Instruct: Given a question, retrieve passages that answer the question.
Query: How large is the Fukiage Garden of the Tokyo Imperial Palace grounds?
It is built on the site of the old Edo Castle. The total area including the gardens is 1.15 square kilometres (0.44sqmi)[1]. During the height of the 1980s Japanese property bubble, the palace grounds were valued by some to be more than the value of all of the real estate in the state of California.[2][3]
The Tokyo Imperial Palace is situated in the center of Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo. It is in size and encircled by moats. The Palace is divided into the eastern part and the western part by the Kan-Moat and Hasuike Moat. The eastern part is called the Imperial Palace Eastern Garden and has been open to the public since 1968. In the western part are: the Fukiage Gyoen (Garden), including the Imperial residence, the Palace, and the Imperial Household Agency. An attempt to maintain or recreate its natural state is evident in the Fukiage Garden. The Palace lies on the tip of Musashino Terrace, between the Arakawa River, plus Iruma River and Tama River. There are moats at the northern and western end of the Palace. The height of the Palace is from , with the lowest point being at the Shimo-Dokan Moat. The eastern end faces the low areas of Tokyo. The Palace is encircled by moats, any of which have been created artificially, since stones had been carried from other places. According to the Meteorological agency neighboring the Palace, the mean temperature is . The difference in mean temperature of summer and winter is about . The precipitation is of considerable degree in summer and autumn, while it is minimum in winter.
The was in the "Nishinomaru" area next to today's headquarters of the Imperial Household Agency and called "Nishinomaru Ura-mon". It was moved to its present location between the "Kitanomaru" and "Fukiage" garden in the Meiji era. It has its name because it was in the northwestern part of the Imperial Palace grounds.
The Museum of the Imperial Collections is located on the grounds of the East Garden of Tokyo Imperial Palace. It showcases a changing exhibition of a part of the imperial household treasures.
The East Garden is where most of the administrative buildings for the palace are located and encompasses the former Honmaru and Ninomaru areas of Edo Castle, a total of 210,000m2 (2,300,000sqft). Located on the grounds of the East Garden is the Imperial Tokagakudo Music Hall, the Music Department of the Board of Ceremonies of the Imperial Household, the Archives and Mausolea Department Imperial Household Agency, structures for the guards such as the Saineikan dojo, and the Museum of the Imperial Collections.
The Suwa no Chaya(諏訪の茶屋) is a teahouse that was located in the Fukiage Garden during the Edo period. It moved to the Akasaka Palace after the Meiji restoration, but was reconstructed in its original location in 1912.
There are three noted species of trees of the Palace. One is a fir tree ("Abies") in the Three Palace Sanctuaries. In the Meiji era, other trees of the same species were more than several hundreds in number, but only 8 trees survived in 2001. This one grew to a large size. 
The second is "Liquidambar formosana" Hance (English name: sweet gum) (Japanese name: fū), which was transplanted from China in 1727 by Tokugawa Yoshimune. Originally "L. formosana" was planted where Chinese emperors lived. There were 13 tall trees in the Fukiage Garden; the tallest was about high, and in circumference, but whether they were introduced in 1727 was not verified. The crowns of this tree turn reddish-orange or crimson red in fall.
The third is "Metasequoia glyptostroboides", the dawn redwood. A young plant and 500 seeds were presented to Japan by an American scholar in 1949. The young plant and one from a seed were planted in the south of Kaentei House of the Fukiage Garden. Both were high and one was and the other in breast-height circumference in 2001.
The vegetation of the Palace was monitored with Ikonos satellite (March 10, 2000) and LandStat satellite (July 25, 1999). Evergreen, broad-leafed species such as "Cinnamomum camphora", "Machilus thunbergii", and "Lithocarpus edulis" were differentiated from temperate deciduous trees, such as cherry blossoms, "Quercus acutissima", "Zelkova serrata" and "Acer palmatum".　Temperature changes were monitored with the LandStat satellite. It was suggested that the Palace interfered with the urban heat island phenomenon.
Many castles and moats were constructed; stones were transferred from Izu Peninsula; A large quantity of lime (material) from Ōme, Tokyo, and the whole Edo castle was completed with the completion of the Outer Moat in 1638. The Edo castles were greatly damaged in 1657 by the Great Fire of Meireki. (See Fires in Edo) The reconstruction of Tenshu or castle tower was abandoned because of the stability or peace of the times. Fire barrier zones were set up to prevent fires from spreading. That started with moving the primary residences of the Gosanke, who were three major relatives of Tokugawa shogunate; outside of the Edo Castle and dedicating the vacated space to fire prevention. Relocation of residences belonging to other "daimyōs" and "hatamoto", who were direct retainers of the "shōgun", followed. From the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 18th century, the Fukiage Gyoen remained a large garden. When Tokugawa Ienobu was in office, (1709–1712) he ordered the "daimyōs" to help construct a large garden with a large pond (1 hectare which has remained), a fall and a river. During the rule of Tokugawa Yoshimune (1716–1745), the Fukiage gardens changed considerably in accord with his philosophy of the promotion of diligence, industrial development and the encouragement of literary and martial arts. He built a study hall, atelier, astronomical observatory, equestrian grounds, archery field, gun field, herb refinery, food factories for sake, sugar, cake and a sheep-raising yard. However, Tokugawa Ienari (office 1787–1837) made the Fukiage Gyoen to the previous gardens. In the later years of the Edo era, not much attention was given to the garden.
The biota of the Palace reflects the long history of the Palace. The present Fukiage Garden is mainly composed of woods, although there are small houses, fruit gardens, a rose garden, farms, one for mulberry trees (silkworms). Investigations between 1996 and 1999 revealed woods with broad-leaved evergreen forest trees such as "Ilex integra", "Castanopsis sieboldii", and "Machilus thunbergii" on the periphery of the Fukiage Garden, namely over the Dokan Moat, and woods with deciduous broad-leaved trees such as "Quercus acutissima" in the central part of the Garden. These woods are well cared and minimum cutting is done by the Garden section of the Imperial Household Agency. Although the woods are not the Old-growth forest, the constituents of ever green trees are like those seen in nature. On the contrary, deciduous broad-leaved trees have been planted artificially. The soil is revealed to be good for the development of trees. Well-grown trees and elements of Satoyama such as fruit gardens provide good circumstances for small animals such as insects. Well developed woods of the Palace cool the temperature of Tokyo; the temperature is lower by 2 °C in summer, and are good for the central parts of Tokyo which is influenced by the urban heat island phenomenon.
The Agency's headquarters is located within the grounds of the Imperial Palace in Tokyo. The Agency's duties and responsibilities encompass the daily activities, such as state visits, organising events, preservation of traditional culture, administrative functions, etc., the agency is also responsible for the various imperial residences scattered throughout the country. Visitors who wish to tour the Tokyo Imperial Palace, the Kyoto Imperial Palace, the Katsura Detached Palace, and other sites, should register for guided tours with the agency first.
The Tokyo Imperial Palace(皇居,Kōkyo, literally "Imperial Residence") is the primary residence of the Emperor of Japan. It is a large park-like area located in the Chiyoda ward of Tokyo and contains buildings including the main palace(宮殿,Kyūden), the private residences of the Imperial Family, an archive, museums and administrative offices.
Ten species of fish commonly seen in Japan were found in the Dōkan Moat including common carp, "Carassius cuvieri", "Carassius auratus langsdorfii", "Misgurnus anguillicaudatus" and stone moroko. In the Hasuike Moat, northern snakehead was confirmed in addition. DNA studies of the obtained "Carassius auratus langsdorfii" revealed that all fish were triploidy females or tetraploidy females. They reproduce in a clone-like fashion, by ameiotic parthenogenesis. The same phenomenon was also seen in the same species of fish in the moat of Hiroshima castle, Hiroshima Prefecture. The researcher analyzed it by the cytoflow method.
In the moats, "Palaemon adspersus", "Macrobrachium", nukaebi ("Paratya improvisa") and "Procambarus clarkii" were found, in many numbers except "Macrobrachium". "Procambarus clarkii" was not obtained in the Dokan Moat. In the eastern Garden, a crab, sawagani or ("Geothelphusa dehaani") was confirmed. In the moats, parasitic crustaceans were found in stone moroko, "Carassius auratus langsdorfii", "Carassius cuvieri" and in some shrimps. As land living crustaceans, 16 species of Isopoda and two species of Gammaridea were found. The most common Isopoda was Tokyo koshibiro dangomushi which is usually found in deep woods. Three species of Harpacticoida were found from the soil, indicating a stable circumstance of the Palace like woods in the mountains.
In the Fukiage Garden, 41 species of Myriapodae were found; of them, seven had not been previously documented. In Chiba Prefecture, 73 species were found, and in the Palace, about half of those found in Chiba Prefecture have been found, indicating the richness of nature in the Palace. Characteristic in the Myriapodae in the Palace was that the species were those found in the subtropical zone. This may suggest that before the construction of Edo castle, the Palace was in the laurel forest zone.
Detailed explanations of the vegetation of the Palace with species are made in the reference in English. They include 1. Trees, Giant Trees and Historic Trees, Bonsai in the Imperial Palace, 2. Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs, Fukiage Gardens, Plants around the Moats, Other locations, Naturalized Plants in Japan 3. Four seasons at the Imperial Palace.
The biota of Tokyo Imperial Palace grounds, especially of the Fukiage Garden, consists of enriched and distinct flora and fauna found in Tokyo, Japan. An untouched, vast open space in the middle of Tokyo hosts diverse species of wildlife which have been catalogued in field research. For comparison, this article also covers biodiversity in other open spaces in the central districts of Tokyo.
The present Imperial Palace encompasses the retrenchments of the former Edo Castle. The modern palace Kyūden(宮殿) designed for various imperial court functions and receptions is located in the old Nishinomaru section of the palace grounds. On a much more modest scale, the residence of the current Emperor and empress is located in the Fukiage Gardens. Designed by Japanese architect Shōzō Uchii the modern residence was completed in 1993.[10]
The Tokyo Imperial Palace and the Kyoto Imperial Palace no longer use komomaki, but they can be seen in nine traditional gardens in Tokyo as a "fūbutsushi", or seasonal marker. They can also be seen on the pine trees in the KEK research organisation in Tsukuba, Ibaraki prefecture.
In the Fukiage Garden there is a line of "Zelkova serrata" trees. A tree with a circumference of was revealed to be of genroku era origin (from 1688 to 1703) by the growth ring method in the 1970s. The time might have been earlier since there was a larger tree of . In the Yamabukino Nagare of the Fukiage Gardern, Tokugawa Ienari (office 1787 - 1837) ordered the transplantation of famous 40 black pine trees, which were 17 in the Taisho era and 5 in 1986, including those which were re-transplanted. In days gone by, several hundred fir trees were seen, but decreased in number and in 2001, there are only 8 trees inside the Garden. In Tokyo Prefecture, Tashiroran ("Epipogium roseum"), a kind of Orchidaceae without chlorophyll was discovered in the Palace. Between the publication of 1986 and the surveys of 1996-1999, 55 species had disappeared, possibly because of the deepening of the woods and insufficient sunlight.
There are 77 species of mosses, 29 species of liverworts (hepatics) and one species of hornwort in the Palace. The Palace is the most rich place, followed by Institute for Nature Study with 52 species. Endangered species such as "Taxiphyllum alternans" (Card.) Z. Iwats and "Monosolenium tenerum" were found in the Palace, while common species associated with urbanization such as "Funaria hygrometrica" and "Marchantia polymorpha" were not found in the Palace.
In 1921, the plants in the Palace were inventoried and published in "Imperial Palace Landscape." This was the first survey of the plants of the Palace. Surveys continued in 1979 (Fukiage Garden), 1980 (Imperial Palace West Block), 1981 (East Gardens), and in 1987-88 (aquatic organisms in moats and ponds). These reports are not available to the public, but provide precise information about the vegetation, its time-course changes, old historic and giant trees. Further surveys started in 1996. The survey of living organisms was reported in 2006.
Imperial Palace main entrance Imperial Palace moat and guard tower Imperial Palace front entrance field with Chiyoda office buildings in the background One of the entrances for supporting staff buildings Building of the Imperial Household Agency on the grounds of the Imperial Palace Saineikan dōjō for the guards Building of the former Privy Council in the East Garden area, one of the few buildings from the pre-war Showa period It is the privilege of each new ambassador arriving at the palace to hand in his or her accreditation to the Emperor to be picked up from Tokyo Station either in a limousine or the carriage. Although the carriage is not as comfortable as the modern limousine, most choose the carriage. Music Department of the Board of Ceremonies Museum of the Imperial Collections Archives and Mausolea Department The moat of the Imperial Palace in spring A view of guard tower and East Gate of the Imperial Palace Public walkway, Edo East Garden Moat of the Imperial Palace Meeting between Emperor Akihito and then U.S. President George W. Bush Fujimi-yagura (Mt Fuji-view keep), guard building within the inner grounds of the Imperial Palace Pond in the East Garden at the Imperial Palace Tōkagakudō (Music Hall) Suwa no chaya teahouse in the Ninomaru Garden
To the south-east are the large outer gardens of the Imperial Palace, which are also a public park and contain a bronze monument to Kusunoki Masashige(楠木正成).
Due to the large-scale destruction of the Meiji-era palace, a new main palace hall(宮殿,Kyūden) and residences were constructed on the western portion of the site in the 1960s. The area was renamed Imperial Residence(皇居,Kōkyo) in 1948, while the eastern part was renamed East Garden(東御苑,Higashi-Gyoen) and became a public park in 1968.
In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu lived here when Edo became his stronghold. The Palace, at that time, faced the sea of Hibiya on the eastern end. The Nishinomaru area had been the site for temples and recreation. There were 16 temples corresponding to the site of Fukiage garden. In 1603, he became the "shōgun" and started to enlarge the Edo castle along with many of his successors.
The main buildings of the palace grounds, including the Kyūden(宮殿) main palace, home of the liaison conference of the Imperial General Headquarters, were severely damaged by the fire of May 1945. Today's palace consists of multiple modern structures that are interconnected. The palace complex was finished in 1968 and was constructed of steel-framed reinforced concrete structures produced domestically, with two stories above ground and one story below. The buildings of the Imperial Palace were constructed by the Takenaka Corporation in a modernist style with clear Japanese architectural references such as the large, gabled hipped roof, columns and beams.
The Palace is situated in the , a large rectangular enclosure north to south and east to west which also contains the Sentō Imperial Palace gardens. The estate dates from the early Edo period when the residence of high court nobles were grouped close together with the palace and the area walled. When the capital was moved to Tokyo, the residences of the court nobles were demolished and most of Kyōto Gyoen is now a park open to the public.
Although styled as a "detached palace", often translated as "imperial villa", there were never any large-scale buildings there, as there are at the Katsura Imperial Villa. The 53-hectare (133 acre) grounds actually include three separate gardens, the Lower Garden, Middle Garden (a later addition), and Upper Garden, of which the latter is the most important.