Instruct: Given a question, retrieve documents that answer the question.
Query: How much does a male emperor penguin weigh?
The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is the tallest and heaviest of all living penguin species and is endemic to Antarctica. The male and female are similar in plumage and size, reaching 122cm (48in) in height and weighing from 22 to 45kg (49 to 99lb). The dorsal side and head are black and sharply delineated from the white belly, pale-yellow breast and bright-yellow ear patches. Like all penguins it is flightless, with a streamlined body, and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a marine habitat.
The giant penguins, Palaeeudyptinae, are an extinct subfamily of penguins. It includes several genera of medium-sized to very large species – including "Palaeeudyptes marplesi", the 1.5 meter tall "Icadyptes salasi", "Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi" which grew tall or even larger, and the massive "Pachydyptes ponderosus" which weighed at least as much as an adult human male.
This is a small-to-medium-sized, yellow-crested, black-and-white penguin, at and weighing . As in all penguin species, the male is slightly larger than the female and the birds weigh the most prior to moulting. It has bluish-black to jet black upperparts and white underparts, and a broad, bright yellow eyebrow-stripe which extends over the eye to form a short, erect crest.
The only penguin species that breeds during the Antarctic winter,[2] emperor penguins trek 50–120km (31–75mi) over the ice to breeding colonies which generally range from a few hundred to several thousand individuals. The female lays a single egg, which then is incubated for just over two months by the male while the female returns to the sea to feed; parents subsequently take turns foraging at sea and caring for their chick in the colony. The entire process is repeated annually. The typical lifespan of the emperor penguin is around 20years in the wild, although observations suggest that some individuals may live considerably longer, up to 50years of age.
When the penguins return to Emperor-Land they discover that a large iceberg has trapped the emperor penguin population below large walls of ice. The Amigos and the Adélie penguins to bring fish to the doomed Emperor penguins. Meanwhile, Mumble, Erik and Atticus deliver meager supplies of fish to the trapped penguins. Erik attempts to deliver a fish to Gloria by flying and nearly tossing himself over the edge of the iceberg. Mumble scolds Erik for his beliefs, saying that no penguin can fly and that none of the emperor penguins will be able to escape.Gloria sends Mumble off to hunt for fish, calming Erik and the rest of the hysterical Emperor-Land. In the process, Bill becomes inspired to create another swarm of krill but Will refuses, preferring to adhere to his new predator lifestyle.
Every emperor penguin sings a unique song called a "heartsong" to attract a mate. If the male penguin's heartsong matches the female's song, the two penguins mate. Norma Jean, a female penguin, falls for Memphis, a male penguin and they become mates. They lay an egg, which is left in Memphis' care, while Norma Jean leaves with the other females to fish. While the males struggle through the harsh winter, Memphis briefly drops the egg. As a result, their son, Mumble, is unable to sing, but he can tap dance instead. Nevertheless, he is enamored with Gloria, a female penguin who is regarded as the most talented of her age. One day, Mumble encounters a group of hostile skua, with a leader who is tagged with a yellow band, which he says is from an alien abduction. Mumble narrowly escapes the hungry birds by falling into a crevice.
Penguins form monogamous pairs for a breeding season, though the rate the same pair recouples varies drastically. Most penguins lay two eggs in a clutch, although the two largest species, the emperor and the king penguins, lay only one. With the exception of the emperor penguin, where the male does it all, all penguins share the incubation duties. These incubation shifts can last days and even weeks as one member of the pair feeds at sea.
The king penguin stands at tall and weighs from . Males are slightly larger than females. The mean body mass of adults from Marion Island was for 70 males and for 71 females. Another study from Marion Island found that the mean mass of 33 adults feeding chicks was . Thus the average weight of the king penguin is similar or just slightly higher than that of the largest living flying birds.
Like all penguin species, emperor penguins have streamlined bodies to minimize drag while swimming, and wings that are more like stiff, flat flippers.[14] The tongue is equipped with rear-facing barbs to prevent prey from escaping when caught.[15] Males and females are similar in size and colouration.[11] The adult has deep black dorsal feathers, covering the head, chin, throat, back, dorsal part of the flippers, and tail. The black plumage is sharply delineated from the light-coloured plumage elsewhere. The underparts of the wings and belly are white, becoming pale yellow in the upper breast, while the ear patches are bright yellow. The upper mandible of the 8cm (3in) long bill is black, and the lower mandible can be pink, orange or lilac.[16] In juveniles, the auricular patches, chin and throat are white, while its bill is black.[16] Emperor penguin chicks are typically covered with silver-grey down and have black heads and white masks.[16] A chick with all-white plumage was seen in 2001, but was not considered to be an albino as it did not have pink eyes.[17] Chicks weigh around 315g (11oz) after hatching, and fledge when they reach about 50% of adult weight.[18]
During the "Forever Evil" storyline, Penguin is among the villains recruited by the Crime Syndicate of America to join the Secret Society of Super Villains. With the heroes gone, Penguin becomes the Mayor of Gotham City and divides the different territories among the inmates of Arkham Asylum. Bane retrieves Ignatius Ogilvy (now calling himself Emperor Blackgate) for the Penguin as part of their agreement. When he brings him to the Penguin, he tells Emperor Penguin that the Arkham fighters are not scared of Bane as he does not instill fear as Batman did.
An efficient swimmer, the emperor penguin exerts pressure with both its upward and downward strokes while swimming.[54] The upward stroke works against buoyancy and helps maintain depth.[55] Its average swimming speed is 6–9km/h (3.7–5.6mph).[56] On land, the emperor penguin alternates between walking with a wobbling gait and tobogganing—sliding over the ice on its belly, propelled by its feet and wing-like flippers. Like all penguins, it is flightless.[14] The emperor penguin is a very powerful bird. In one case, a crew of six men, trying to capture a single male penguin for a zoo collection, were repeatedly tossed around and knocked over before all of the men had to collectively tackle the bird, which weighs about half as much as a man.[57]
Similar to other tropical orioles, the males and females appear alike in color 
The Hispaniolan oriole does not show as much yellow as the Bahama oriole ("Icterus northropi"), but it does show the most yellow out of the other Greater Antillean orioles including the Cuban oriole ("Icterus melanopsis") and the Puerto Rican oriole ("Icterus portoricensis")
The shoulders, thighs, and bottoms of adult orioles are yellow while the rest of the oriole is black. On average, the Hispaniolan oriole is about 20–22 cm long. Males also on average weigh 35-38 g which is slightly more than the females who on average weigh 33-40g.
During the "Forever Evil" storyline, Emperor Blackgate appears as a member of the Crime Syndicate of America's incarnation of the Secret Society of Super Villains. Bane retrieves Emperor Blackgate for the Penguin as part of their agreement. When he brings him to the Penguin, he tells Emperor Blackgate that the Arkham fighters are not scared of Bane as he does not instill fear as Batman did.
The penguins start courtship in March or April, when the temperature can be as low as −40°C (−40°F). A lone male gives an ecstatic display, where it stands still and places its head on its chest before inhaling and giving a courtship call for 1–2seconds; it then moves around the colony and repeats the call. A male and female then stand face to face, with one extending its head and neck up and the other mirroring it; they both hold this posture for several minutes. Once in pairs, couples waddle around the colony together, with the female usually following the male. Before copulation, one bird bows deeply to its mate, its bill pointed close to the ground, and its mate then does the same.[65]
After laying, the mother's food reserves are exhausted and she very carefully transfers the egg to the male, and then immediately returns to the sea for two months to feed.[63] The transfer of the egg can be awkward and difficult, especially for first-time parents, and many couples drop or crack the egg in the process. When this happens, the chick inside is quickly lost, as the egg cannot withstand the freezing temperatures on the icy ground for more than one to two minutes. The male spends the dark, stormy winter incubating the egg in his brood pouch, balancing it on the tops of his feet, for around 65-75 consecutive days until hatching.[65] The emperor penguin is the only species where this behaviour is observed; in all other penguin species both parents take shifts incubating.[69] By the time the egg hatches, the male will have fasted for around 120days since arriving at the colony.[65] To survive the cold and winds of up to 200km/h (120mph), the males huddle together, taking turns in the middle of the huddle. They have also been observed with their backs to the wind to conserve body heat. In the four months of travel, courtship, and incubation, the male may lose as much as 20kg (44lb), from a total mass of 38 to 18kg (84 to 40lb).[70][71]
Magellanic penguins are medium-sized penguins which grow to be tall and weigh between . The males are larger than the females, and the weight of both drops while the parents nurture their young.
Penguins have a thick layer of insulating feathers that keeps them warm in water (heat loss in water is much greater than in air). The emperor penguin has a maximum feather density of about nine feathers per square centimeter which is actually much lower than other birds that live in antarctic environments. However, they have been identified as having at least four different "types" of feather: in addition to the traditional feather, the emperor has afterfeathers, plumules, and filoplumes. The afterfeathers are downy plumes that attach directly to the main feathers and were once believed to account for the bird's ability to conserve heat when under water; the plumules are small down feathers that attach directly to the skin, and are much more dense in penguins than other birds; lastly the filoplumes are small (less than 1 cm long) naked shafts that end in a splay of fibers— filoplumes were believed to give flying birds a sense of where their plumage was and whether or not it needed preening, so their presence in penguins may seem inconsistent, but penguins also preen extensively.
The emu is the second tallest bird in the world, only being exceeded in height by the ostrich;
the largest individuals can reach up to in height. Measured from the bill to the tail, emus range in length from , with males averaging and females averaging . Emus are the fourth or fifth heaviest living bird after the two species of ostrich and two larger species of cassowary, weighing slightly more on average than an emperor penguin. Adult emus weigh between , with an average of in males and females, respectively. Females are usually slightly larger than males and are substantially wider across the rump.
Adult emperor penguins stand up to 110–130cm (43–51in) tall.[8] The weight ranges from 22.7 to 45.4kg (50 to 100lb) and varies by sex, with males weighing more than females. It is the fifth heaviest living bird species, after only the larger varieties of ratite.[9] The weight also varies by season, as both male and female penguins lose substantial mass while raising hatchlings and incubating their egg. A male emperor penguin must withstand the extreme Antarctic winter cold for more than two months while protecting his egg. He consumes nothing during this entire time, except for occasionally water in the form of snow. Most male emperors will lose around 12kg (26lb) while they wait for their eggs to hatch.[10] The mean weight of males at the start of the breeding season is 38kg (84lb) and that of females is 29.5kg (65lb). After the breeding season this drops to 23kg (51lb) for both sexes.[11][12][13]
The series' Chinese title literally means "penguin father". As the series is about house husbands, the title was derived from the fact that Emperor penguins are the only penguin species of which the male is fully responsible for incubating the eggs.
Both male and female emperor penguins forage for food up to 500km (311mi) from colonies while collecting food to feed chicks, covering 82–1,454km (51–903mi) per individual per trip. A male returning to the sea after incubation heads directly out to areas of permanent open water, known as polynyas, around 100km (62mi) from the colony.[52]
King penguins and emperor penguins also do not build nests; instead, they tuck their eggs and chicks between their feet and folds of skin on their lower bellies. They are thus able to move about while incubating, though in practice only the emperor penguin regularly does so. Emperor penguins breed during the harshest months of the Antarctic winter, and their mobility allows them to form huge huddled masses which help them to withstand the extremely high winds and low temperatures of the season. Without the ability to share body heat (temperatures in the centre of tight groups can be as much as 10C above the ambient air temperature), the penguins would expend far more energy trying to stay warm, and breeding attempts would probably fail.
A group of the NYC adélie penguin spies. Skipper is a major character in the first film, but Kowalski, Rico, and Private are supporting characters and don't talk much until "The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper". All four penguins have major roles in the first sequel and supporting roles in the second sequel.
Skipper is the leader of the adélie penguins (despite their color-schemes not matching the real species) and is the main character in the TV show. He has dark, sapphire-blue eyes and his body is wider than those of the other three penguins. Like the rest of the penguins, he has no idea what is expected of the penguin species, other than to "smile and wave." At one point, Private used a bird biology book to tell the other penguins how to act, but since the penguins usually need the chimpanzees Phil and Mason to translate for them, it was unclear how either he or Private were able to read the biology book, which is presumably written in English. His sidekicks, Kowalski, Rico, and Private don't talk much until "The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper".
They inhabit the waters surrounding Antarctica. Royals look very much like macaroni penguins, but have a white face and chin instead of the macaronis' black visage. They are long and weigh . Males are larger than females. Royal penguins breed only on Macquarie Island and, like other penguins, spend much of their time at sea, where they are assumed to be pelagic.
Kairuku grebneffi is an extinct species of giant penguin. It is among the tallest and heaviest penguins attested to, weighing 50% more than modern emperor penguins. The species is marked by a slender body and long, slender bill. "K. grebneffi" lived in what is now New Zealand during the late Oligocene, going extinct around 25 million years ago. Bones of the species were first discovered in 1977, but it was not classified as a distinct species until 2012.