also supported by the US Government; before taking his position in Kronberg, he received from US Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson the document of appointment as liaison commissioner for religious affairs to the US military government in Germany. Through his contacts in the USA Muench arranged a formidable flow of donations into destruction-stricken Germany. After the Federal Republic of Germany was founded, the Kronberg Apostolic Mission was dissolved in 1951. Muench afterwards became the first Apostolic Nuncio in the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). In 1959, Pope John XXIII made Archbishop Muench a Cardinal.
The Leader of the Social Democratic Party ("Vorsitzender der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands") is the most senior political figure within the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Since 22 April 2018, the office has been held by Andrea Nahles; who is the first female leader of the party.
Konrad Adenauer (1876–1967) was the dominant leader in West Germany. He was the first chancellor (top official) of the FRG, 1949–63, and until his death was the founder and leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a coalition of conservatives, ordoliberals, and adherents of Protestant and Catholic social teaching that dominated West Germany politics for most of its history. During his chancellorship, the West Germany economy grew quickly, and West Germany established friendly relations with France, participated in the emerging European Union, established the country's armed forces (the "Bundeswehr"), and became a pillar of NATO as well as firm ally of the United States. Adenauer's government also commenced the long process of reconciliation with the Jews and Israel after the Holocaust.
With West Germany's captain and European Footballer of the Year Karl-Heinz Rummenigge benched from the start due to a hamstring injury, West Germany was nonetheless the first to score in the 17th minute. With Klaus Fischer charging in to challenge French goalkeeper Jean-Luc Ettori from about 12 yards out, the ball rebounded to Pierre Littbarski, who scored with his first-touch shot from 18 yards.
As Prime Minister, Stoph began a series of negotiations with West German Chancellor Willy Brandt in 1970. It marked the first ever meeting between the leaders of East and West Germany.
In October 1949, partly in response to the creation of the German Federal Republic (West Germany) five months earlier, Germany's Soviet administered zone was relaunched as the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), a stand-alone Soviet sponsored German states with constitutional arrangements increasingly modeled on those of the Soviet Union itself. Schirdewan's experience on the political front-line with West Germany and his Central Committee responsibilities for the "West Department" effectively made him the leader of the East German ruling party's on-going project.
In 1988, at the first track and field competition ever between East and West Germany, Schult refused to shake hands with the man who had beaten him, Wolfgang Schmidt, who had very shortly before moved from East to West Germany.
The Bundeswehr was established in 1955 in West Germany. In 1956, conscription for all men between 18 and 45 in years was introduced after heavy discussions about re-militarising Germany. A significant exception came from the conscientious objector clause in the West German constitution: West Germany was the first country to grant alternative service to all men who objected to military service on ethical grounds, regardless of religious affiliation. This was named "Zivildienst" roughly translated as "civil services".
Whilst Strasser was living in Canada at the time, the group had most of its followers in Latin America. The organization had two main offices, one in New York City headed by Kurt Singer and one in Buenos Aires headed by Bruno Fricke. Strasser named Fricke as the leader of the Free-Germany Movement in Latin America, a role Fricke had also occupied in the Black Front. Friecke was also named First Vice Chairman of the organization. In Uruguay the "landesleiter" was Erico Schoemann who was an old Black Front support and who ran the publication "Die Zeit/El Tiempo" in Montevideo. The Free-Germany Movement also had small units in West Canada, China and South Africa (the latter unit was led by August Pokorski). The Free-Germany Movement was politically broader than Strasser's previous grouping, gathering people with Christian, national-conservative or social democratic backgrounds. For example the "landesleiter" ('Country Leader') of the Free-Germany Movement in Brazil was Helmut Hütter, an Austrian who hailed from a conservative Catholic background. In Bolivia, were the size of the organization was rather marginal, it was led by Hugo Efferoth, a former social democrat.
The book takes the perspective of soldiers with the Group of Soviet Forces in East Germany as they prepare to launch an invasion of West Germany. Soviet General Mikhail Malinsky, commander of the First Western Front, discusses the upcoming invasion with other Soviet leaders. The plans call for a simultaneous thrust on three fronts: across the North German Plain, through the Fulda Gap, and across Bavaria. NATO commanders are to be bluffed into thinking the main assault will come at the Fulda Gap, but the main effort will be on the North German Plain, led by Malinsky. Airborne forces will be dropped deep into West Germany to disrupt the NATO rearguard.
Germany – federal parliamentary republic in western-central Europe consisting of 16 constituent states, which retain limited sovereignty. Its capital and largest city is Berlin. With more than 80 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state in the European Union. Germany is a major economic and political power of the European continent and a historic leader in many cultural, theoretical and technical fields. After losing World War I, Germany fell under the control of Adolf Hitler, who started World War II. After losing World War II, Germany was divided into East Germany and West Germany, each on opposite sides in the Cold War. In October 1990, after the Cold War ended, the country was reunified. Germany has since grown to become the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP.Geography of Germany
Germany is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate.Land boundaries: 
Germany is composed of 16 constituent states, called "Bundesländer" (see map on the right).
From 15 to 19 November 1980, John Paul II visited West Germany on his first trip to a country with a large Lutheran Protestant population. In Mainz, he met with leaders of the Evangelical Church in Germany, and with representatives of other Christian denominations.
The Ulbricht Doctrine, named after East German leader Walter Ulbricht, was the assertion that normal diplomatic relations between East Germany and West Germany could occur only if both states fully recognised each other's sovereignty. That contrasted with the Hallstein Doctrine, a West German policy which insisted that West Germany was the only legitimate German state.