Instruct: Given a question, retrieve documents that answer the question.
Query: What was the first publisher of Kindred by Octavia E. Butler?
Kindred is a novel by American writer Octavia E. Butler that incorporates time travel and is modeled on slave narratives. First published in 1979, it is still widely popular. It has been frequently chosen as a text for community-wide reading programs and book organizations, as well as being a common choice for high school and college courses.
Veronica Mixon, "Futurist Woman: Octavia Butler." Essence, April 9, 1979, pp.12,15. Jeffrey Elliot, "Interview with Octavia Butler", Thrust 12. Summer 1979, pp.19–22. "Future Forum", Future Life 17. 1980, p.60. Rosalie G. Harrison, "Sci-Fi Visions: An Interview with Octavia Butler", Equal Opportunity Forum Magazine, February 8, 1980, pp.30–34. Wayne Warga, "Corn Chips Yield Grist for Her Mill", Los Angeles Times, January 30, 1981. Sec. 5: 15. Chico Norwood, "Science Fiction Writer Comes of Age", Los Angeles Sentinel, April 16, 1981. A5, Al5. Carolyn S. Davidson, "The Science Fiction of Octavia Butler", SagaU 2.1. 1981, p.35. Bever-leigh Banfield, "Octavia Butler: A Wild Seed", Hip 5.9. 1981, pp.48 and following. "Black Scholar</i>Interview with Octavia Butler: Black Women and the Science Fiction Genre." By Frances M. Beal.Black Scholar. 17.2. March–April 1986, pp.14–18. JSTOR. Charles Brown, "Octavia E. Butler", Locus 21.10. October 1988. S. McHenry, "Otherworldly Vision", Essence 29.10. February 1989. p.80. Claudia Peck, "Interview: Octavia Butler", Skewed: The Magazine of Fantasy, Science Fiction, and Horror 1. pp.18–27.
The Octavia E. Butler Memorial Scholarship was established in Butler's memory in 2006 by the Carl Brandon Society. Its goal is to provide an annual scholarship to enable writers of color to attend the Clarion West Writers Workshop and Clarion Writers' Workshop, descendants of the original Clarion Science Fiction Writers' Workshop in Clarion, Pennsylvania, where Butler got her start. The first scholarships were awarded in 2007.[67]
Much of her work as a writer is based around the writings of Octavia E. Butler. Her first book, "Emergent Strategy," was published in 2017 to positive reviews. 
Octavia Estelle Butler (June 22, 1947–February 24, 2006) was an African-American science-fiction writer. A multiple recipient of both the Hugo and Nebula awards, she became in 1995 the first science-fiction writer to receive a MacArthur Fellowship.[2][3]
Parable of the Sower is a science fiction novel by American writer Octavia E. Butler, the first in a two-book series. It was published in 1993.
Larry McCaffery and Jim McMenamin, "An Interview with Octavia E. Butler", in Larry McCaffery (ed.), Across the Wounded Galaxies: Interviews with Contemporary American Science Fiction Writers, 1990. ISBN978-0252061400, pp.54–70. Randall Kenan, "An Interview with Octavia E. Butler", Callaloo 14.2. 1991, pp.495–505. JSTOR. doi:. Lisa See, "PW Interviews", Publishers Weekly 240. December 13, 1993, pp.50–51. H. Jerome Jackson, "Sci-Fi Tales from Octavia E. Butler", Crisis 101.3. April 1994, p.4. Jelani Cobb, "Interview with Octavia Butler", jelanicobb.com, 1994. Reprinted in Conseula Francis (ed.), Conversations with Octavia Butler, Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2010, pp.49–64. Stephen W. Potts, , Science Fiction Studies 23.3. November 1996, pp.331–338. JSTOR. Tasha Kelly and Jan Berrien Berends, "Octavia E. Butler Mouths Off!" Terra Incognita, Winter 1996. Charles H. Rowell, "An Interview with Octavia E. Butler", Callaloo</i>20.1. 1997, pp.47–66. JSTOR. Steven Piziks, "An Interview with Octavia E. Butler", Marion Zimmer Bradley Fantasy Magazine, Fall 1997. Joan Fry, , Poets & Writers 25.2. March 1, 1997, p.58. Mike McGonigal, "", Index Magazine. 1998.
—Octavia E. Butler, reading the self-penned description of herself included in Parable of the Sower during a 1994 interview with Jelani Cobb.
Becker, Jennifer. "", Lauren Curtright (ed.), Voices From the Gaps, University of Minnesota, August 21, 2004. "Butler, Octavia 1947–2006", in Jelena O. Krstovic (ed.), Black Literature Criticism: Classic and Emerging Authors since 1950, 2nd edn. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2008. 244–258. Gates, Henry Louis Jr (ed.), "Octavia Butler". The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, 2nd Edition. New York: W.W. Norton and Co, 2004: 2515. Geyh, Paula, Fred G. Leebron and Andrew Levy. "Octavia Butler". Postmodern American Fiction: A Norton Anthology. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1998: 554–55. Pfeiffer, John R. "Butler, Octavia Estelle (b. 1947)", in Richard Bleiler (ed.),Science Fiction Writers: Critical Studies of the Major Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present Day. 2nd edn. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1999. 147–158. Smalls, F. Romall, and Arnold Markoe (eds). "Octavia Estelle Butler". The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Volume 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons/Gale, Cengage Learning, 2010: 65–66.
After graduating from John Muir High School in 1965, Butler worked during the day and attended Pasadena City College (PCC) at night.[14] As a freshman at PCC, she won a college-wide short-story contest, earning her first income ($15) as a writer.[9] She also got the "germ of the idea" for what would become her novel Kindred. An African-American classmate involved in the Black Power Movement loudly criticized previous generations of African Americans for being subservient to whites. As Butler explained in later interviews, the young man's remarks were a catalyst leading her to respond with a story providing historical context for the subservience, showing that it could be understood as silent but courageous survival.[6][15] In 1968, Butler graduated from PCC with an associate of arts degree with a focus in History.[4][7]
The Octavia Butler novel "Kindred", which uses the science fiction concept of time travel to explore slavery in the United States, is partially set in Maryland's Eastern Shore.
After Survivor, Butler took a break from the Patternist series to write what would become her best-selling novel, Kindred (1979) as well as the short story "Near of Kin" (1979).[18] In Kindred, Dana, an African-American woman, is transported from 1976 Los Angeles to early 19th-century Maryland. She meets her ancestors: Rufus, a white slave holder, and Alice, a black freewoman forced into slavery later in life. In "Near of Kin" the protagonist discovers a taboo relationship in her family as she goes through her mother's things after her death.[18]
Survivor is a science fiction novel by American writer Octavia E. Butler. First published in 1978 as part of Butler's "Patternist series", "Survivor" is the only one of Butler's early novels not to be reprinted after its initial editions. Butler expressed dislike for the work, referring to it as "my Star Trek novel."
—Octavia E. Butler, in "Octavia E. Butler: Telling My Stories."[12]
Charlie Rose interviewed Octavia Butler in 2000 soon after the award of a MacArthur Fellowship. The highlights are probing questions that arise out of Butler's personal life narrative and her interest in becoming not only a writer, but a writer of science fiction. Rose asked, "What then is central to what you want to say about race?" Butler's response was, "Do I want to say something central about race? Aside from, 'Hey we're here!'?" This points to an essential claim for Butler that the world of science fiction is a world of possibilities, and although race is an innate element, it is embedded in the narrative, not forced upon it.[47]
For the next five years, Butler worked on the series of novels that later become known as the Patternist series: Patternmaster (1976), Mind of My Mind (1977), and Survivor (1978). In 1978, she was finally able to stop working at temporary jobs and live on her writing.[7] She took a break from the Patternist series to research and write Kindred (1979), and then finished the series with Wild Seed (1980) and Clay's Ark (1984).
Dawn is currently being adapted for television by producers Ava DuVernay and Charles D. King's Macro Ventures, alongside writer Victoria Mahoney. This is the first time that Octavia Butler's work has been adapted for television.[56] There is no projected release date for the adaptation yet.
—Octavia E. Butler, in Carolyn S. Davidson's "The Science Fiction of Octavia Butler."
Charlie Rose, "A Conversation with Octavia Butler", Charlie Rose. 2000. [Two videos on YouTube: and .] "", Locus Magazine 44. June 2000, p.6. Stephen Barnes, "Interview", American Visions 15.5. October–November 2000, pp.24–28. Robyn McGee, "Octavia Butler: Soul Sister of Science Fiction", Fireweed 73. Fall 2001, pp.60 and following. Marilyn Mehafly and AnaLouise Keating, "'Radio Imagination': Octavia Butler on the Politics of Narrative Embodiment", MELUS 26.1. 2001, pp.45–76. JSTOR. doi:. Scott Simon, "", Weekend Edition Saturday. September 1, 2001 [Audio]. ", Writers & Books. 2003. Darrell Schweitzer, "Watching the Story Happen", Interzone 186 (February 2003): 21. Reprinted as "Octavia Butler" in Speaking of the Fantastic II: Interviews with the Masters of Science Fiction and Fantasy, 2004. ISBN1434442292 (10) ISBN978-1434442291 (13), pp.21–36. Joshunda Sanders, "", In Motion Magazine, 2004. Earni Young, "Return of Kindred Spirits: An Anniversary for Octavia E. Butler Is a Time for Reflection and Rejoicing for Fans of Speculative Fiction", Black Issues Book Review 6.1. January–February 2004, pp.30–33. Allison Keyes, , NPR: The Tavis Smiley Show. March 4, 2004. John C. Snider, "", SciFiDimensions. June 2004. Ira Flatow, "", NPR: Talk of the Nation, June 18, 2004. [Panel discussion; audio]. Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman, , Democracy Now! November 11, 2005. "". The Independent, January 2006. "". Addicted to Race, February 6, 2006.
Butler's first work published was Crossover in the 1971 Clarion Workshop anthology. She also sold the short story Childfinder to Harlan Ellison for the anthology The Last Dangerous Visions. "I thought I was on my way as a writer", Butler recalled in her short fiction collection Bloodchild and Other Stories. "In fact, I had five more years of rejection slips and horrible little jobs ahead of me before I sold another word."[22]
"Luminescent Threads: Connections to Octavia E. Butler" (Twelfth Planet Press, August 2017; ) is a collection of works by more than 40 writers, issued in honor of the 70th anniversary of Octavia E. Butler's birth. It is Mondal's first book-length work. The anthology was co-edited by Mondal and Alexandra Pierce. It consists of memoirs written as if addressed to Butler personally, mixed with more scholarly essays. The title is derived from Butler's novel "Patternmaster".
Beaulieu, Elizabeth Ann. "'So Many Relatives': Twentieth-Century Women Meet Their Pasts." Black Women Writers and the American Neo-Slave Narrative: Femininity Unfettered. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999. 109-136. Bast, Florian. "'No.': The Narrative Theorizing of Embodied Agency in Octavia Butler's Kindred." Extrapolation: A Journal of Science Fiction and Fantasy 53.2 (2012): 151-81. Dubey, Madhu. "Speculative Fictions of Slavery." American Literature 82.4 (2010): 779-805. Hua, Linh U. "Reproducing Time, Reproducing History: Love And Black Feminist Sentimentality in Octavia Butler's Kindred. African American Review 44.3 (2011): 391-407. Jesser, Nancy. "Blood, Genes and Gender in Octavia Butler's Kindred and Dawn." Extrapolation 43.1 (2002): 36+. Knabe, Susan and Wendy Gay Pearson. "'Gambling Against History': Queer Kinship and Cruel Optimism in Octavia Butler's Kindred." Strange Matings: Science Fiction, Feminism, African American Voices, and Octavia E. Butler. Ed. Rebecca J. Holden and Nisi Shawl. Seattle, WA: Aqueduct Press, 2013. 51-78. LaCroix, David. "" The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association 40.1 (Spring, 2007): 109-119. Levecq, Christine. "" Contemporary Literature 41.3 (Fall 2000): 525-553. Long, Lisa. "" College English 64.4 (Mar. 2002): 459-483. McKible, Adam. "" African American Review 28.2 (Summer 1994): 223-235. Parham, Marisa. "Saying 'Yes': Textual Traumas in Octavia Butler's Kindred." Middle Eastern & North African Writers 32.4 (Winter 2009): 1315-1331. Reed, Brian K. "Behold the Woman: The Imaginary Wife in Octavia Butler’s Kindred." CLA Journal Al (Sept. 2003): 66-74. Spaulding, A. Timothy. "The Conflation of Time in Ishmael Reed’s Flight to Canada and Octavia Butler’s Kindred." Re-forming the Past: History, the Fantastic, and the Postmodern Slave Narrative. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2005. 25-60. Tettenborn, Eva. "Teaching Imagined Testimony: Kindred, Unchained Memories, and The African Burial Ground in Manhattan." Transformations 16.2 (Fall 2005): 87-103. Thompson, Carlyle van. "" Eating the Black Body: Miscegenation as Sexual Consumption in African American Literature and Culture. New York: Peter Lang, 2006. 107-144. ISBN978-0820479316 Turner, Stephanie S. "" FEMSPEC 4.2 (2004): 259-280. Wagers, Kelley. "" MELUS 34.1 (Spring, 2009): 23-45. Wood, Sarah. "" Feminist 85 (2007): 83-96. Flagel, Nadine. "'It's Almost Like Being There': Speculative Fiction, Slave Narrative, and the Crisis of Representation in Octavia Butler's Kindred." Canadian Review of American Studies 42.2 (2012): 216-45. Robertson, Benjamin. "'Some Matching Strangeness': Biology, Politics, and The Embrace of History in Octavia Butler's Kindred." Science Fiction Studies 37.3 (2010): 362-381.
Kindred was adapted as a graphic novel by author Damien Duffy and artist John Jennings. The adaptation was published by Abrams ComicsArts on January 10, 2017.[53] To visually differentiate the time periods in which Butler set the story, Jennings used muted colors for the present and vibrant ones for the past to demonstrate how the remnants and relevance of slavery are still with us.[54] The graphic novel adaption debuted as number one New York Times hardcover graphic book bestseller on January 29, 2017.[55]
Kindred (Doubleday, 1979) Fledgling (Seven Stories Press, 2005)
In an interview by Randall Kenan, Butler discusses how her life experiences as a child shaped most of her thinking. As a writer, she was able to use her writing as a vehicle to critique history under the lenses of feminism. In the interview, she discusses the research that had to be done in order to write her bestselling novel, Kindred. Most of it is based on visiting libraries as well as historic landmarks with respect to what she is investigating. Butler admits that she writes science fiction because she does not want her work to be labeled or used as a marketing tool. She wants the readers to be genuinely interested in her work and the story she provides, but at the same time she fears that people will not read her work because of the "science fiction" label that they have.[44]