Instruct: Given a question, retrieve passages that can help answer the question.
Query: When was the CD invented?
Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings (CD-DA) but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. The first commercially available audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan.
The trackball was invented as part of a post-World War II-era radar plotting system named Comprehensive Display System (CDS) by Ralph Benjamin when working for the British Royal Navy Scientific Service. Benjamin's project used analog computers to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a user with a joystick. Benjamin felt that a more elegant input device was needed and invented a "ball tracker" system called the "roller ball" for this purpose in 1946. The device was patented in 1947, but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built and the device was kept as a military secret. Production versions of the CDS used joysticks.
A credit default swap (CDS) is a financial swap agreement that the seller of the CDS will compensate the buyer (the creditor of the reference loan) in the event of a loan default (by the debtor) or other credit event. The buyer of the CDS makes a series of payments (the CDS "fee" or "spread") to the seller and, in exchange, receives a payoff if the loan defaults. It was invented by Blythe Masters from JP Morgan in 1994.
In the event of default the buyer of the CDS receives compensation (usually the face value of the loan), and the seller of the CDS takes possession of the defaulted loan. However, anyone with sufficient collateral to trade with a bank or hedge fund can purchase a CDS, even buyers who do not hold the loan instrument and who have no direct insurable interest in the loan (these are called "naked" CDSs). If there are more CDS contracts outstanding than bonds in existence, a protocol exists to hold a credit event auction; the payment received is usually substantially less than the face value of the loan.
Credit default swaps have existed since the early 1990s, and increased in use after 2003. By the end of 2007, the outstanding CDS amount was $62.2 trillion, falling to $26.3 trillion by mid-year 2010 but reportedly $25.5 trillion in early 2012. CDSs are not traded on an exchange and there is no required reporting of transactions to a government agency. During the 2007-2010 financial crisis the lack of transparency in this large market became a concern to regulators as it could pose a systemic risk.
He has released 11 CDS as a solo artist.
Also releasing 11 CDs as a founding member of the New Orleans rock band Cowboy Mouth. 
He left the "Mouth" after 15 years in 2006 just after the flood had upended his home and the city of New Orleans.
When Hurricane Katrina ravaged the gulf, Sanchez was on tour with The Mouth. 
Attempting to process the extent of the losses, he stayed on tour and wrote a post-Katrina tribute, "Home", which was featured in the Starz documentary "New Orleans Music in Exile".
When being interviewed by Ellen DeGeneres on her talk show that year, Sanchez was asked by Ellen what he loved about New Orleans and he replied, "well, I'm pretty sure we invented a good time so if you ever had one..."
The album has subsequently re-emerged on CD three times, with a mixture of bonus titles, pulled from B sides and outtakes. The 2nd and 3rd CD issues include a different mix of "The Man Who Invented Himself" sans horns, the original master having been lost in the intervening fourteen years.
Bellus is re-inventing his career through Bellusci Music Publishing Company and M.M.P. (Marathon Musical Productions), offering two new CD singles: 1) "I Want Florida for Christmas"; and 2) "Mackinac Island", which is a remix and remastering of his 1986 classic 45 rpm version. Also, a CD album titled "Then and Now" is near completion.
Like a full-size CD player, a portable CD player reads the bumps and grooves using a laser. With its photocell (a device that detects any sort of light reflection given off of certain area), it determines whether there is a reflection of light given off from the CD when the laser hits. Depending on the light reflection, the photocell will return a 1 (if there is no reflection) or a 0 (if there is any light reflection). When its laser hits a groove on a CD, it will not reflect any light, making it a 1. When its laser hits a bump or any other surface on the CD, a light reflection will appear making it a 0. The series of data from 0–1 on the CD is then transformed by a digital to analog converter, to recreate the shape of a sound wave. The headphones then amplify the sounds and then the audio is now able to be heard.
"When Light Is Your Garden", a CD of nine songs created by Walton and cellist Marcia Sloane was released in 2009 and "So Not Jazz", also with Marcia Sloane was released in 2010. Walton has released three albums of piano music: "43 short Piano Improvisations" (2011), "Ceremonies" (2011), and "Mystery Inventions" (2012).
After its official announcement on 17 March 2016, "Invention of Knowledge" was first released for CD and digital download on 24 June. Its release for CD in North America followed on 8 July 2016.
Credits are adapted from the CD's liner notes.
In October 2010, the band appeared on the compilation covermount CD in the UK Future Publishing magazine "Classic Rock" presents PROG, alongside such acts as Opeth and Dream Theater's James LaBrie. The song "Spirit Or Matter" was included on the CD. In the December 2010 issue, Sid Smith described "The Triumph" as "an inventive approach, yielding impressive results that are rarely less than spectacular"
DVP Media holds the patent for self-loading and self-configuring CD-ROMs. Prior to DVP’s invention, CD-ROM programs usually required some installation process and then some configuration of the PC system to suit the program. DVP invented an installation-free process wherein the program interrogates the system it is being asked to play in, and then reconfigures such things as its playback window size or video frame rate to optimize itself for the system. This is a patent that DVP is yet to defend.
On August 10, 2010, "My Best Theory" was released as a single, and released to radio on August 17. "Invented " was released on September 28 through Interscope Records. Upon release, "Invented" included four individual pictures, designed to look like instant camera photographs, outwith the album's standard CD artwork. "Coffee and Cigarettes" was released to radio on November 23. In May and June 2011, the group went on a headlining tour of the US. Following this, the group appeared at Glastonbury Festival in the UK.
The Hyper CD-ROM is an optical data storage device similar to the CD-ROM with a multilayer 3D structure, invented by Romanian scientist Dr. Eugen Pavel.
Patents go to the heart of invention, a key driver of technological progress and economic vitality. When the patent system functions correctly, it rewards only meritorious inventions—those that are useful, novel, and not obvious. This in turn encourages more people to exercise their ingenuity and effort to create new inventions. However, for a proper balance to be struck, the system must avoid awarding patents to discourage inventions that lack merit. When the system becomes inconsistent in recognizing true invention, inappropriately issued patents become obstacles for innovation in that technology area. This raises, directly or indirectly, the costs of doing business in that particular area.
Nowadays, several designs had been invented for CFBS for example the CFBS develop by Clyde Bergemann Power Group namely circulating dry scrubbers (CDS). This type of CFBS consists of three distinct feedback control loops which are for temperature, pressure drop and sulphur dioxide emission. In order to minimized erosion, it injection was designed to be above the ventures. Not only that, the CDS contains less moving parts compared to other type of CFBS. This design will lead to a lower maintenance cost. Major components of the CDS are shown in Figure 3.
Retrospective reception of the Sega CD is mixed, praising certain games but criticizing its low value for money and limitations on the benefits it provides to the Genesis. "GamePro" listed the Sega CD as the 7th-worst selling video game console of all time, with reviewer Blake Snow noting that "The problem was threefold: the device was expensive at $299, it arrived late in the 16-bit life cycle, and it didn't do much (if anything) to enhance the gameplay experience." Snow went on to note, however, that the Sega CD did have in its library "the greatest "Sonic" game of all time" in "Sonic CD". IGN's Levi Buchanan criticized Sega's implementation of CD technology for the Genesis, noting, "What good is the extra storage space if there is nothing inventive to be done with it? No new gameplay concepts emerged from the SEGA CD—it just offered more of the same. In fact, with few exceptions like "Sonic CD", it often offered some of the 16-bit generation's worst games, like "Demolition Man"." Jeremy Parish of USgamer pointed out that "Sega was hardly the only company to muddy its waters with a CD add-on in the early '90s" and highlighted some "gems" for the system, but cautioned "the benefits offered by the Sega CD had to be balanced against the fact that the add-on more than doubled the price (and complexity) of the [Genesis]." Writing for "Retro Gamer", Damien McFerran cited various reasons for the Sega CD's limited sales, including the add-on's high price, lack of significant enhancement to the Genesis console, and lack of ability to function without a console attached. "Retro Gamer" writer Aaron Birch, however, defended the Sega CD and wrote that "the single biggest cause of the Mega-CD's failure was the console itself. When the system came out, CD-ROM technology was still in its infancy and companies had yet to get to grips with the possibilities it offered... quite simply, the Mega-CD was a console ahead of its time."
This chapter is concerned with the use of things and examines the point when they become less viable and gradually discarded. There are several topics that Kubler addresses in this chapter: invention and variation, replication, discard and retention. Society is hurt by both too much replication and too much invention. Stagnation occurs when ideas and objects are perpetually replicated, and chaos ensues when society is bombarded with numerous inventions. In discussing artistic invention, Kubler makes an important distinction between artistic invention and useful invention. Kubler states, "In rough terms, artistic invention is one among many ways of altering the set of the mind, while useful invention marks out the scope of the knowledge the instrument was previously designed to encompass"(66). Kubler shows that there is a certain complicated logic to the propagation of things, and it is important to follow the different patterns of change in ideas and things.
The CD, invented by Philips and Sony, helped greatly in boosting the company's sales and market share. PolyGram's strength in classical music helped greatly, as many of the CD's early adopters were classical music lovers. Total US sales of CDs were $1 million in 1983, $334 million in 1990 and $943 million in 2000. Total UK sales were $300,000 in 1983, $51 million in 1990 and $202 million in 2000. The CD increased PolyGram's profit margin from 4-6% in the mid-1980s to 7-9% by the early 1990s. As well, videos were distributed by PolyGram Video.
EFM (Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation) was invented by Dutch electrical engineer Kees A. Schouhamer Immink in 1985. EFM is a data encoding technique – formally, a channel code – used by CDs, laserdiscs and pre-Hi-MD MiniDiscs.
The term was invented by Mel Wesson and Hans Zimmer in early 2000 when working on Hannibal and has since become a niche for Mel Wesson's sound. Mel has also made numerous production music CD's for Extreme Music which feature loosely some of the atmospheric textures in his world of ambient music design.
As PC games migrated to CDs in jewel cases, the large format box remained, though to reduce printing costs, manuals came on the CD as well as with the CD (inside the front cover), as did many of the copy-protection techniques in the form of SafeDisc and SecuROM. Despite the CD jewel case format having been around since the invention of the music CD, very few full-price PC games were released in a jewel case only. A thicker variation with space for a thick manual was, however, used for most PlayStation and Dreamcast games.
MP3+G stands for MP3 plus Graphics. MP3+G is derived from the CD+G format and the CD+G disc format invented by Philips. MP3+G is created by extracting the CD-Audio packets from the CD+G disc with a CD-ROM that is capable of also extracting the RW channels from the disc. The digital audio portion is compressed to MP3 and the RW Channels (CD+G graphics) are stored to a CDG file. The player products read each file and synchronize the information to display the interpreted graphics along with the music.
Recordings, developed in the 1870s, became the first non-print form of mass communication.  The invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in the late 19th century, the graphophone by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Tainter, and the gramophone by The Victor Talking Machine Company were the first competing mass media forms that brought recorded music to the masses. Recording changed again in the 1950’s with the invention of the LP (long play) vinyl record, then eight track-tapes, followed by vinyl, and cassettes in 1965. Compact discs (CDs) followed and were seen as the biggest invention in recorded arts since Edison.
CD-Cops is the first CD-ROM protection that uses the geometry of the CD-ROM media rather than a hidden "mark". It was invented in 1996 by Danish Link Data Security, known for its Cops Copylock key-diskette security used in the 1990s by Lotus 1-2-3. 