Instruct: Given a question, retrieve passages that can help answer the question.
Query: How loud is a howler monkey's howl?
As their name suggests, vocal communication forms an important part of their social behavior. They each have an enlarged basihyal or hyoid bone, which helps them make their loud vocalizations. Group males generally call at dawn and dusk, as well as interspersed times throughout the day. The main vocals consist of loud, deep guttural growls or "howls". Howler monkeys are widely considered to be the loudest land animal. According to Guinness Book of World Records, their vocalizations can be heard clearly for 3mi (4.8km).[7] The function of howling is thought to relate to intergroup spacing and territory protection, as well as possibly to mate-guarding.
At least six monkey species are native to Panama. A seventh species, the Coiba Island howler ("Alouatta coibensis") is often recognized, but some authors treat it as a subspecies of the mantled howler, ("A. palliata"). An eighth species, the black-headed spider monkey is also often recognized, but some authorities regard it as a subspecies of Geoffroy's spider monkey. All Panamanian monkey species are classified taxonomically as New World monkeys, and they belong to four families. The Coiba Island howler, mantled howler, black-headed spider monkey and Geoffroy's spider monkey all belong to the family Atelidae. The white-faced capuchins and Central American squirrel monkey belong to the family Cebidae. the family that includes the capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys. The Panamanian night monkey belongs to the family Aotidae, and Geoffroy's tamarin belongs to the family Callitrichidae.
A. palliata group Coiba Island howler, Alouatta coibensis Alouatta coibensis coibensis Azuero howler, Alouatta coibensis trabeata Mantled howler, Alouatta palliata Ecuadorian mantled howler, Alouatta palliata aequatorialis Golden-mantled howler, Alouatta palliata palliata Mexican howler monkey, Alouatta palliata mexicana Guatemalan black howler, Alouatta pigra A. seniculus group Ursine howler, Alouatta arctoidea Red-handed howler, Alouatta belzebul Spix's red-handed howler, Alouatta discolor Brown howler, Alouatta guariba Northern brown howler, Alouatta guariba guariba Southern brown howler, Alouatta guariba clamitans Juruá red howler, Alouatta juara Guyanan red howler, Alouatta macconnelli Amazon black howler, Alouatta nigerrima Purus red howler, Alouatta puruensis Bolivian red howler, Alouatta sara Venezuelan red howler, Alouatta seniculus Maranhão red-handed howler, Alouatta ululata A. caraya group Black howler, Alouatta caraya
Brown howler monkeys are folivores and frugivorous. The diet of the brown howler monkey consists primarily of leaves and trees. Of the food sources it seems that the genera Ficus, Zanthoxylum, and, Eugenia are the most significant types consumed. Brown howler monkeys that live in higher latitudes tend to eat a lower percentage of leaves in their diet. Mature leaves are less nutritious and are more fibrous, than the preferred young leaves. A typical brown howler diet will also include mature fruit, wild figs, petioles, buds, flowers, seeds, moss, stems, and twigs
The Atlantic forest, where brown howlers tend to live, has an increasing forest fragmentation. Forest fragmentation means that there would be a decrease in potential food supplies. The brown howler’s feeding ecology, however, does not seem to be affected by the loss in habitat.
The other three species have wider ranges within Costa Rica, each being found in forests over much of the country. The white-faced capuchin, which has a range from Honduras to Ecuador, is the second smallest Costa Rican monkey. Adult males average and adult females average . The mantled howler, with a range from Mexico to Ecuador, is the second largest monkey species in Costa Rica. Adult males average and adult females average . Males make loud calls, especially at dawn and at dusk, that can be heard for several kilometers. Geoffroy's spider monkey, with a range from Mexico to Panama, is the largest of the Costa Rican monkeys, with males averaging and females averaging . It has long, slim arms and a long, prehensile tail. The IUCN has rated the white-faced capuchin and mantled howler in the lowest conservation risk category of "least concern", and has rated Geoffroy's spider monkey as "endangered". Both the white-faced capuchin and the mantled howler are commonly seen in Costa Rica's parks.
Howler monkeys are found only in the rainforests of the Americas ranging through eastern Bolivia, southern Brazil and Paraguay, and northern Argentina. They are the largest monkey in Latin American rainforests growing as high as up to three feet tall when standing and weigh from eight to twenty-two pounds. They have big necks and lower jaws, where their super-sized vocal cords are housed. They live high in the trees and hang from branches by their tails who tend to move in troops of about 18 monkeys deep; spending most of their time sleeping and grooming each other. In order to mark their territory, the howlers make loud vocalizations. They are the loudest animal in the New World, with howls that can travel for three miles through dense forest.
Brown howler monkeys are part of the group of monkeys known for their howls/roars. Howlers are able to create such loud and specific sounds by specific body shape and structures. The larynx is enlarged and they have an enlarged open chest that creates a resonating chamber to increase the sound produced. The howlers also have specialized vocal chords to produce the specific sound. The most frequent reason for the howling is for mate defense. Howling occurs most when there are both female and male howlers present. The males are the dominant group as they begin all cases of howling. Females participate in howling much less than males. Howling can also occur in groups during the dry season. It is believed that this is due to food scarcity. The brown howlers use their sounds to show ownership over certain food or territory.
The Venezuelan red howler ("Alouatta seniculus") is a South American species of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey, found in the western Amazon Basin in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil. The population in the Santa Cruz Department in Bolivia was split off as a separate species, the Bolivian red howler, in 1986, and more recently, splitting off the population in northeastern South America and Trinidad as the Guyanan red howler has occurred. All howler monkeys belong to the family Atelidae and the infraorder Platyrrhini (New World monkeys).
The mantled howler is one of the largest Central American monkeys, and males can weigh up to . It is the only Central American monkey that eats large quantities of leaves; it has several adaptations to this folivorous diet. Since leaves are difficult to digest and provide less energy than most foods, the mantled howler spends the majority of each day resting and sleeping. The male mantled howler has an enlarged hyoid bone, a hollow bone near the vocal cords, which amplifies the calls made by the male, and is the reason for the name "howler". Howling allows the monkeys to locate each other without expending energy on moving or risking physical confrontation.
Characteristic of manteled howler monkeys, the Mexican howler monkey has a prehensile tail, a deepset jaw with small incisors and large canines, and a large vocal box to make deep howls. Mantled howler monkeys are known for forming unusually large cohorts averaging 14 members and sometimes extending to 40 members.
There are five subspecies of the "A. palliata" which are "Alouatta palliata aequatorialis", "Alouatta palliata coibensis", "Alouatta palliata palliata", "Alouatta palliata trabeata" and "Alouatta palliata mexicana". Compared with members of the howler monkey genus, the Mexican howler is sympatric with the Guatemalan black howler, "A. pigra", in Tabasco, Mexico. The Mexican howler differs from the golden-mantled howler, "A. palliata palliata", primarily in aspects of skull morphology, and in some differences in pelage. The golden-mantled howler's range includes parts of Guatemala and Honduras, and it is not clear if the Mexican and golden-mantled howler's ranges currently are in contact.
The mantled howler gets the name "howler" from the calls made by the males, particularly at dawn and dusk, but also in response to disturbances. These calls are very loud and can be heard from several kilometers. The calls consist of grunts and repeated roars that can last for four to five seconds each. The volume is produced by the hyoid bone — a hollow bone near the vocal cords — amplifying the sound made by the vocal cords. Male mantled howlers have hyoid bones that are 25 times larger than similarly sized spider monkeys, and this allows the bone to act like the body of a drum in amplifying the calls. Females also call but their calls are higher in pitch and not as loud as the males'. The ability to produce these loud roars is likely an energy saving device, consistent with the mantled howler's low energy diet. The roars allow the monkey to locate each other without moving around or risking physical confrontations. The mantled howler uses a wide range of other sounds, including barks, grunts, woofs, cackles and screeches. It uses clucking sounds to maintain auditory contact with other members of its group.
The mantled howler also uses non-vocal communication, such as "urine rubbing" when in a distressful social situation. This consists of rubbing the hands, feet, tail and/or chest with urine. It marks its scent by rubbing its throat on branches. Lip smacking and tongue movements are signals used by females to indicate an invitation to mate. Genital displays are used to indicate emotional states, and group members shake branches, which is apparently a playful activity.
The Guatemalan black howler belongs to the New World monkey family Atelidae, which contains howler monkeys, spider monkeys, woolly monkeys and muriquis. It is a member of the howler monkey genus "Alouatta". No subspecies are recognized.
John Lloyd Stephens described the howler monkeys at the Maya ruins of Copán as "grave and solemn, almost emotionally wounded, as if officiating as the guardians of consecrated ground". To the Mayas of the Classic period, they were the divine patrons of the artisans, especially scribes and sculptors. They were seen as gods in some tribes, and the long, sleek tail was worshipped for its beauty. Copán in particular is famous for its representations of howler monkey gods. Two howler monkey brothers play a role in the myth of the Maya Hero Twins included in the Popol Vuh, a widely feared tale of soul and passion.
At an estimated weight of , it was the largest New World monkey known to exist. With slightly longer arms than legs, "Protopithecus" resembled spider monkeys, but its limb bones were nearly twice as thick. Its head was more similar to a howler monkey's, which has a lower jaw that juts forward to accommodate an apple-size vocal sac. As such, "Protopithecus" may have been able to howl just like them.
While seldom aggressive, howler monkeys do not take well to captivity and are of surly disposition. However, the black howler (Alouatta caraya) is a relatively common pet monkey in contemporary Argentina due to its gentle nature, in comparison to the capuchin monkey's aggressive tendencies, in spite of its lesser intelligence, as well as the liabilities meant by the size of its droppings and the males' loud vocalisations.
The mantled howler is the most folivorous species of Central American monkey. Leaves make up between almost 50% and 75% of the mantled howler's diet. The mantled howler is selective about the trees it eats from, and it prefers young leaves to mature leaves. This selectivity is likely to reduce the levels of toxins ingested, since certain leaves of various species contain toxins. Young leaves generally have less toxins as well as more nutrients than more mature leaves, and are also usually easier to digest. Mantled howler monkeys possess large salivary glands that help break down the leaf tannins by binding the polymers before the food bolus reaches the gut. Although leaves are abundant, they are a low energy food source. The fact that the mantled howler relies so heavily on a low energy food source drives much of its behaviour – for example, howling to locate other groups and spending a large portion of the day resting.
In the mantic calendar, Howler Monkey (Batz), corresponding to Spider Monkey (Ozomatli) in the Aztec system, denotes the 11th day, which is associated with the arts. In the Long Count (see Maya calendar), the Howler Monkey can personify the day-unit, which connects him to the priestly arts of calendrical reckoning and divination, as well as to ritualistic and historical knowledge.
Two additional subspecies of the mantled howler are sometimes recognised, but these are more generally recognised as subspecies of the Coiba Island howler, "Allouatta coibensis". However, mitochondrial DNA testing of their status has been inconclusive:The mantled howler's appearance is similar to other howler monkeys of the genus "Alouatta" except for coloration. The mantled howler is primarily black except for a fringe of yellow or golden brown guard hairs on the flanks of the body earning the common name "mantled" howler monkey. When the males reach maturity, the scrotum turns white. Females are between in body length, excluding tail, and males are between . The prehensile tail is between long. Adult females generally weigh between , while males typically weigh between . Average body weights can vary significantly between monkey populations in different locations. The brain of an adult mantled howler is about , which is smaller than that of several smaller monkey species, such as the white-headed capuchin.
The Guatemalan black howler shares several adaptations with other species of howler monkey that allow it to pursue a folivorous diet (mostly leaves). Its molars have high shearing crests, to help it eat the leaves, and the male of the species has an enlarged hyoid bone near the vocal cords. This hyoid bone amplifies the male howler's calls, allowing it to locate other males without expending much energy, which is important, since leaves are a low-energy food. Howling occurs primarily at dawn and at dusk.
Howler (Pug/Dalmatian mix) – Howler is the inventor of the Pound Puppies squad. His inventions often solve the teams' problems. His trademark red derby comes with a mechanical hand that helps him invent or read a book when he has his hands full. As his name implies, he often howls after the end of his sentences or at the end of an episode. In season 1, Howler often stutters in his sentences, which is backed up by his howling. In season 2, Howler is generally not the spotlight puppy and has appeared in fewer episodes than he did in Season 1. In the season 1 episode "In Pups We Trust", Howler was accused of stealing the Pound Puppies beloved items. He ran away from Holly's Puppy Pound and befriended a homeless dog named Spudge. While looking for food, they were almost kidnapped by Captain Slaughter. Fortunately, Howler's friends were able to save him and Spudge. Afterward, Howler was happy to be back with his friends. In Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw, Howler wore a green derby (red in the TV series), a red shirt with short sleeves (yellow in the TV series), and had brown curly hair (yellow in the TV series) and is not the bravest puppy of the group. Voiced by Robert Morse. He was originally voiced by Frank Welker in the Pound Puppies TV special and only howls. In Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw, Howler was voiced by Hal Rayle and his howling vocal effects were provided by Frank Welker.
The pygmy marmoset, also known as “mother of the wind” and “wind tail” by the Matsigenka, is thought to be magical as well as dangerous. Its name precedes its reputation, leading hunters astray and vanishing in an instant, leaving the hunter lost. The spider monkeys, although hunted by the Matsigenka, are seen as unafraid of humans, often revealing themselves in acts of territorial display. This disturbs the Matsigenka, who view these displays as demonic. Because of their loud vocalization, it is thought the howler monkeys are shamans, and thus pose spiritual hazards as well. Howler monkey meat is believed to make children lazy, and capuchins meat is believed to make them dishonest as adults.
The brown howler ("Alouatta guariba"), also known as brown howler monkey, is a species of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey that lives in forests in southeastern Brazil and far northeastern Argentina (Misiones). It lives in groups of two to 11 individuals. Despite the name "brown howler", it is notably variable in colour, with some individuals appearing largely reddish-orange or black.
The mantled howler belongs to the New World monkey family Atelidae, the family that contains the howler monkeys, spider monkeys, woolly monkeys and muriquis. It is a member of the subfamily Alouattinae and genus "Alouatta", the subfamily and genus containing all the howler monkeys. The species name is "A. palliata"; a pallium was a cloak or mantle worn by ancient Greeks and Romans. This refers to the long guard hairs, known as a "mantle", on its sides.
Howler monkeys (genus Alouatta monotypic in subfamily Alouattinae) are among the largest of the New World monkeys. Fifteen species are currently recognized. Previously classified in the family Cebidae, they are now placed in the family Atelidae. These monkeys are native to South and Central American forests. Threats to howler monkeys include human predation, habitat destruction and being captured for pets or zoo animals. These monkeys are famous for their loud howls, which can travel three miles through dense rainforest.
The Coiba Island howler ("Alouatta coibensis") is a species of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Panama. Although the Coiba Island howler is generally recognized as a separate species, mitochondrial DNA testing is inconclusive as to whether it is actually a subspecies of the mantled howler. The reason for treating it as a separate species is the dermal ridges of its hands and feet differ from those of the mantled howler.