Instruct: Given a question, retrieve relevant documents that answer the question.
Query: Who first published the Origin of Species?
On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life),[3] published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.[4] Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.[5]
"Between the Species" returned as an online-only publication in 2001, with the first issue (labelled issue 2) published in 2002; all issues published between 2002 and 2010 make up volume 13, after which it switched to single-issue volumes. The online version adopted the new name "Between the Species: An Online Journal for the Study of Philosophy and Animals", and in 2010 an archive of the print journal was made available online. Volumes 15 and 16, published in 2012 and 2013 respectively, were the journal's first special issues, publishing peer-reviewed versions of selected papers from two interdisciplinary conferences in animal studies. Volume 17, published in 2014, included the journal's first interview. 2018's volume 21 was a special issue dedicated in memory of Regan, who died in 2017.
Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist is a book written by zoologist and evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr, first published in 1942 by Columbia University Press. The book became one of the canonical publications on the modern synthesis.
The genus "Eucomis" was first published by Charles L'Héritier in 1789. The name "Eucomis" is of Greek origin, "eu-" meaning "pleasing" and "kome" "hair of the head", thus referring to the tuft of leaf-like bracts that crown the inflorescence of the species in this genus. The name was first used by Daniel Solander, who decided that Linnaeus's "Fritillaria regia" should be placed in a separate genus. However, Solander died before publishing the name, and was not mentioned by L'Héritier in his 1789 publication. Initially, three species were placed in "Eucomis": "E. regia", "E. nana" and "E. punctata". (The last two are now synonyms of "E. regia" and "E. comosa" respectively.)
"L. quietus" was first described and named by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries, who named it "Agaricus quietus" in the first volume of his "Systema Mycologicum", published in 1821. In his later "Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici", published in 1838, Fries transferred the species to "Lactarius". Subsequent attempts to reclassify the species were unsuccessful; in 1871, Paul Kummer described the species as a member of "Galorrheus", and in 1891 Otto Kuntze classified it as "Lactifluus", but today Fries's placement of the species in "Lactarius" is accepted. The specific epithet "quietus" means "quiet" or "calm", and is possibly used to refer to the unintrusive colours of the cap.
This insect was first described in California in 1892 by the American entomologist Frank Ellsworth Blaisdell. He named it "Scymnus lophanthae", and thought it was a native American species. Unbeknown to him, the beetle was an introduced species, and at about the same time, it was described in its native Australia by the Australian entomologist Thomas Blackburn, who gave it the name "Rhizobius toowoombae". However, Blaisdell's name took precedence as it was published first, and "R. toowoombae" became a synonym. The specific name "lophanthae" means "of lophantha", referring to the plant "Paraserianthes lophantha" on which Blaisdell originally saw the ladybird.
In botanical nomenclature, author citation refers to citing the person or group of people who validly published a botanical name, i.e. who first published the name while fulfilling the formal requirements as specified by the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants" ("ICN"). In cases where a species is no longer in its original generic placement (i.e. a new combination of genus and specific epithet), both the author(s) of the original genus placement and those of the new combination are given (the former in parentheses).
"Marionia levis" was first described in 1904 by the marine biologist, Sir C Eliot, from Zanzibar in East Africa. Then in 1997, C. Avila "et al" published the first description of a new species of nudibranch from the Red Sea which they named "Marioniopsis fulvicola". This was almost identical in appearance to Eliot's species but there were differences in its internal anatomy, in particular in the structure of the radula and the number of gizzard plates (150 v. 30). It seems likely that Eliot, who was working from preserved material and dealing with a large number of different nudibranchs, may have dissected a specimen from a different species. His original colour illustration is now accepted as representing the species but his anatomical information is considered problematic, and "M. fulvicola" is considered a synonym.
The species was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. Meyrick in an article published in 1914 stated that the original name was misprinted as "Aletia fibriata" and the correct spelling was "Aletia fibrata". George Hudson in "The Moths and Butterflies of New Zealand" used the species name "Alentia fibrata" when discussing the species. However more recent publications use the original name of "Alentia fibriata".
The species was first discovered in San Benito County, part of the California Floristic Province, in 1926 by federal scientist Orator Cook and formally described by Cook and Harold F. Loomis in 1928. Cook and Loomis described the species without illustration, and it was not until 1996 that the first illustrations were provided by Rowland Shelley of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, who re-examined the original specimens. However, the species was not seen alive until it was rediscovered in November 2005, almost 80 years after its discovery, by Paul Marek, then a Ph.D. student at East Carolina University. Marek published his discovery in the journal "Nature". Marek and colleagues produced a more detailed description of the anatomy and ecology of "I. plenipes" in 2012.
Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959,[254] and a concordance, an exhaustive external index published in 1981.[255] Worldwide commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species and the bicentenary of Darwin's birth were scheduled for 2009.[256] They celebrated the ideas which "over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it".[257]
The first valid description (as "Monas lens") was published by Otto Friedrich Müller in 1773. William Saville Kent placed it in the genus "Heteromita" in 1880. Edwin Klebs moved it to "Bodo" in 1892, but this was rejected by H.M. Woodcock, who removed the species from "Bodo" and made it the type species of "Heteromastix". David J. Patterson and Michael Zölffel found Woodcock's description to be insufficient and created the genus "Kamera" for "Kamera lens" in 1991. "Kamera lens" is a play on words using the original species epithet. Due to lacking ultrastructural or molecular biological data, the species' rank is uncertain; thus it is placed as "incertae sedis" in the Eukaryota.
When in 1726 Casteels embarked on his first publishing venture, the production of 12 plates of bird scenes, he had not previously made any etchings except for two or three little plates as trials. The birds were depicted against gardens with classical decoration as background settings. The British Museum has a complete set of the original prints in its collection.
It is possible that the direct or indirect inspiration for the series of paintings on the 12 months made by Casteels was a series of the 12 months by the Antwerp painter Pieter Snyers. The 12 paintings by Casteels were engraved by Henry Fletcher and published by Robert Furber, a British horticulturist, under the title the "Twelve Months of Flowers" in 1730. The prints illustrate seasonal flowers that could be ordered from Furber and are thus the first illustrated nursery catalogue published in England. Each plant is numbered, with a list of the corresponding species names provided. More than 400 different species of plant are featured. For clear identification each flower is depicted facing to the front and is arranged separately. 
The plates were originally sold on a subscription basis for £1 5s in uncolored form, or £2 12s 6d for a colored version. The subscribers included members of the aristrocracy. Casteels, Furber and Fletcher had each invested £500 in the publishing venture. As they were able to find 457 subscribers, they each made a handsome profit even before the sale of the prints, the plants or the original paintings. A second edition was published in 1734, which included "The Flower-Garden for Gentlemen and Ladies" not present in the first edition of 1730. The plates of the later edition were engraved by Peter Smith and are reductions of the originals. The book was reprinted in 1982. The complete set of the 12 original paintings, which Casteels made for the series, were sold by Christie's on 25 May 2005 in New York as lot 1529. The set of paintings and engravings inspired Jacob van Huysum, who had recently moved to London from Amsterdam, to paint his own set of "Twelve Months of Flowers" (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge) between 1732–6.
In the third edition of "On the Origin of Species" published in 1861, Charles Darwin added a "Historical Sketch" giving due credit to naturalists who had preceded him in publishing the opinion that species undergo modification, and that the existing forms of life have descended by true generation from pre-existing forms. This included d'Halloy –
On the Origin of Species – full text at Wikisource of the first edition, 1859 The Origin of Species – full text at Wikisource of the 6th edition, 1872 – podcast/audiobook of the 6th edition, 1872 Charles Darwin bibliography History of biology History of evolutionary thought History of speciation Modern evolutionary synthesis The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, published in 1871; his second major book on evolutionary theory. Transmutation of species
The species was named by the Unitarian minister John Lewis Russell of Salem, Massachusetts, based on specimens found in Brattleboro, Vermont. He named the fungus after his friend, fellow amateur American mycologist Charles Christopher Frost, who published a description of the species in his 1874 survey of the boletes of New England. When the name of a species is contributed by an individual, but the name is formally published by another, the contributor's name can be cited, separated from the publishing author as "apud"; for this reason, the name and authority are written "Boletus Frostii" Russell "apud" Frost in some older literature. Bernard Ogilvie Dodge made reference to "B. frostii" in 1950 during an address to the Mycological Society of America, in which he spoke about the role of the amateur in discovering new species: "They would have informed us all about the man Russell, who named a fine new bolete for his friend Frost, and about the man Frost, who named a fine new bolete for his friend Russell. "Boletus Frostii" and "Boletus Russellii" are mushrooms with "character", even though they were described by amateurs." However, in attempting to establish a lectotype specimen, mycologist Roy Halling examined both Russell's original material and his accompanying notes; he concluded that it was Frost who made the original species determinations, further suggesting that "there is no evidence to show that Russell ever collected "B. frostii" or wrote a description of it."
The first species to be described, among the ones today classified under the genus "Miltonia", was originally published by John Lindley, in 1834, as "Cyrtochilum flavescens". In this description Lindley notices that the flowers of this species turn orange color when drying and, for some confusion regarding the origin of the species, attributes it to Mexico instead of Brazil. Two years later Lindley described another "Miltonia" species but, then, under the genus "Oncidium", as "O. russellianum" in homage to Duke of Bedford. When describing this plant, Lindley considered it as a "transition species" pointing out that it was very different from the average "Oncidium" because of its purple colors and undivided lip.
In "The Descent of Man" of 1871, Darwin discussed the first passage:
"During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing on the subject, but rather with the determination not to publish, as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views. It seemed to me sufficient to indicate, in the first edition of my 'Origin of Species,' that by this work 'light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history;' and this implies that man must be included with other organic beings in any general conclusion respecting his manner of appearance on this earth." In a preface to the 1874 second edition, he added a reference to the second point: "it has been said by several critics, that when I found that many details of structure in man could not be explained through natural selection, I invented sexual selection; I gave, however, a tolerably clear sketch of this principle in the first edition of the 'Origin of Species,' and I there stated that it was applicable to man."
In the third edition of his "On the Origin of Species" published in 1861, Charles Darwin added a "Historical Sketch" giving due credit to naturalists who had preceded him in publishing the opinion that species undergo modification, and that the existing forms of life have descended by true generation from pre-existing forms. According to Darwin:
"Lophostica mauriciana" was first described by Eugène Simon in 1902, as the only species in his new genus, "Lophostica". Little was known of the species until 2000, when Wanda Wesołowska published a re-description, based on what she thought were specimens originally described by Simon. However, it was later discovered that the labels had been exchanged between the tubes in which specimen of this species and of "Pseudemathis trifida" were kept, and a corrected description was published in 2005. Two new species of "Lophostica" from Réunion were described in 2007, so this is no longer the only species in the genus.
A number of characters created for original "Doctor Who" fiction have been spun off into series of their own, such as the comic book "Miranda" based upon a character created for Lance Parkin's novel "Father Time", though the comic was not a success and was cancelled after three issues. First Mad Norwegian Press and later Random Static published a series of "Faction Paradox" books, based on the characters created by Lawrence Miles for the novel "Alien Bodies", and also republished one of the Bernice Summerfield novels originally published by Virgin. Twenty-First Century Publishers are due to publish a novel featuring the character Guy de Carnac, who was introduced in the 1995 "Doctor Who" novel, "Sanctuary."
The first known fossil was originally studied and described by Hans Rebel of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, Austria. Rebel named the species "Micropterix proavitella", thinking it belonged to the modern genus "Micropterix". Rebel published his description of the species in 1936. The fossil was reexamined in 1995 by the Polish entomologist Andrzej W. Skalski, who recognized the species was not a member of "Micropterix" and moved the species to the new genus "Baltimartyria".
It is not known exactly how the arrangement was made for Royer to translate Charles Darwin’s "On the Origin of Species". Darwin was anxious to have his book published in French. His first choice of translator had been Louise Belloc, but she had declined his offer as she considered the book to be too technical. Darwin had been approached by the Frenchman Pierre Talandier but Talandier had been unable to find a publisher to handle the book. Royer was familiar with the writings of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Thomas Malthus and realized the significance of Darwin’s work. She was also probably helped by having close links with a French publisher, Guillaumin. We know from a letter dated 10 Sep 1861 that Darwin asked his English publisher Murray to send a copy of the third edition of the "Origin" to "Mlle Clémence-Auguste Royer 2. Place de la Madeline Lausanne Switzerland; as she has agreed with a publisher for a French translation". René-Édouard Claparède, a Swiss naturalist who lectured at the University of Geneva and who had favourably reviewed the "Origin" for the "Revue Germanique", offered to help her with the technicalities of the biology.
Lutzia shinonagai was first described in 1979. The genus name was originally spelled "Lützia"; the species name honors medical entomologist Dr. Satoshi Shinonaga who has published extensively on the taxonomy of the muscid, sarcophagid and calliphorid flies of Japan and the Oriental Region. "Lutzia shinonagai" is the only species in the subgenus "Insulalutzia".
The first species of "Canna" introduced to Europe was "C. indica" L., which was imported from the East Indies, though the species originated from the Americas. Charles de l'Ecluse, who first described and sketched "C. indica", indicated this origin, and stated that it was given the name "indica", not because the plant is from India, in Asia, but because this species was originally transported from America: "Quia ex America primum delata sit"; and at that time, one described the tropical areas of that part of the globe as the Western Indies.