Instruct: Given a question, retrieve documents that answer the question.
Query: Why is heavy metal called heavy metal?
In a review of Sir Lord Baltimore's Kingdom Come in the May 1971 Creem, Saunders wrote, "Sir Lord Baltimore seems to have down pat most all the best heavy metal tricks in the book".[99] Creem critic Lester Bangs is credited with popularizing the term via his early 1970s essays on bands such as Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath.[100] Through the decade, heavy metal was used by certain critics as a virtually automatic putdown. In 1979, lead New York Times popular music critic John Rockwell described what he called "heavy-metal rock" as "brutally aggressive music played mostly for minds clouded by drugs",[101] and, in a different article, as "a crude exaggeration of rock basics that appeals to white teenagers".[102]
Jonathan Davis, the vocalist of Korn, spoke about the criticism of nu metal from heavy metal fans, saying Lamb of God's vocalist Randy Blythe criticized the nu metal genre and spoke about its loss of popularity in 2004, saying, "Nu-metal sucks, so that's why that's dying off. And I think ... ... people are ready for angrier music. I think people are ready for something that's real, not, you know, 'I did it all for the nookie.'" Dave Mustaine of the heavy metal band Megadeth said he would "rather have his eyelids pulled out" than listen to nu metal. Gary Holt, a member of the thrash metal bands Exodus and Slayer, said that he "was so glad about" the decline of . Despite the large amount of criticism that the genre received, Jack Porter of "The Michigan Daily" defended , writing Additionally, Jody Macgregor of FasterLouder called nu metal "music's most hated genre" and wrote that nu metal is "not as bad as people think".
Physical and chemical characterisations of heavy metals need to be treated with caution, as the metals involved are not always consistently defined. As well as being relatively dense, heavy metals tend to be less reactive than lighter metals and have much less soluble sulfides and hydroxides. While it is relatively easy to distinguish a heavy metal such as tungsten from a lighter metal such as sodium, a few heavy metals, such as zinc, mercury, and lead, have some of the characteristics of lighter metals, and, lighter metals such as beryllium, scandium, and titanium, have some of the characteristics of heavier metals.
Fungi exhibit detoxification mechanisms that ensure heavy metal concentrations in their cells do not exceed a certain threshold. These mechanisms include reducing heavy metal uptake, promoting heavy metal sequestration and storage within the cell, and heavy metal excretion. Heavy metal uptake can be reduced by sorption and metabolic inactivation at the cell wall and apoplast level. Ectomycorrhizal fungi also have the ability to bind considerable amounts of heavy metals, yet it remains unclear if binding is an effective way to prevent heavy metals to enter fungal cells. Once inside the cell, heavy metals can be immobilized in organo-metal complexes, made soluble, transformed into metallothioneins, involved in metal sequestration and/or stored in vacuoles in chemically inactive forms. Antioxidant detoxification systems may also be in place, reducing the production of free radicals and protecting the fungal cell. Fungi can export metals from the cytoplasm to the apoplast. This differential efflux efficiently discards heavy metals from the cell and is also known to occur in plants. It has also been shown that ectomycorrhizal fungi growing in heavy metal rich soils often exhibit heavy metals in their sporocarps in addition to other mycelial tissue. This binding of heavy metals to the cell wall, using components such as chitin and melanin, could possibly play a role in the mechanism determining ectomycorrhizal fungi heavy metal tolerance in general.
The 1970s occult boom influenced many early heavy metal bands lyricwise. In the early 1980s, several bands dealt such themes in a more extreme manner, including Venom, Mercyful Fate and Bathory. During the mid-1980s, heavy metal music divided into many subgenres, and black metal emerged as one of them, taking its name from a Venom album of the same title. In the 1980s, the term was imprecise with regards to musical attributes, simply referring to all metal bands with Satanic lyrical themes. Although Christian metal bands had existed since the late 1970s, a clear contrast with black metal occurred in 1984 with the doom metal band Trouble who released the Bible-based album "Psalm 9". Metal Blade Records marketed them as "white metal" as opposed to black metal. Singer Eric Wagner has explained that "back in the early 1980s, all the metal was kind of Satanic," and he has implied that Metal Blade (or the owner Brian Slagel) actually invented the term in the first place: "I think it was more like Metal Blade trying to be cute or something, with everything being called black metal, so why not call us white metal, which is a bunch of crap." While there were Christian extreme metal bands in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Christian black metal likely did not exist until 1994.
Some songs are self-referential to the genre. Many of these songs directly praise heavy metal (or simply "metal") and celebrate its importance. Examples include Sammy Hagar's "Heavy Metal"; Judas Priest's "Metal Meltdown"; Metallica's "Metal Militia"; Anvil's "Metal On Metal"; Venom's "Black Metal"; 3 Inches Of Blood's "Metal Woman"; Exodus's "Metal Command"; and Manowar's "Die For Metal". Some songs refer to both metal and rock and roll, such as Rock Goddess' "Heavy Metal Rock 'n' Roll".
Heavy Metal later appeared in the World Wrestling Federation (now WWE) because of AAA and WWF having a free exchange talent agreement. His first appearances was at the Royal Rumble where he teamed with Jerry Estrada and Fuerza Guerrera to face Héctor Garza, Perro Aguayo, and El Canek. The results saw Perro Aguayo pinned Heavy Metal for the win. In 1997 at the event of Rey de Reyes, Heavy Metal participated in the first ever Rey de Reyes tournament. Heavy Metal defeated Blue Demon, Jr., Maniaco and May Flowers to qualify for the final. In the final Metal was close to win but lost to Latin Lover making him the first winner of the Rey de Reyes. Heavy Metal was later involve in a Lucha De Apuestas match at Triplemanía. Heavy Metal teamed with Leon Negro and was able to defeat the teams of Latin Lover and Perro Aguayo, Jr., Jerry Estrada and El Picudo and May Flowers and Halcón Dorado, Jr. Halcón Dorado, Jr. got his hair shaved off when he got pin by Leon Negro. AAA later had another Triplemania event in 1997 this time Heavy Metal was feuding with Sangre Chicana. At the event, Chicana defeated Metal by disqualification. In the fall AAA had a new event called "Verano de Escandalo". Heavy Metal was in a Steel Cage Elimination Luchas de Apuestas Match teaming with Perro Aguayo and Perro Aguayo, Jr. against Sangre Chicana, El Picudo and El Cobarde. The final saw El Cobarde getting his head shaved. By winter, AAA had another new event called Guerra de Titanes. Heavy Metal was involve in a Steel Cage Luchas de Apuestas "hair vs. hair" match which also included Perro Aguayo, Jr., El Picudo, and Sangre Chicana. Perro Aguayo beat El Picudo making him getting his head shaved.
Heavy metal lyrics have been called "…callous toward women" and the PMRC claimed in the 1980s that metal songs are misogynistic and that they promote rape and other violence towards women. Andrew Cope states that claims that heavy metal lyrics are misogynistic are "clearly misguided" as these critics have "overlook[ed] the overwhelming evidence that suggests otherwise." Craig Hayes states that metal "clearly empowers women".
Weinstein holds a PhD from Purdue University. She argues that heavy metal has outlasted many other rock genres largely due to the emergence of an intense, exclusionary, strongly masculine subculture. Her 1991 book "Heavy Metal: A Cultural Sociology" "describes the heavy metal music culture, explains why it has prompted demands for censorship, and argues that the music deserves tolerance and respect." A review of the book calls it: A reasonable summary of most academic study so far, which indulges heavy metal as an extreme offshoot of rock in which rebellion is the prime goal and the fundamental ceremony is the live concert. These failings aside, there is very perceptive research here on the origins of heavy metal and the personalities within its culture. The latter is most informative of all aspects in this book and is Weinstein's strength as a writer.The "Chicago Sun-Times" called her book "Heavy Metal: The Music and Its Culture" the definitive study of heavy metal culture, saying that it "does for metal what Greil Marcus's "" did for the Sex Pistols."
South African heavy metal has its roots in South African hard rock and heavy metal bands in the 1980s. Through the late 1980s and the early 1990s South Africa grew a well supported metal scene. Particular scenes developed in Cape Town, Johannesburg and Pretoria. South African heavy metal has been particularly influenced by foreign bands, particularly the New Wave of American heavy metal and American thrash metal.
Heavy metals "can bind to vital cellular components, such as structural proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids, and interfere with their functioning". Symptoms and effects can vary according to the metal or metal compound, and the dose involved. Broadly, long-term exposure to toxic heavy metals can have carcinogenic, central and peripheral nervous system and circulatory effects. For humans, typical presentations associated with exposure to any of the "classical" toxic heavy metals, or chromium (another toxic heavy metal) or arsenic (a metalloid), are shown in the table.
Heavy metals enter plant, animal and human tissues via air inhalation, diet and manual handling. Motor vehicle emissions are a major source of airborne contaminants including arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, lead, antimony, vanadium, zinc, platinum, palladium and rhodium. Water sources (groundwater, lakes, streams and rivers) can be polluted by heavy metals leaching from industrial and consumer waste; acid rain can exacerbate this process by releasing heavy metals trapped in soils. Plants are exposed to heavy metals through the uptake of water; animals eat these plants; ingestion of plant- and animal-based foods are the largest sources of heavy metals in humans. Absorption through skin contact, for example from contact with soil, or metal containing toys and jewelry, is another potential source of heavy metal contamination. Toxic heavy metals can bioaccumulate in organisms as they are hard to metabolize.
As described above, there are arguments about whether these and other early bands truly qualify as "heavy metal" or simply as "hard rock". Those closer to the music's blues roots or placing greater emphasis on melody are now commonly ascribed the latter label. AC/DC, which debuted with High Voltage in 1975, is a prime example. The 1983 Rolling Stone encyclopedia entry begins, "Australian heavy-metal band AC/DC".[174] Rock historian Clinton Walker writes, "Calling AC/DC a heavy metal band in the seventies was as inaccurate as it is today. ... [They] were a rock 'n' roll band that just happened to be heavy enough for metal".[175] The issue is not only one of shifting definitions, but also a persistent distinction between musical style and audience identification: Ian Christe describes how the band "became the stepping-stone that led huge numbers of hard rock fans into heavy metal perdition".[176]
Heavy metal guitar (or simply metal guitar) is the use of highly-amplified electric guitar in heavy metal. Heavy metal guitar playing is rooted in the guitar playing styles developed in 1960s-era blues rock and psychedelic rock, and it uses a massive sound, characterized by highly amplified distortion, extended guitar solos and overall loudness. The electric guitar and the sonic power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a combined use of high volumes and heavy distortion.
In addition to criticizing nu metal, many heavy metal musicians and fans of heavy metal music have rejected nu metal as a legitimate subgenre of heavy metal, saying it is not "true heavy metal". Some nu metal musicians have tried to distance themselves from being heavy metal at all. For example, Korn's Jonathan Davis rejected the "heavy metal" label. When talking with "Vice", Davis spoke about Korn being called a heavy metal band, saying, "I never thought of us to be metal to begin with. Yeah, we're heavy and downtuned, but metal, to me, is like Judas Priest and Iron Maiden. That's metal, man. I always thought of us as a funk band. That funky, groovy shit." Godsmack's vocalist Sully Erna also rejected the "heavy metal" label and said he views Godsmack as a hard rock band. Though he was originally more tolerant of the concept, Linkin Park's vocalist Chester Bennington later expressed some disagreement with his band being labeled a heavy metal group because he felt the term limited the scope of the band's actual style. He elaborated:
According to AFP, the popularity of the Metal Mass is linked to the mainstream popularity of heavy metal music in Finland. "If it has a niche audience elsewhere, heavy metal is now mainstream in Finland. Helsinki alone abounds with heavy metal karaoke bars, dedicated metal clubs and regular gigs, adding to the dozens of summertime heavy metal festivals held around the Nordic country."
Heavy metal genres List of heavy metal bands List of heavy metal festivals Timeline of heavy metal music
The electric guitar and the sonic power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal.[12] The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a combined use of high volumes and heavy distortion.[13] For classic heavy metal guitar tone, guitarists maintain moderate levels gain at moderate levels, without excessive preamp or pedal distortion, to retain open spaces and air in the music; the guitar amplifier is turned up loud to produce the characteristic "punch and grind".[14] Thrash metal guitar tone has scooped mid-frequencies and tightly compressed sound with lots of bass frequencies.[14] Guitar solos are "an essential element of the heavy metal code... that underscores the significance of the guitar" to the genre.[15] Most heavy metal songs "feature at least one guitar solo",[16] which is "a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity".[17] Some exceptions are nu metal and grindcore bands, which tend to omit guitar solos.[18] With rhythm guitar parts, the "heavy crunch sound in heavy metal... [is created by] palm muting" the strings with the picking hand and using distortion.[19] Palm muting creates a tighter, more precise sound and it emphasizes the low end.[20]
Majesty call their music "True Metal" (which is a common term in the Heavy Metal scene for traditional heavy metal or power metal with idealized, traditional and fantasy based lyrics and stage-appearance) and the band is usually dressed in leather. The band leader Tarek Maghary also organizes a festival called "Keep It True". It is named after a song from Metal Force and features traditional heavy metal bands, often reunions or rare appearances of US metal bands.
The band have been variously labeled as hard rock, heavy metal, and even stoner rock, although the band do not try to define their style; Heppner once commented that "all labels beyond rock are useless to [him]," and also pointed out in 2005 that Cream were considered metal for their time, concluding that "in this ancient way, [Priestess are] metal." Other bands that have influenced the group were also referred to as heavy metal in bygone decades. Watchorn only describes the band as hard rock, and argues that calling their music "metal" only limits the band's creative freedom. Drummer Vince Nudo has said that since the songs are not written to be "heavy", he does not understand the direct metal association. The band have opined that they are perhaps not "heavy" enough for heavy metal fans while they are too "heavy" for fans of softer rock, and have also denied that the music scene of Montreal has in any way defined, shaped, or helped them find their sound; Heppner once said, "We might as well be from anywhere," and the band are close friends with fellow Montreal acts. The band's name itself has been part of the confusion; Heppner, speaking English during an interview with Canadian French-language newspaper "La Presse", stated that Priestess was "just this heavy name" and the reporter wrote, "parce que ça sonne metal" (which translates to "because it sounds metal").
Note that whether a word sequence such as "heavy + metal + detector" implies a "compound adjective + noun" or "bare adjective + compound noun" depends on the punctuation. For instance, "heavy-metal detector" and "heavy metal detector" can refer to quite different things: "heavy-metal detector" implies a device that detects heavy metals (wherein "heavy-metal" functions as a compound adjective that modifies the noun "detector"). By contrast, "heavy metal detector", without the hyphen, refers to a metal detector that is heavy. "heavy" is a bare adjective that modifies the compound noun "metal detector". Thus, "heavy metal detector" is a "bare adjective + compound noun" sequence.
Words that function as compound adjectives may modify a noun or a noun phrase. Take the English examples "heavy metal detector" and "heavy-metal detector". The former example contains only the bare adjective "heavy" to describe a device that is properly written as metal detector; the latter example contains the phrase "heavy-metal", which is a compound noun that is ordinarily rendered as heavy metal absent an accompanying adjective. In the latter example, however, "heavy-metal" functions as a compound adjective that modifies the noun "detector".
Niche uses of heavy metals with high atomic numbers occur in diagnostic imaging, electron microscopy, and nuclear science. In diagnostic imaging, heavy metals such as cobalt or tungsten make up the anode materials found in x-ray tubes. In electron microscopy, heavy metals such as lead, gold, palladium, platinum, or uranium are used to make conductive coatings and to introduce electron density into biological specimens by staining, negative staining, or vacuum deposition. In nuclear science, nuclei of heavy metals such as chromium, iron, or zinc are sometimes fired at other heavy metal targets to produce superheavy elements; heavy metals are also employed as spallation targets for the production of neutrons or radioisotopes such as astatine (using lead, bismuth, thorium, or uranium in the latter case).
Chinese heavy metal (中国重金属, pinyin: "Zhōngguó Zhòngjīnshǔ"; also 中国重金属音乐, "Zhōngguó zhòngjīnshǔ yīnyuè", literally "Chinese heavy metal music") is commonly used to describe a wide variety of forms of heavy metal music, in connection with the rock bands and solo artists from native Chinese-speaking regions (including Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, etc.). Typically, Chinese heavy metal bands adhere to one subgenres of heavy metal such as death metal, thrash metal, and power metal, but commonly using Chinese-based lyrical content rather than English.
Heavy metal bass is the use of the bass guitar (also called "electric bass") in the rock music genres of heavy metal and hard rock. The bassist is part of the rhythm section in a heavy metal band, along with the drummer, rhythm guitarist and, in some bands, a keyboard player. The prominent role of the bass is key to the metal sound, and the interplay of bass and distorted electric guitar is a central element of metal. The bass guitar provides the low-end sound crucial to making the music "heavy". The bass plays a "... more important role in heavy metal than in any other genre of rock."