Instruct: Given a question, retrieve relevant passages that answer the question.
Query: What is the symbol for platinum?
Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platino, meaning "little silver".[3][4]
During her hiatus from the band No Doubt, Gwen Stefani recorded and released her first solo studio album, "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." on November 23, 2004. Between September 2004 and January 2006, Stefani released six of the album's twelve tracks as singles: "What You Waiting For?", "Rich Girl", "Hollaback Girl", "Cool", "Luxurious" and "Crash". The album was a commercial success, selling seven million copies worldwide; it was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, five times platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association and four times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry certified "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." platinum at the May 2005 Platinum Europe Awards.
Osmium (from Greek ὀσμή "osme", "smell") is a chemical element with symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, with an experimentally measured (using x-ray crystallography) density of . Manufacturers use its alloys with platinum, iridium, and other platinum-group metals to make fountain pen nib tipping, electrical contacts, and in other applications that require extreme durability and hardness. The element's abundance in the Earth's crust is among the rarest.
Platinum is traded as an ETF (exchange-traded fund) on the London Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol and on the New York Stock Exchange as ticker symbols and 
There are also several ETNs (exchange-traded note) available, some of which are inverse to the price of platinum. A list can be found at ETFDB, stock encyclopedia.
Mars' second album, "Unorthodox Jukebox", was released in December 2012. "Unorthodox Jukebox" became an international success, reaching number one in the US, Australia, Canada, Switzerland and the UK, also selling six million copies worldwide. When its singles "Locked Out of Heaven" and "When I Was Your Man" topped the "Billboard" Hot 100, Mars became the second-fastest artist (behind Elvis Presley) to have five number-one singles. The former was certified six and seven times platinum by the RIAA and ARIA, respectively, while "When I Was Your Man" was certified eight times platinum by the RIAA and six times platinum by ARIA. In 2014, Mars provided vocals on Mark Ronson's "Uptown Funk", a single which topped the US, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and UK charts. It was certified eleven times platinum by the RIAA, fifteen times platinum by ARIA and diamond by MC. His third studio album "24K Magic" was released in November 2016. The album peaked within the top five in the US, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the UK. It spawned the internationally successful singles "24K Magic", "That's What I Like" and "Finesse", with the former reaching number-one in New Zealand and "That's What I Like" topping the charts in the United States and being certified seven times platinum by RIAA.
Members believe there are messages in temple symbols. These messages come in forms of what the symbols in reality represent and even beyond what they represent. Members believe that “No man or woman can come out of the temple endowed as he should be, unless he has seen, beyond the symbols, the mighty realities for which the symbols stand” 
The symbols for Uranus were created shortly after its discovery. One symbol, , invented by J. G. Köhler and refined by Bode, was intended to represent the newly discovered metal platinum; since platinum, commonly called white gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols for iron, ♂, and gold, ☉. This symbol also combines the symbols of Mars (♂) and the Sun (☉) because in Greek mythology Uranus represented heaven, and represents the combined power of Mars's spear and the Sun. 
Another symbol, , was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as "un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name").
"What's the Story" went on to become the best-selling album of the decade in the UK. With its fourteen platinum certifications from the British Phonographic Industry and four platinum certifications from the Recording Industry Association of America. The fourteen platinum certifications in the UK were the highest ever awarded to a single record until Adele's "21", released in 2011. The success of the album resulted in Oasis becoming one of the biggest bands in the world, with substantial and considerable press coverage in the mainstream music press and frequent comparisons to the Beatles in the media. Liam and Noel Gallagher both featured prominently in gossip columns and daily tabloids throughout 1996–97.
When Jean Hyppolite asks: "What use does the Symbolic have?" Lacan answers: "The Symbolic, the Imaginary and the Real are useful in giving its meaning to a particularly pure symbolic experience, that of analysis." Since the symbolic dimension is the only dimension that cures, "The symbolic order is simultaneously non-being and insisting to be, that is what Freud has in mind when he talks about the death instinct as being what is most fundamental: a symbolic order in travail, in the process of coming, insisting in being realized."
Louis Dupré differentiates between signs and symbols, proposing that a sign points to something while a symbol represents it. A symbol holds its own meaning: rather than merely pointing someone towards another object, it takes the place of and represents that object. He believes that a symbol has some ambiguity which does not exist with a sign. Dupré believes that a symbol may deserve respect because it contains what is signified within itself. A symbol reveals a reality beyond what is already perceived and transforms the ways the current reality is perceived. Dupré differentiates between religious and aesthetic symbols, suggesting that a religious symbol points towards something which "remains forever beyond our reach". He proposed that a religious symbol does not reveal the nature of what it signifies, but conceals it.
Symbols for Uranus and Neptune were created shortly after their discovery. For Uranus, two variant symbols are seen. One symbol, , invented by J. G. Köhler and refined by Bode, was intended to represent the newly discovered metal platinum; since platinum, sometimes confused with white gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols for iron, ♂, and gold, ☉. Another symbol, , was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as "un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name"). After Neptune was discovered, the Bureau des Longitudes proposed the name Neptune and the familiar trident for the planet's symbol.
The are a group of powerful Pokémon trainers from the Battle Frontier that appears in "Pokémon Emerald", "Pokémon Platinum", and "Pokémon HeartGold" and "SoulSilver". Each Brain resides at a Frontier facility and has his or her own title. After defeating a Frontier Brain, the trainer will receive a Silver Symbol (1st time) or Gold Symbol (2nd time). In Platinum, the trainer will receive a Silver Medal (1st time) or Colored Medal (2nd time).
Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University and named it after the Latin name of his homeland, "Ruthenia". Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores; the annual production has risen from about 19 tonnes in 2009 to some 35.5 tonnes in 2017. Most ruthenium produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors. A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys and as a chemistry catalyst. A new application of ruthenium is as the capping layer for extreme ultraviolet photomasks. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa.
Symbols are used in maps to complement map scale and projection by making visible the features, places, and other locational information represented on a map. Because map symbolization describes and differentiates features and places, "map symbols serve as a geographic code for storing and retrieving data in a two-dimensional geographic framework." Map symbolization tells the map reader what is relevant and what is not. As a result, the selection of symbols can be done subjectively and with a propagandistic intent.
"That's What I Like" received mixed reviews from critics, some of whom considered the track to be one of the best on the album, while others criticized its lyrical content. "That's What I Like" was a commercial success in the US, where it peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100; it reached number three in Canada and number four in New Zealand. It has been certified seven-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and four-times platinum by Music Canada (MC). It also reached the top ten in Australia—where it was certified four-times platinum—Belgium, and Portugal. It is the highest-charting single in the US from "24K Magic". "That's What I Like" was the world's fourth-best-selling digital single of 2017, with 9.7 million units, joining an elite group of the best-selling singles worldwide.
Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most chemicals. The Russian scientist Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 and named it after Ruthenia, the Latin word for Rus'. Ruthenium usually occurs as a minor component of platinum ores and its annual production is only about 12 tonnes worldwide. Most ruthenium is used for wear-resistant electrical contacts and the production of thick-film resistors. A minor application of ruthenium is its use in some platinum alloys.
The third single "What Happened to Us", featuring English recording artist Jay Sean, was released on 11 March 2011 and peaked at number 14 on the ARIA Singles Chart. It was certified platinum for selling 70,000 copies. The re-release of "What Happened to Us" featured guest vocals from Stan Walker. The album's fourth overall single and first single from the deluxe edition, "Inescapable" was released on 15 July 2011. The song peaked at number four and was certified double platinum. "Galaxy", featuring Stan Walker, was released as the album's fifth single on 28 October 2011. The single peaked at number 13 and was certified platinum.
The Estonian issue began on 24 February 2008 – Independence Day – and included silver, gold and platinum coins. The platinum coin was a first for Estonia. Its reverse featured a barn swallow – the national symbol of Estonia – and the obverse showed the national coat of arms. The coin had a face value of 100 Estonian kroons, a platinum purity of 999/1000, a weight of 7.775 grams, and a diameter of 18.0 mm. The coin was designed by Tiit Jϋrna and produced by the Mint of Finland with a quantity of 3,000 pieces. The opening sale took place in the Hall of Independence at the National Bank, where the independence of Estonia was proclaimed 90 years ago; 349 coins and 176 sets were sold within three and a half hours. The entire issue is now sold out.
"Look What the Cat Dragged In" was certified gold in 1987 and 3x multi-platinum in 1990 by the RIAA. It has also been certified silver by the BPI and platinum in Canada.
Osmium is a chemical element with the symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, blue-gray or blue-black transition metal in the platinum family and is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of (slightly greater than that of iridium and twice that of lead). It is found in nature as an alloy, mostly in platinum ores; its alloys with platinum, iridium, and other platinum group metals are employed in fountain pen tips, electrical contacts, and other applications where extreme durability and hardness are needed.
Peirce treats symbols as habits or norms of reference and meaning. Symbols can be natural, cultural, or abstract and logical. They depend as signs on how they "will" be interpreted, and lack or have lost dependence on resemblance and actual, indexical connection to their represented objects, though the symbol's individual embodiment is an index to your experience of its represented object. Symbols are instantiated by specialized indexical sinsigns. A proposition, considered apart from its expression in a particular language, is already a symbol, but many symbols draw from what is socially accepted and culturally agreed upon. Conventional symbols such as "horse" and "caballo", which prescribe qualities of sound or appearance for their instances (for example, individual instances of the word "horse" on the page) are based on what amounts to arbitrary stipulation. Such a symbol uses what is already known and accepted within our society to give meaning. This can be both in spoken and written language.
Chabaneau realized that the sheer difficulty of working with platinum would lend value to objects made from it. He and Don Joaquín Cabezas carried on a lucrative business producing platinum ingots and utensils. This marked the beginning of what is now known as the "platinum age in Spain," during which nearly 18,000 troy ounces of malleable platinum were produced in a span of 22 years. The platinum age ended in 1808 when Chabaneau's laboratory was destroyed during Napoleon's second invasion.
Earth is not one of the classical planets (the word "planet" by definition describing "wandering stars" as seen from Earth's surface). 
Its status as planet is a consequence of the development of heliocentrism.
Nevertheless, there are ancient symbols for Earth, notably a cross representing the four cardinal directions, as a cross in a circle also interpreted as a globe with equator and a meridian;
The "Earth" symbol is encoded by Unicode at U+1F728 (; alternative characters with similar shape are: U+2295 ⊕ CIRCLED PLUS; U+2A01 ⨁ N-ARY CIRCLED PLUS OPERATOR).
Alternatively, there is the globus cruciger (U+2641 ), now most commonly used as planetary symbol.
The "globus cruciger" symbol is also used as an alchemical symbol of antimony.
Uranus (U+26E2 ), also U+2645 , a globe surmounted by the letter "H" for Herschel):
The symbols for Uranus were created shortly after its discovery in 1781. One symbol, , invented by J. G. Köhler and refined by Bode, was intended to represent the newly discovered metal platinum; since platinum, commonly called white gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols for iron, ♂, and gold, ☉. This symbol also combines the symbols of Mars (♂) and the Sun (☉) because in Greek Mythology, Uranus represented heaven, and represents the combined power of Mars' spear and the Sun. 
Another symbol, , was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as "un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name").
In 1786, Charles III of Spain provided a library and laboratory to Pierre-François Chabaneau to aid in his research of platinum. Chabaneau succeeded in removing various impurities from the ore, including gold, mercury, lead, copper, and iron. This led him to believe he was working with a single metal, but in truth the ore still contained the yet-undiscovered platinum-group metals. This led to inconsistent results in his experiments. At times, the platinum seemed malleable, but when it was alloyed with iridium, it would be much more brittle. Sometimes the metal was entirely incombustible, but when alloyed with osmium, it would volatilize. After several months, Chabaneau succeeded in producing 23kilograms of pure, malleable platinum by hammering and compressing the sponge form while white-hot. Chabeneau realized the infusibility of platinum would lend value to objects made of it, and so started a business with Joaquín Cabezas producing platinum ingots and utensils. This started what is known as the "platinum age" in Spain.[48]
Chemical analysis related to the process of purifying platinum led Wollaston to discover the elements palladium (symbol Pd) in 1802 and rhodium (symbol Rh) in 1804.