Instruct: Given a question, retrieve passages that can help answer the question.
Query: How long has the species homo sapiens existed?
The age of speciation of H. sapiens out of ancestral H. erectus (or an intermediate species such as Homo antecessor) is estimated to have been roughly 350,000 years ago.[2] Sustained archaic admixture is known to have taken place both in Africa and (following the recent Out-Of-Africa expansion) in Eurasia, between about 100,000 and 30,000 years ago.
Today, all humans belong to one population of "Homo sapiens sapiens", which is individed by species barrier. However, according to the "Out of Africa" model this is not the first species of hominids: the first species of genus "Homo", "Homo habilis", evolved in East Africa at least 2 Ma, and members of this species populated different parts of Africa in a relatively short time. "Homo erectus" evolved more than 1.8 Ma, and by 1.5 Ma had spread throughout the Old World.
Extinct species of the genus Homo include Homo erectus, extant during roughly 1.9 to 0.4 million years ago, and a number of other species (by some authors considered subspecies of either H. sapiens or H. erectus). H. sapiens idaltu (2003) is a proposed extinct subspecies of H. sapiens.
The term "anatomically modern humans" (AMH) is used with varying scope depending on context, to distinguish "anatomically modern" Homo sapiens from archaic humans such as Neanderthals and Middle and Lower Paleolithic hominins with transitional features intermediate between H. erectus, Neanderthals and early AMH called archaic Homo Sapiens.[52][53] In a convention popular in the 1990s, Neanderthals were classified as a subspecies of H. sapiens, as H. s. neanderthalensis, while AMH (or European early modern humans, EEMH) was taken to refer to "Cro-Magnon" or H. s. sapiens. Under this nomenclature (Neanderthals considered H. sapiens), the term "anatomically modern Homo sapiens" (AMHS) has also been used to refer to EEMH ("Cro-Magnons").[54] It has since become more common to designate Neanderthals as a separate species, H. neanderthalensis, so that AMH in the European context refers to H. sapiens (but the question is by no means resolved[55]).
The species binomial ""Homo sapiens"" was coined by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th-century work "Systema Naturae". The generic name ""Homo"" is a learned 18th-century derivation from Latin ' "man," ultimately "earthly being" (Old Latin ' a cognate to Old English ' "man", from PIE ', meaning "earth" or "ground"). The species-name ""sapiens"" means "wise" or "sapient". Note that the Latin word "homo" refers to humans of either gender, and that ""sapiens"" is the singular form (while there is no such word as ""sapien"").
The first species in the genus "Homo", "Homo habilis", has been found in Tanzania and Kenya at sites dating between 2.1 and 1.5 million years ago. Species within the genus "Homo" showed no difference within molar size up until "Homo floresiensis", where smaller molars were beginning to be expressed. Species after "H. floresiensis" such as "H. heidelbergensis", "H. neanderthalensis", and "H. sapiens" began to show instead wider frontal teeth and a decrease in size of the molars compared to earlier species. "H. sapiens" shows significantly smaller molars, mandible, and a prominence of the chin.
Both Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis became extinct by the end of the Paleolithic. Descended from Homo Sapiens, the anatomically modern Homo sapiens sapiens emerged in eastern Africa c.200,000BP, left Africa around 50,000BP, and expanded throughout the planet. Multiple hominid groups coexisted for some time in certain locations. Homo neanderthalensis were still found in parts of Eurasia c.30,000BP years, and engaged in an unknown degree of interbreeding with Homo sapiens sapiens. DNA studies also suggest an unknown degree of interbreeding between Homo sapiens sapiens and Homo sapiens denisova.[27]
DNA and anthropologic data consider modern humans ("Homo sapiens sapiens") a primate and the descendants of ape-like species. Species of the genus ‘Homo’ are all extinct except humans, which are thought to have evolved from australopithecine ancestors originating in East Africa. The development of the modern human has taken place over some 300,000 years and unique adaptations have resulted from ecological pressures that "Homo Sapiens" has faced. Due prominently to ecological and behavioral factors, the modern human muscular system differs greatly from that of our early primate ancestors. These adaptations and changes have allowed "Homo sapiens" to function as they do today.
The Nanjing man fossil discovery coincided with the paleo-anthropological debate on the population dynamics of modern humans and their relation to other species of the genus "Homo". The characteristics of the new subspecies "Homo erectus nankinensis" and in particular the age of the fossils provided additional evidence which was used to support the multi-regional hypothesis. The extended occupation of East Asia by "Homo erectus" suggested by the dating of the Nanjing fossils supports the hypothesis that a transitional species between "Homo erectus" subspecies of Asia and pre-modern "Homo sapiens" existed. A scientific consensus on the dispersal of "Homo sapiens" throughout the globe was reached in the early 21st century. However, the influence of East Asian "Homo erectus" subspecies on modern humans ancestry remains unclear.
The spelling "Neandertal" is occasionally seen in English, even in scientific publications.
Since "Neanderthal", or "Neandertal", is a common name, there is no authoritative prescription on its spelling, unlike the spelling of the binominal name "H. neanderthalensis", which is predicated by King 1864.
The common name in German is always invariably "Neandertaler" (lit. "of the valley of Neander"), not "Neandertal",
but the spelling of the name of the Neander Valley itself ("Neandertal" vs. "Neanderthal") has been affected by the
species name, the names of the Neanderthal Museum and of Neanderthal station persisting with pre-1900 orthography.
Ever since the discovery of the Neanderthal fossils, expert opinion has been divided as to whether Neanderthals should be considered a separate species ("Homo neanderthalensis") or a subspecies ("Homo sapiens neanderthalensis") relative to modern humans.
Pääbo (2014) described such "taxonomic wars" as unresolveable in principle, "since there is no definition of species perfectly describing the case."
The question depends on the definition of "Homo sapiens" as a chronospecies, which has also been in flux throughout the 20th century. Authorities preferring classification of Neanderthals as subspecies have introduced the subspecies name "Homo sapiens sapiens" for the anatomically modern Cro-Magnon population which lived in Europe at the same time as Neanderthals, while authorities preferring classification as separate species use "Homo sapiens" as equivalent to "anatomically modern humans".
PRR23C "Homo sapiens" is located on the long arm of chromosome 3, (3q23) on the antisense strand. When pertaining to the mRNA of PRR23C "Homo sapiens", it is 2,791 bp in length. PRR23C "Homo sapiens" has one exon covering the entire length of mRNA (1-2,791 bp).
PRR23C "Homo sapiens" has a clone name of FLJ46210.
The "Homo magi" existed for as long as the human race, but due to their special abilities, they did not expand as did "Homo sapiens". Eventually, they started to inbreed with normal humans, resulting in many generations of "Homo magi" turned into "Homo sapiens". As the number of pure "Homo magi" dwindled, they decided to recede and went into hiding.
The discovery of additional partial skeletons has verified the existence of some features found in LB1, such as the lack of a chin, but Jacob and other research teams argue that these features do not distinguish LB1 from local "H. sapiens" morphology. Lyras "et al." have asserted, based on 3D-morphometrics, that the skull of LB1 differs significantly from all "H. sapiens" skulls, including those of small-bodied individuals and microcephalics, and is similar to the skull of "Homo erectus" alone. Ian Tattersall argues that the species is wrongly classified as "Homo floresiensis" as it is far too archaic to assign to the genus "Homo".
Most notably, however, it is "Homo ergaster" (sometimes called early "Homo erectus"), whose assemblages are almost exclusively Acheulean, who used the technique. Later, the related species "Homo heidelbergensis" (the common ancestor of both Neanderthals and "Homo sapiens") used it extensively.
Late Acheulean tools were still used by species derived from "H. erectus", including "Homo sapiens idaltu" and early Neanderthals.
"Homo sapiens" is the only extant species of its genus, "Homo". While some (extinct) "Homo" species might have been ancestors of "Homo sapiens", many, perhaps most, were likely "cousins", having speciated away from the ancestral hominin line. There is yet no consensus as to which of these groups should be considered a separate species and which should be a subspecies; this may be due to the dearth of fossils or to the slight differences used to classify species in the genus "Homo". The Sahara pump theory (describing an occasionally passable "wet" Sahara desert) provides one possible explanation of the early variation in the genus "Homo".
"Homo erectus" is the most, or one of the most, long-lived species of "Homo", having existed well over one million years and perhaps over two million years;
by contrast, "Homo sapiens" emerged about a quarter million years ago.
If considering "Homo erectus" in its strict sense (that is, as referring to only the Asian variety) no consensus has been reached as to whether it is ancestral to "H. sapiens" or any later human species."Wushan Man" was proposed as "Homo erectus wushanensis", but is now thought to be based upon fossilized fragments of an extinct non-hominin ape.
Some sources show Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis) as a subspecies (H. sapiens neanderthalensis).[8][9] Similarly, the discovered specimens of the H. rhodesiensis species have been classified by some as a subspecies (H. sapiens rhodesiensis), although it remains more common to treat these last two as separate species within the genus Homo rather than as subspecies within H. sapiens.[10]
Originally misclassified as "modern", the fossil received little attention after its publication in the 19th century as it was compared to Engis 1 - the very good and almost perfectly preserved skull of an adult "Homo sapiens". In 1758 Carl Linnaeus had published the 10th edition of his work Systema Naturae in which "Homo sapiens" as a species name was introduced to the public, yet without a thorough diagnosis and without a precise description of the species-specific characteristics.
As a result, any criteria by which a fossil of the species "Homo sapiens" could be classified into and distinguished from the genus "Homo" did not exist in the early 19th century. 
Classifying the genus "Homo" into species and subspecies is subject to incomplete information and remains poorly done. This has led to using common names ("Neanderthal" and "Denisovan") in even scientific papers to avoid trinomial names or the ambiguity of classifying groups as "incertae sedis" (uncertain placement)—for example, "H. neanderthalensis" vs. "H. sapiens neanderthalensis", or "H. georgicus" vs. "H. erectus georgicus". Some recently extinct species in the genus "Homo" are only recently discovered and do not as yet have consensus binomial names (see Denisova hominin and Red Deer Cave people).
Since the beginning of the Holocene, it is likely that "Homo sapiens" (anatomically modern humans) has been the only extant species of "Homo".
At least a dozen species of "Homo" other than "Homo sapiens" have been proposed, with varying degrees of consensus. "Homo erectus" is widely recognized as the species directly ancestral to "Homo sapiens". Most other proposed species are proposed as alternatively belonging to either "Homo erectus" or "Homo sapiens" as a subspecies. This concerns "Homo ergaster" in particular. One proposal divides "Homo erectus" into an African and an Asian variety; the African is "Homo ergaster," and the Asian is "Homo erectus sensu stricto." (Inclusion of "Homo ergaster" with Asian "Homo erectus" is "Homo erectus sensu lato.") There appears to be a recent trend, with the availability of ever more difficult-to-classify fossils such as the Dmanisi skulls (2013) or "Homo naledi" fossils (2015) to subsume all archaic varieties under "Homo erectus".
Stringer (2003, 2012) and Reed, et al. (2004) and others have produced schematic graph-models for interpreting the evolution of "Homo sapiens" from earlier species of "Homo", including "Homo erectus" and/or "Homo ergaster", "see" graphs at right. Blue areas denote the existence of one or more hominin species at a given time and place (that is, region). These and other interpretations differ mainly in the taxonomy and geographical distribution of species.
"H. rhodesiensis" is now mostly considered a synonym of "Homo heidelbergensis", or possibly an African subspecies of "Homo heidelbergensis sensu lato", understood as a polymorphic species dispersed throughout Africa and Eurasia with a range spanning the Middle Pleistocene (c. 0.8–0.12 mya).
Other designations such as "Homo sapiens arcaicus" and "Homo sapiens rhodesiensis" have also been proposed. White et al. (2003) suggested Rhodesian Man as ancestral to "Homo sapiens idaltu" (Herto Man).
Today, all humans are classified as belonging to the species "Homo sapiens". However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus "Homo", "Homo habilis", evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago, and members of this species populated different parts of Africa in a relatively short time. "Homo erectus" evolved more than 1.8 million years ago, and by 1.5 million years ago had spread throughout Europe and Asia. Virtually all physical anthropologists agree that "Archaic Homo sapiens" (A group including the possible species "H. heidelbergensis", "H. rhodesiensis" and "H. neanderthalensis") evolved out of African "Homo erectus" ("sensu lato") or "Homo ergaster." Anthropologists support the idea that anatomically modern humans ("Homo sapiens") evolved in North or East Africa from an archaic human species such as "H. heidelbergensis" and then migrated out of Africa, mixing with and replacing "H. heidelbergensis" and "H. neanderthalensis" populations throughout Europe and Asia, and "H. rhodesiensis" populations in Sub-Saharan Africa (a combination of the Out of Africa and Multiregional models).
The following tables compare the "Homo sapiens" FGFR1OP2 gene and protein to orthologs. In both of the following tables, the divergence from the "Homo sapiens" FGFR1OP2 gene or protein to the ortholog was found using TimeTree. Ortholog mRNA and protein sequences were found using NCBI's BLAST and UCSC's BLAT Tool. The accession numbers, as well as the sequence length and the sequence similarity were compiled using BLAST.
The mRNA orthologs sequence similarity to "Homo sapiens" FGFR1OP2 was graphed as a function of time in order to show how the FGFR1OP2 gene has changed over time. The graph is depicted on the right.
The table below shows the protein orthologs to the "Homo sapiens" FGFR1OP2 protein. FGFR1OP2 is conserved in all clades of the animal kingdom, as seen in the table below.
200,000 years ago, "Homo sapiens" evolves in East Africa. At the time, "Homo sapiens" was one of many human species, such as Neanderthals. Since 13,000 years ago, "Homo sapiens" has been the only surviving human species. Harari suggests that one of the key reasons why Sapiens is able to take control of the world is Sapiens' advanced language.