Instruct: Given a question, retrieve relevant passages that can help answer the question.
Query: Who first landed the quadruple axel?
A quad, or quadruple, is a figure skating jump with at least three but less than four revolutions.[1] Most quadruple jumps have 3 1/2 revolutions; the quadruple Axel has 4 1/2 revolutions, although no figure skater to date has completed this jump in competition. The quadruple toe loop and quadruple Salchow are the two most commonly skated in the discipline. Quadruple jumps have become increasingly common among World and Olympic level men's single skaters, to the point that not having one in a program has come to be seen as a severe handicap.[2][3] The first person to land a ratified quadruple jump in competition was Canadian Kurt Browning in 1988. In 2002, Miki Ando became the first woman to do so, and she remains one of only two women to have landed a ratified quadruple jump in competition.
The Axel is a figure skating jump with a forward take off. It is named after Norwegian figure skater Axel Paulsen who, in 1882, was the first skater to perform the jump. Compared to other common figure skating jumps, an Axel has an extra ½ rotation in the air because of its forward take off. Most skaters perform the jump with counterclockwise rotation, taking off from the left forward outside edge and landing on the right back outside edge. The Axel can also be done as a double jump with 2½ rotations, or as a triple jump with 3½ rotations, or a quadruple Axel with 4½ rotations, but no skater has yet accomplished a quadruple Axel in competition.
Goebel was sometimes referred to as the "Quad King" because of his ability to land quadruple jumps. On March 7, 1998, in Lausanne, Switzerland, at the Junior Grand Prix Final, Goebel became the first skater in the world to land a quadruple Salchow, and the first American skater to land a quadruple jump of any kind in competition. International Skating Union officials ratified the jump at the end of the month after watching a video provided by the parents of Tiffany Stiegler / Johnnie Stiegler.
1977 Marina Cherkasova and Sergei Shakrai (URS) perform the first ever quadruple twist lift at the European Championships. 1987 Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov (URS) perform a quadruple twist at the World Championships.[74] 2000 Dan Zhang and Hao Zhang (CHN) perform the first quadruple twist in a Junior competition at the Junior World Championships.[75] 2002 Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo (CHN) attempt a quadruple-throw Salchow at the Olympics. She lands, then falls, and the jump is not ratified. 2004 Ding Yang and Ren Zhongfei (CHN) attempt a quadruple-throw toe loop at the Four Continents Championships; the landing is two-footed. 2007 Tiffany Vise and Derek Trent (USA) became the first pair to land a quadruple-throw Salchow in competition, at the 2007 Trophée Eric Bompard.[76] 2008 Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov (RUS) became the second pair to land a quadruple-throw Salchow in competition, at the 2008 European Championships. They also were the first pair to land a quadruple Salchow at the Russian and World Championships. 2011 Sui Wenjing and Han Cong (CHN) successfully perform a quadruple twist at JGP Innsbruck, Austria.[77] 2012 Sui Wenjing and Han Cong (CHN) became the first pair to attempt two quadruples, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple twist, in a program at the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships; the landing for the quadruple-throw Salchow is two-footed.[78] 2014 Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford (CAN) complete a quadruple-throw salchow in domestic competition[79] 2015 Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov (RUS) at a domestic competition (1st stage of 2015 SPB Cup) attempt two quadruple-throws, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw loop. The landing for the quadruple-throw loop is two-footed, then she falls.[80] Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford (CAN) at a domestic competition (2015 Souvenir Georges-Ethier) attempt two quadruple-throws, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw Lutz, but she falls after the quad Lutz attempt. Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov (RUS) became the first pair to perform two quadruple-throws in one program, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw loop, at the ISU competition - 2015 Cup of China, although the landing for the loop is two-footed. It is also the first attempt to perform the quadruple-throw loop at the international competition.[81] 2017 Vanessa James and Morgan Cipres (FRA) at the 2017 European Figure Skating Championships attempt a quad Salchow throw, but the landing was two-footed. 2018 Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford (CAN) complete the first quadruple-throw salchow in Olympic competition.[82][83][84]
Dmitriev was the first man to land a 3Lz+3F cleanly in competition at the 2018 CS Nebelhorn Trophy, although it received a negative GOE for the lutz's landing on a left inside edge. At the 2018 Rostelecom Cup, Dmitriev attempted a quadruple axel, but landed forwards and fell, receiving both a downgrade and a fall deduction; this made him the first skater ever to attempt a quadruple axel in international competition 
In 2007, Verner improved significantly upon his previous results. At the European Championships in Warsaw, he led after the short program before finishing with the silver medal behind Brian Joubert. He was the first Czech male single skater to medal at the European Championships since 1992. At the 2007 World Championships in Japan, he finished fourth overall. Having popped a triple axel and made an error on a spin, he was in ninth place after the short but moved up to fourth after the long program, landing a quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop combination and a further quadruple toe loop.
Jumps are referred to by how many times the skater turns in the air. One revolution (one and a half for the Axel) is a "single" jump. Two revolutions (two and a half for the Axel) is a "double" jump. Three revolutions (three and a half for the Axel) is a "triple" jump. Four revolutions (four and a half for the Axel, although this has never been done in competition) is a "quadruple" or "quad" jump. The first triple jump landed in competition was a loop jump. It was landed by Dick Button in 1952. The first quadruple jump landed in competition was a toe loop jump. It was landed by Kurt Browning in 1988. Currently, men in world-class competition usually attempt a full set of triples and sometimes one or two quadruple jumps in their free skating programs. Triple Axels are rare for ladies, and quadruple jump attempts even more so.
Joubert was considered a strong jumper during his competitive career. He landed the quadruple salchow jump in competition and had a consistent quadruple toe loop jump. In 2013, he became the first skater to land 100 quadruple jumps in international competition. At the 2006 Cup of Russia competition, Joubert landed three quadruple jumps in his free skate: two toe loops (one in combination) and a Salchow, the first skater to accomplish this under the IJS. Joubert has stated in interviews that he considers quadruple jumps to be important for the future of figure skating as a sport. Although the triple lutz was normally consistent for him in practice, he twice cut his right foot while picking in for the jump.
The number of rotations performed in the air determines whether the jump is a single, double, triple, or quadruple (commonly known as a "quad"). The simplest jump begins with a waltz jump which can only be done in a half-leap and is not classified as a single, double, or triple jump. Senior-level male single skaters perform mostly triple and quadruple jumps in competition. Triple jumps other than the Axel are commonly performed by female single skaters. It is extremely rare for a female skater to land a quadruple jump; the only two female single skaters to be credited with quads in competition are Miki Ando, who landed the first quad Salchow in Dec 2002, and Alexandra Trusova, who landed the first quad Toe Loop (and only the second quad Salchow) in March 2018, both at the Junior level. Alexandra Trusova also was the first female to ever land 2 quadruple jumps in competition, the quad salchow and the quad toe loop. She was only 13 years old at the time.
1983 Mark Cockerell (USA) lands quads in training at the US National Sports Festival, but decides not to try it during his performance.[13] 1984 Alexander Fadeyev (USSR) attempts a quad toe at the Olympics, but it is not officially recognized by the ISU because of a flawed landing.[14] 1986 Jozef Sabovčík (CZE) attempts a quad toe at the European Championships. It was approved at the time but a few weeks later ruled invalid because of a touchdown with his free foot.[15] 1987 Brian Boitano (USA) makes a quad toe attempt at the World Championships but falls and loses his title to Brian Orser (CAN).[16] 1988 Kurt Browning (CAN) lands the first ratified quadruple jump, a toe loop, at the World Championships (with three turns on the landing).[15][17][18] Browning said: "I remember that there were a few people landing the jump (in practice) long before I did, and by watching them I was inspired to try it myself. After landing it, I certainly expected more skaters to start doing it in competition. I was surprised in the next few years when that really did not happen."[15] Brian Boitano (USA) attempts a quad toe later in the same competition but cannot hold the landing and takes an extra step; ruled not valid.[17] 1989 Kurt Browning (CAN) lands a quad toe loop at the World Championships but touchdown with free foot.[18] 1990 Alexei Urmanov (USSR) becomes the first Soviet skater to land a quad (quad toe loop) in competition, at the Soviet championships in December. Petr Barna (CZE) lands a quad toe loop, but touches down with free foot at the European Championships in January 1991 Erik Larson (USA) attempts a slide spiral into a quad toe lands it and turns out at the NHK Trophy. Michael Chack (USA) attempts a one-foot Axel/quad Salchow combination at the U.S. Nationals; quad landing is two-footed. Alexei Urmanov (RUS) lands a quadruple toe loop at the European Championships in January. Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad in combination, the first quadruple toe loop-double toe loop combination, at the World Championships.[19] He later said that he had studied VHS tapes of Browning, Boitano, Fadeev, and Sabovcik to master the quad.[20] 1992 Petr Barna (CZE) lands a quad toe loop, but stepping out on landing at the European Championships in January.[21] Alexei Urmanov (CIS) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January Konstantin Kostin (LAT) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January Alexei Urmanov (CIS) lands the first quad (toe loop) in Olympic competition but touches down with the right hand. Petr Barna (CZE) lands a huge quad toe-loop but touch down with free foot.[22] 1993 Konstantin Kostin (LAT) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January 1994 Zhang Min (CHN) lands a quad toe cleanly at the Winter Olympics, Lillehammer. Elvis Stojko (CAN) attempts a quad toe-triple toe combination at the World Championships, but steps out on the landing. 1995 Vassily Eremenko (UKR) falls on a quad toe attempt at the European Championships in January Michael Weiss (USA) falls on a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals. Francis Gastellu (FRA) lands a quad toe at the French Nationals.[23][24] 1996 Guo Zhengxin (CHN) landed a quad-toe-double toe at the World Championships.[25] 1997 Michael Weiss (USA) two-foots a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.[26] Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad-triple combination (the first quad toe-triple toe) at the Champions Series Final.[20] A total of three quads are landed by three different skaters at this competition: Ilia Kulik (RUS), Alexei Urmanov (RUS) and Elvis Stojko (CAN). Guo Zhengxin (CHN) is the first to land two quads in a single performance at the World Championships: a quad toe, plus a quad toe-double toe combination, thus also making him the first to land a single quad and a quad in combination together in one performance. Elvis Stojko repeats his quad toe-triple toe at the World Championships. Anthony Liu (AUS) becomes the first Australian to land a quad at his country's national championships in July (quad toe loop). 17-year-old Tim Goebel (USA) attempts quads throughout the fall season at the Junior Champions series and attempts a quad Salchow at the Ukrainian Souvenir competition (where five other men planned quads). The attempt is ruled a two-footed landing. 1998 Michael Weiss (USA) attempts a quad lutz in both his U.S. Nationals free skate (two-footed) and in his Olympic free skate (fall). Todd Eldredge (USA) falls on a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals. Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first American to land a quadruple jump (a quad Salchow in combination with a double toe loop) in competition at the Junior Champions Series Final. In so doing he also lands the first quadruple Salchow and the first quad Salchow in combination (as well as the first quad combination by an American). The jump is ratified by the ISU a month later.[27] Ilia Kulik (RUS) becomes the first Olympic champion to land a quad in a winning program. The ISU votes to permit solo quadruple jumps in the men's short program at their biennial congress in June. Timothy Goebel (USA) lands a clean (solo) quad Salchow at the Goodwill Games in July. Derek Schmidt (CAN) attempts quad toe loops in his short programs during two minor regional Canadian summer competitions but fails to complete the jumps cleanly. Elvis Stojko (CAN) is the first to attempt a quad (toe loop) in a short program at a major international competition at Skate America, but falls on the attempt. 1999 Zhang Min (CHN) becomes the first man to land a quadruple jump (a toe loop) in a short program at the Four Continents Championship in February.[28] Michael Weiss (USA) is the first American to land a quadruple toe at the World Championships.[29] Ilia Klimkin (RUS) becomes the first man to land two different quadruple jumps (salchow and toe loop) in a program at the 1999 Nebelhorn Trophy.[30] Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first man to land three quadruple jumps in a program (long program) at 1999 Skate America in October; he landed a quad salchow, quad toe loop in combination, and a quad toe as a solo jump.[15] Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) performs the world's first quad-triple-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop) combination at the NHK Trophy. 2000 Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands two quadruple jumps in his long program at the World Championships, including one in combination[31] Todd Eldredge (USA) lands his first quadruple jump in competition at the Masters of Figure Skating. 2001 Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands a quad-triple-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop) at the World Championships. Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) falls on a quad lutz attempt at the Cup of Russia. 2002 Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands a quad-triple combination jump in his short program at the 2002 Olympics.[32] Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands two quads in his Olympic-winning long program: 1) a quad-triple-double (quadruple toe, toe-triple toe, double loop) combination and 2) a quadruple toe loop.[33] Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands two quads in his Olympics long program: a quadruple toe-triple toe-triple loop attempt (step out on the last jump) and a solo quad toe.[34] Zhang Min (CHN) is the first to land three quadruple jumps in the long program at the Olympic Games.[35] Timothy Goebel (USA) lands a quad salchow-triple toe loop combination in his Olympic short program. Timothy Goebel (USA) lands two quad salchow (one in combination with a triple toe loop) and one quad toe loop during his Olympic free program. Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands the first quad-triple-triple (quadruple toe-triple toe-triple loop) combination in competition at the Cup of Russia. 2003 Takeshi Honda (JPN) lands three quadruple jumps in his long program at the 2003 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships.[36] 2006 Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) performs a quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop combination in his Olympic-winning free skate. Stephane Lambiel (CHE) performs a quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop combination during his free skate at the Olympics. He attempts a second quad past the halfway point, but steps out and touches down with his hand.[37] Brian Joubert (FRA) lands three quads (a quad toe in combination with double toe, a quad Salchow and a second quad toe) in competition at the Cup of Russia. He became the first European to perform it, and the first skater to land three quads in a free program under the ISU Judging System.[38] 2008 Kevin Reynolds (CAN) lands a quad-triple-triple (quad toe-triple toe-triple loop) at the Canadian Championships (at the age of 17), being the second one to do so. Jeffrey Buttle (CAN) won at the 2008 World Championships. He became the first Champion whom without attempting a quad since Todd Eldredge in 1996. This led to criticism from silver-medal winner Brian Joubert and U.S. champion Evan Lysacek.[39] 2010 Evan Lysacek (USA) won the gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics without attempting a quad. This led to heavy criticism from silver-medal winner Evgeni Plushenko who landed a quad toe-triple toe combination in both his short program and free skate.[40] Daisuke Takahashi (JPN) attempts a quadruple flip jump at the World Championships, but the jump is underrotated.[41] Kevin van der Perren (BEL) lands a quad-triple-triple (quad toe-triple toe-triple toe) combination in competition at the World Championships in Torino, Italy. Kevin Reynolds (CAN) becomes the first skater to successfully land two quadruple jumps (quad salchow-triple toe loop and quad toe-loop) in a short program at the 2010 Skate Canada International.[42] Daisuke Takahashi (JPN) attempts a quadruple flip jump at the Grand Prix Final, but the jump is downgraded. 2011 Brandon Mroz (USA) lands a quad Lutz in the short program at the 2011 Colorado Springs Invitational.[4][5] The U.S. Figure Skating-sanctioned competition was a small non-ISU event with three men's entries, making it unclear whether the accomplishment would be recognized by the International Skating Union.[5][43] On October 26, the ISU announced it had ratified the jump as the first quad Lutz to be performed in a sanctioned competition.[6][7] World Champion Patrick Chan of Canada commented, "I don't think it can be an official ISU record until [Mroz] has done it in an ISU event."[44] Adam Rippon attempted quad Lutz in his free skating at the 2011 Skate Canada, but the jump was downgraded and two-footed.[45] On November 12, 2011, Brandon Mroz (USA) landed a quad Lutz as his opening jump in the men's short program at the NHK Trophy in Sapporo, Japan, becoming the first skater to land a quadruple lutz in international competition.[46] Kevin Reynolds (CAN) attempts quad loop at 2011 Cup of China. The jump was downgraded, then he fell.[47] 2012 Kevin Reynolds (CAN) attempts quad loop at 2012 World Team Trophy. The jump was underrotated, then he fell.[48] Javier Fernández (ESP) becomes the second European skater to land three quads (two salchows and a toe-loop) in a free program and the first one to do it with a quad-triple combination (4S+3T) at the 2012 Grand Prix Final in Sochi, Russia. 2013 Brian Joubert (FRA) becomes the first skater to land more than 100 quadruple jumps in his career at international competitions.[49] Vladislav Sesganov (RUS) becomes the first European skater to have landed quadruple Lutz in a competition at the 2013 International Cup of Nice.[50] Javier Fernández (ESP) becomes the first skater to land three quads twice in the same season after the 2012-13 Grand Prix Final and the 2013 European Championships. In both programs he did two quad Salchows and a quad toe loop, the first Salchow in combination with a triple toe loop. Kevin Reynolds (CAN) becomes the first figure skater to land five quads in one competition 2014 Gordei Gorshkov (RUS) at a domestic competition (2nd stage of 2014 SPB Cup) attempts quad loop. The jump was downgraded, then he fell.[51] 2015 Alexei Krasnozhon (USA) at a JGP in Latvia attempts the quad loop. The jump was downgraded and received a fall deduction.[52] He also attempts quad loop at a JGP in Poland but the jump is underrotated.[53] Boyang Jin (CHN) at a domestic competition (2015 National Grand Prix) lands six quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate, although he steps out on the quad Lutz.[54] Boyang Jin (CHN) lands a successful quad Lutz - triple toe-loop (4Lz-3T) combination during his senior debut, the short program at the 2015 ISU Grand Prix event, Cup of China. The jump combination earned +1.29 GOE and Jin became the first man to land a positively graded 4Lz in an official ISU competition and the first man to jump a 4Lz in combination. Jin landed two successful quads in his short program. During the free skate Jin attempted four quads, landing a 4Lz, 4T-2T, 4T, but falling on his 4S attempt. He earned +2.14 GOE on his 4Lz, landing it for the second time in one competition. Boyang Jin (CHN) at the 2015-16 Grand Prix Final lands six quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate, although he steps out on the quad Salchow.[55] 2016 Nathan Chen (USA) at the 2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships becomes the first American to have landed two quads (4T and 4S) in his short program, four quads (4T-2T, 4S-2T-2Lo, 4T and 4S) in the free skate, and also six quads in two programs.[56] Boyang Jin (CHN) at his debut Four Continents Championships in Taipei landed six clean quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate. Shoma Uno (JPN) becomes the first skater in history to successfully land a quadruple flip in the competition at the 2016 Team Challenge Cup.[57][58][59][60] Alexei Krasnozhon (USA) at a JGP in Slovenia landed quad loop but stepped out on the landing. The jump was counted as fully rotated. Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) becomes the first skater in history to successfully land a quadruple loop in competition at the 2016 CS Autumn Classic International.[61] Nathan Chen (USA) attempts five quads in a single program for the first time in his free skate at 2016 Finlandia Trophy: a quad Lutz, a quad flip, a quad toe loop, a quad toe loop-double toe loop-double loop combination and a quad Salchow. However, only his quad toe combination is landed cleanly as he falls on the first quad toe and the quad salchow. 2017 Nathan Chen (USA) at the 2017 U.S. Figure Skating Championships becomes the first skater in history to land 1) four different types of quads in a free skating program (Lutz, flip, toeloop, Salchow), 2) five quads in total in a free skating program, and 3) seven quads in total in both his short program and free skating.[62] Shoma Uno (JPN) successfully lands a quad loop in his free skate at the 2017 Four Continents Championships. He also lands a quad flip and two quad toe loops in the same programs.[63] Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) becomes the first competitor to land three quads in the second half of a free skating program.[64] Nathan Chen (USA) became the first figure skater in history to have landed five different types of quads across various competitions: toe loop, Salchow, loop, flip and Lutz, following his successful quadruple loop at the 2017 US International Figure Skating Classic. Yaroslav Paniot (UKR) successfully lands a quad flip in his free skate at the 2017 US International Figure Skating Classic. Mikhail Kolyada (RUS) successfully lands a quad Lutz in his free skate at the 2017 Ondrej Nepela Memorial. Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) successfully lands a quad Lutz at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup (Cup of Russia). Alexander Samarin (RUS) became the first European skater to land a quad Lutz in combination with a triple toe in international competitions at the 2017 Skate Canada. Nathan Chen (USA) became the first figure skater in history to land two quad Lutz jumps in a free skating and three quad Lutz jumps in a single competition at the 2017 Skate America. Daniel Grassl (ITA) became the youngest person to land a quad Lutz jump in international competition, at the age of 15. He did so in his free skate at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb. 2018 Nathan Chen (USA) at the 2018 Winter Olympics Team event (men's short) became the first skater to land a quad flip at the Olympics.[65] Vincent Zhou (USA) became the first skater to land a quad Lutz at the Olympics.[66] Nathan Chen (USA) was the first to land six quads in a free skate (five of them cleanly), also at the 2018 Winter Olympics.[65] Vincent Zhou (USA) successfully lands a quad flip in competition at the World Championships. Stephen Gogolev (CAN) became the youngest person to land quad Lutz, quad Salchow and quad toe in international competition, at the age of 13. He landed three quad jumps in his free skate at the 2018 Junior Grand Prix Slovakia. Dmitri Aliev (RUS) became the first European skater to have completed three quadruple jumps (toe loop, Lutz and Salchow) in international competitions. He added the quad Lutz during the 2018 Winter Olympics and the quad Salchow during the 2018 Lombardia Trophy. Daniel Grassl (ITA) became the first European skater to have completed quad loop in international competition. He did so in his free skate at the 2018 Golden Bear in Zagreb. Artur Dmitriev Jr. (RUS) became the first skater to have attempted quad axel in international competition. He did so in his free skate at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup. His jump was recognized as quad axel in the protocols, though it was downgraded. [67]
A triple Axel is worth 8.2 points as opposed to the quad's base value of 9.8. A skater can earn up to three bonus points if the triple Axel is well executed. Some figure skaters feel that instead of risking penalties for falling while attempting a quad, it is better to attempt a triple Axel, which is safer and more likely to be landed cleanly. Additionally, the difference in base value between a triple Axel and a triple lutz is 2.2 points, whereas between a quadruple toe and a triple Axel it is only 1.6 points. The degree of difficulty, however, between a triple Axel and a quad is greater than the degree of difficulty between a triple Lutz and a triple Axel. 
At the 2016 European Championships in Bratislava, Fernández successfully landed a quad toe loop-triple toe loop combination, quad Salchow, and triple Axel to score a new personal best of 102.54 points in the short program. With this score, he became only the second man in history to break 100 points in that segment. With a 14-point advantage going into the free skate, Fernández landed three quadruple jumps, but fell on the second triple Axel of the program (which he had just added). He scored 200.23 points, for a combined total of 302.77, becoming the second skater in history to cross the 300 point mark. He finished ahead of silver medalist Oleksii Bychenko by a margin of over 60 points.
In the 1996-1997 season Eldredge started off on fire, easily beating Alexei Urmanov (who also skated cleanly) to win Skate America. He controversially lost the Grand Prix final to Elvis Stojko who landed the first ever quadruple-triple combination, but had other errors, including a fall on his 2nd triple axel. Eldredge skated a clean and more complete program, but suffered from the home country scoring of the event in Canada. He regained his U.S title easily, in the absence of defending Champion Rudy Galindo, who was now professional. At the World Championships Eldredge skated a spectacular short program, but due to the very early draw he finished 2nd to Alexei Urmanov who skated near the very end. The top 6 were all clean with triple axel-triple toe combinations. Elvis Stojko though came from 4th to win the gold after a flawless long program with a quadruple-triple combination. Eldredge first singled, then later fell on his 2nd triple axel try, sealing his fate when combined with that he also didn't have a quadruple jump to begin with.
In the early years of skating, jumping was the exclusive domain of men. Sonja Henie is generally acknowledged as the first female skater to perform an Axel jump. Today, however, her Axel technique (preserved in her many films) would be considered very poor, since her jumps were badly pre-rotated without a "step up", giving them more the character of a jumped spin. In 1953, Carol Heiss was the first woman to perform a double Axel. Thirty-five years later, Midori Ito (JPN) became the first woman to land the triple Axel jump in competition, when she first performed it at the 1988 NHK Trophy. Since then, eight other women (Tonya Harding (USA), Yukari Nakano (JPN), Ludmila Nelidina (RUS), Mao Asada (JPN), Elizaveta Tuktamysheva (RUS), Rika Kihira (JPN), Mirai Nagasu (USA), and Alysa Liu (USA)) have succeeded in completing the jump in international competition, while another woman, Kimmie Meissner (USA), first completed the jump at the 2005 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. Midori Ito (JPN), Mao Asada (JPN), and Mirai Nagasu (USA) are the only women who have landed triple Axel jumps in Olympic games. Tonya Harding (USA) was the first woman to land two triple Axel jumps in the same competition (1991 Skate America). Mao Asada (JPN) was the first junior ladies competitor in history to land the triple Axel jump successfully, at the 2004–05 Junior Grand Prix Final. This feat was next accomplished by fellow Japanese skater Rika Kihira who landed the jump at the 2016 JGP Ljubljana. Mao Asada (JPN) was the first woman to land three triple Axel jumps in the same competition (2010 Winter Olympics). Elizaveta Tuktamysheva (RUS) is the first woman to land four triple jumps in a short program including a triple Axel: 3A, 3Lz, 3T-3T (2015 World Championships) Rika Kihira (JPN) was the first woman to land a triple Axel-triple toeloop combination (2017-2018 JGP Final). Mirai Nagasu (USA) landed the triple Axel jump at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup in Moscow, Russia. She was the first female athlete from the United States ever to land the triple Axel jump during an Olympic competition, at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.[2] Alysa Liu (USA) landed the triple Axel jump at the 2018 CS Asian Figure Skating Trophy, making her the youngest female athlete in history to land the jump successfully in international competition, at 12 years old.
At the 2008 World Championships in Gothenburg, Sweden, Lambiel fell on his triple axel and put his hand down on a quadruple toe loop in the short program, leaving him in fifth place going into the free skate. In the free skate, he stepped out of his triple axel attempt, put his hand down again on the quadruple toe loop in his combination, and then stepped out of his solo quadruple toe loop. He finished in fifth place overall.
In 1982 Boitano became the first American to land a triple axel. In 1987 he introduced his signature jump, the 'Boitano triple lutz' in which the skater raises his left arm above his head. He attempted a quadruple jump throughout the 1986–87 season and at the 1988 World Figure Skating Championships, but did not cleanly land the jump; he double-footed the landing on two occasions.
Timothy Richard Goebel (born September 10, 1980) is an American former competitive figure skater. He is the 2002 Olympic bronze medalist. He was the first person to land a quadruple salchow jump in competition and the first person to land three quadruple jumps in one program. He landed 76 career quadruple jumps before his retirement in 2006.
At the Final, Messing underrotated two jumps in the short program, placing sixth. He moved up to fifth place in the free skate, despite falling on a triple Axel and doubling a planned quadruple toeloop. Messing landed the quad Lutz in competition for the first time, the second Canadian skater to do so after Stephen Gogolev.
At the 1996 World Championships in Edmonton, Alberta, Stojko fell on his triple axel combo jump, leaving him in seventh place after the short programme. In the free programme he included a quadruple jump combination (the only one in the competition) and moved him all the way up to fourth, just off the podium behind American Rudy Galindo, who won the bronze. His quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop was the first ever performed by a skater in a major competition.
On 16 January, Lambiel withdrew from the 2007 European Championships, citing burnout. He returned to compete at the 2007 World Championships in Tokyo, Japan. In the short program, Lambiel fell on his triple axel and only tripled the first jump in his intended quadruple toe loop-double toe loop combination, finishing sixth. He did better in the long program, landing two quadruple toe loops and a triple axel, and earning high program component scores and a level four for three of his spins. Lambiel finished in 2nd on the night and third overall behind Brian Joubert and Daisuke Takahashi.
At the 2015 NHK Trophy, Hanyu placed first in the short program with a world record score of 106.33. He cleanly executed a quadruple Salchow, a quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop combination, and a triple Axel. In the free skating, Hanyu landed three clean quadruple jumps, two clean triple Axels, and five clean triple jumps to receive 216.07 and combined total of 322.40, breaking both world records. With this result, he qualified for the Grand Prix Final in second place with 28 ranking points.
TV commentators and experts saw Plushenko's "saving power" in managing to land a seemingly off-axis triple Axel as a testament to what real mastery is all about, as few would have been able to save it. "This is exactly what determines the great skill of a figure skater – the ability to save a jump when needed, even in the most difficult situation. At the Olympics, mistakes are practically always bound to happen, and the one who is able to correct them wins it."
A delayed Axel is similar to a regular Axel, but the skater takes a very open body position on the ascent of the jump before pulling in to complete the rotation, in a similar way to the saut de basque in ballet. Robin Cousins mastered this variation. In an open Axel, the skater maintains an open body position throughout the jump without delaying the rotation. A tuck Axel has the same take-off and landing as a regular Axel, but the skater pulls the legs up into a tuck or sit spin position in the air. A half Axel is a jump with a regular Axel take-off but with only one rotation, landed forward (typically on the left toe pick and right forward inside edge, for a counterclockwise jump). This jump is sometimes also called a bell jump or a once around. This jump can also be used as a stage between the waltz jump and the single axel. A one-foot Axel is a 1½ rotation jump with a regular Axel take-off that lands on the back inside edge of the takeoff foot—the left foot, for a counterclockwise jump. This jump is sometimes known (especially in artistic roller skating) as a Colledge, after 1937 World Champion Cecilia Colledge. In the late 1980s, Jill Trenary made this jump as the first half of a combination (the other half being the triple Salchow) her signature move. An inside Axel is a 1½ rotation jump that takes off from a forward inside edge and lands on the back outside edge of the same foot – the right foot, for a counterclockwise jump. This jump is sometimes known as a Böckl, after its inventor Willy Böckl.
On March 25, 1988, at the World Championships in Budapest, Hungary, Kurt Browning, a Canadian, landed the first ratified quadruple jump (a quad toe loop) in competition. On March 7, 1998, at the Junior Grand Prix Final in Lausanne, Switzerland, Timothy Goebel landed the first ratified quadruple Salchow and, in particular, a quad Salchow in combination. On September 16, 2011, in the short program at the Colorado Springs Invitational, Brandon Mroz landed the first ratified quad Lutz in a sanctioned competition.[4][5][6][7][8] On November 12, he landed a ratified quad Lutz at the NHK Trophy, becoming the first skater to land successfully a quad Lutz in international competition. On April 22, 2016, in the short program at the Team Challenge Cup in Spokane, United States, Shoma Uno landed the first ratified quadruple flip in competition.[9] On September 30, 2016, in the short program at the Autumn Classic International in Montreal, Canada, Yuzuru Hanyu landed the first ratified quadruple loop (also known as the "Rittberger" in Europe) in competition.[10] No quadruple Axel has yet been ratified. No quadruple combinations (quadruple jumps followed by quadruple loop or toe loop) or sequences (quadruple jumps followed by any quadruple jumps except for quadruple loop or toe loop) have yet been ratified.
A jump sequence consists of 2 (two) jumps of any number of revolutions, beginning with any jump, immediately followed by an Axel type jump with a direct step from the landing curve of the first jump to the take-off curve of the Axel jump. The old definition of jump sequences prior to the 2018/19 season was ""Jumps that are not directly linked from landing to take-off edge are considered sequences. Sequences often include "decorative" jumps like toe loop"". Long sequences of single and double jumps used to be common in figure skating through the 1980s, but became more rare as skaters instead packed their programs with triple and quadruple jumps. Under the ISU Judging System, jump sequences are worth 80% of what they would be worth if the same jumps were executed in combination, and in some cases carry less value than just doing the most difficult jump in the sequence as a solo jump.