Instruct: Given a question, retrieve passages that can help answer the question.
Query: Who was the first geneticist?
Gregor Johann Mendel (Czech: Řehoř Jan Mendel;[1] 20 July 1822[2] – 6 January 1884) (English: /ˈmɛndəl/) was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia. Mendel was born in a German-speaking family[3] in the Silesian part of the Austrian Empire (today's Czech Republic) and gained posthumous recognition as the founder of the modern science of genetics. Though farmers had known for millennia that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.[4]
In 1922 Blanchard married Frjeda Blanchard (née Cobb), the geneticist who first demonstrated Mendelian inheritance in reptiles.
He was the father of Frjeda Blanchard, the geneticist who first demonstrated Mendelian inheritance in reptiles.
Charles Burnham was an American plant geneticist who played a critical role in developing a blight resistant strain of the American chestnut.
William Allan (1881–1943) was an American physician and geneticist who made pioneering studies in human genetics and hereditary diseases. He established the first course in human genetics, at the Bowman Gray School of Medicine, which is now a part of Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center.
The syndrome is named for Eldon J. Gardner (1909–1989), a geneticist who first described it in 1951.
American geneticist Calvin Bridges, who discovered the genic balance sex-determination system in "Drosophila" in 1921, used the terms "superfemale" and "supermale". German-American geneticist Curt Stern proposed the alternate terms "metafemale" and "metamale" in 1959.
In the early 20th century a mechanism of saltation was proposed as large mutations. It was seen as a much faster alternative to the Darwinian concept of a gradual process of small random variations being acted on by natural selection. It was popular with early geneticists such as Hugo de Vries, who along with Carl Correns helped rediscover Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance in 1900, William Bateson, a British zoologist who switched to genetics, and early in his career Thomas Hunt Morgan. Some of these geneticists developed it into the mutation theory of evolution. There was also a debate over accounts of the evolution of mimicry and if they could be explained by gradualism or saltation. The geneticist Reginald Punnett supported a saltational theory in his book "Mimicry in Butterflies" (1915).
On the publication of Elhaik's study, "Haaretz" reported comments by Sand, who took Elhaik's paper as a vindication of his ideas and seized the opportunity to criticize again "geneticists looking for Jewish genes", expressing the suspicion that the findings of prior geneticists may have been "adapted" for political reasons. 
As in historical research so in genetics, he argues: "It is very easy to showcase certain findings while marginalizing others and to present your study as scholarly research."
Some geneticists conducting studies in Jewish genetics have challenged Elhaik's methods. Michael Hammer, a geneticist at the University of Arizona, called one of Elhaik's underlying assumptions "unrealistic", reasoning that Armenians have Middle Eastern roots, which, he says, is why they appeared to be genetically related to Ashkenazi Jews in Elhaik’s study. And described Elhaik and other proponents of the Khazarian hypothesis as "outlier folks ... who have a minority view that's not supported scientifically." Marcus Feldman, a geneticist at Stanford University and director of its Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies, agrees: "If you take all of the careful genetic population analysis that has been done over the last 15 years, ... there's no doubt about the common Middle Eastern origin" of the Jewish people. Dan Graur, professor of molecular evolution at the University of Houston and Elihak's doctoral supervisor, called Elhaik's conclusion that Ashkenazi Jews originated in the Caucasus region and not the Middle East "a very honest estimate" and said Elhaik "writes more provocatively than may be needed, but it's his style."
Geneticists can work in many different fields, doing a variety of jobs. There are many careers for geneticists in medicine, agriculture, wildlife, general sciences, or many other fields.
A geneticist can be employed as a scientist or lecturer. Geneticists perform general research on genetic processes as well as development of genetic technologies to aid in the medicine and agriculture industries. Some geneticists perform experiments in model organisms such as Drosophila, C. elegans, Zebrafish, rodents or Humans and analyze data to interpret the inheritance of biological traits. A geneticist can be a scientist who has earned a Ph.D in Genetics or a physician (who has earned any of the following medical degrees: MBBS/MBChB (non-U.S.), D.O. (U.S.-only), or M.D.) who has been trained in genetics as a specialization. They evaluate, diagnose, and manage patients with hereditary conditions or congenital malformations, genetic risk calculations, and mutation analysis as well as refer patients to other medical specialties. The geneticist carries out studies, tests and counsels patients with genetic disorders.
The importance of the “one gene-one enzyme” concept can only be understood in the context of how geneticists thought about the gene in the first half of the twentieth century. Many geneticists doubted that genes, as definable entities even existed. Rather they attributed the phenotypes of mutants to altered properties of whole chromosomes. Even among geneticists who believed in the existence of individual genes, a vague concern was often expressed that there was no simple causative relationship between genes and proteins. Metzenberg remarked on the stubborn courage required for Horowitz to espouse and defend the initially unpopular idea of “one gene-one enzyme” and to see it through to general acceptance.
Charles Joseph Epstein (September 3, 1933 – February 15, 2011) of Tiburon, California, was a geneticist who was severely injured in 1993 when he became a victim of a mail bomb attack by the Unabomber. He was a researcher at the University of California, San Francisco and the Buck Institute for Age Research.
The syndrome is named for Dagfinn Aarskog, a Norwegian pediatrician and human geneticist who first described it in 1970, and for Charles I. Scott, Jr., an American medical geneticist who independently described the syndrome in 1971.
John Trevor Williams (21 June 1938 - 30 March 2015) was a British plant geneticist who was instrumental in the creation of plant gene banks.
Support from Joseph Stalin gave Lysenko even more momentum and popularity. In 1935, Lysenko compared his opponents in biology to the peasants who still resisted the Soviet government's collectivization strategy, saying that by opposing his theories the traditional geneticists were setting themselves against Marxism. Stalin was in the audience when this speech was made, and he was the first one to stand and applaud, calling out "Bravo, Comrade Lysenko. Bravo." This event emboldened Lysenko and gave him and his ally Prezent free rein to slander the geneticists who still spoke out against him. Many of Lysenkoism's opponents, such as his former mentor Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, were imprisoned or even executed because of Lysenko's and Prezent's denunciations.
Lady Noreen Elizabeth Murray (née Parker) (26 February 1935 – 12 May 2011) was an English molecular geneticist who helped develop a vaccine against hepatitis B, the first genetically-engineered vaccine approved for human use. During her career she was recognised internationally as a pioneer and one of Britain's most distinguished and highly respected molecular geneticists. Until her 2001 retirement she held a personal chair in molecular genetics at the University of Edinburgh. She was president of the Genetical Society, vice president of the Royal Society, and a member of the U.K. Science and Technology Honours Committee.
The Human Variome Project was established in Melbourne, Australia, in 2006. The delegates that attended the first meeting included the world’s top geneticists, clinicians and bioinformaticians and representatives of the World Health Organisation (WHO), OECD, European Commission, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), March of Dimes, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), some two dozen international genetics bodies, and numerous genetics journals. >
American geneticist Calvin Bridges, who discovered the genic balance sex-determination system in "Drosophila" in 1921, used the terms "superfemale" and "supermale". German-American geneticist Curt Stern proposed the alternative terms "metafemale" and "metamale" in 1959.
Vladimir Pavlovich Efroimson (; 21 November 1908, Moscow – 21 July 1989, Moscow) was one of the most prominent Soviet geneticists, a former student of Nikolai Koltsov, who was among the geneticists who had to struggle against the persecution of geneticists in the Soviet Union.
In his work on de la Chapelle Syndrome in 1986, Page collaborated with the geneticist who originally identified the first XX male, Albert de la Chapelle, and geneticist Jean Weissenbach to show that XX males carry a small piece of the Y chromosome.
Dr. Arthur Riggs (born 1939) Ph.D, is a geneticist who worked with Genentech to express the first artificial gene in bacteria. His work was critical to the modern biotechnology industry because it was the first use of molecular techniques in commercial production of drugs, and enabled the large-scale manufacturing of protein drugs, including insulin.
Harold Hill Smith (April 24, 1910 – October 19, 1994) was an American geneticist who first fused a human cell and a plant cell.
Dr. Noah Black is a prize-winning African American geneticist who receives a Nobel Prize in the 1930s. He attends a conference on genetics in the 1930s along with other noted geneticists in the Marvel Universe such as Herbert Wyndham, Arnim Zola, and Wladyslav Shinsky of the Enclave.
Genomics is a concept that was first developed by Fred Sanger who first sequenced the complete genome of a virus and of a mitochondrion. The term genomics was first coined in 1986 by Tom Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory in Maine, during a meeting about the mapping of the human genome.