Instruct: Given a question, retrieve relevant documents that answer the question.
Query: How old is Johns Hopkins University?
The Johns Hopkins University is an American private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, the university was named for its first benefactor, the American entrepreneur, abolitionist, and philanthropist Johns Hopkins.[4] His $7 million bequest (approximately $144.5 million in today's dollars)—of which half financed the establishment of Johns Hopkins Hospital—was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States up to that time.[5] Daniel Coit Gilman, who was inaugurated as the institution's first president on February 22, 1876,[6] led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U.S. by integrating teaching and research.[7] Adopting the concept of a graduate school from Germany's ancient Heidelberg University, Johns Hopkins University is considered the first research university in the United States.[8] Over the course of several decades, the university has led all U.S. universities in annual research and development expenditures. In fiscal year 2016, Johns Hopkins spent nearly $2.5 billion on research.[9]
In November 2003, the leaders left Johns Hopkins to join the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), and relaunched the Center as the Center for Biosecurity of UPMC. This move apparently split the organization in two, and it is unclear what happened to the old organization.
The Johns Hopkins University also offers the "Center for Talented Youth" program—a nonprofit organization dedicated to identifying and developing the talents of the most promising K-12 grade students worldwide. As part of the Johns Hopkins University, the "Center for Talented Youth" or CTY helps fulfill the university's mission of preparing students to make significant future contributions to the world.[121] The Johns Hopkins Digital Media Center (DMC) is a multimedia lab space as well as an equipment, technology and knowledge resource for students interested in exploring creative uses of emerging media and use of technology.[122]
Later on, Garrett shifted her focus to medical education. At the age of 22, she requested special permission from Daniel Coit Gilman, the first president of the Johns Hopkins University, to enroll in Johns Hopkins University, but was denied entrance due in part to her status as a woman. However, her opportunity to establish justice came soon after. When the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine was under construction in the late nineteenth century, the school board quickly ran out of the original endowment from Johns Hopkins. Garrett and her friends founded the Women's Medical School Fund Committee and promised to make up for the deficit provided that women were accepted "on the same terms as men." The condition was accepted by the school board, and since then, medical education had become more and more accessible to females. Garrett was also hugely involved in Women's suffrage movement, working with her friends Anna Howard Shaw, Julia Ward Howe, and Susan B. Anthony and serving as a major benefactor of the movement.
The original series was followed by three related series produced by Poole at Johns Hopkins University: "Tomorrow" (1955), "Tomorrow's Careers" (1955-1956), and "Johns Hopkins File 7" (1956-1960). Johns Hopkins University ended its production of television series in 1960.
Biomedical engineering at Johns Hopkins was first established in 1961 as a Division of Biomedical Engineering within the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in East Baltimore with Samuel Talbot as the head, followed by Richard J. Johns (1965-1991). In 1961, Johns Hopkins, along with the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Rochester, established the first graduate programs in biomedical engineering. Established in the School of Medicine, the program at Johns Hopkins is the oldest continually-funded PhD program in the nation. 
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHUSOM), located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States (founded in 1893) is the academic medical teaching and research arm of the Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876. The School of Medicine shares a campus with the Johns Hopkins Hospital, established in 1889. Johns Hopkins has consistently ranked among the top medical schools in the United States, in the number of research grants awarded by the National Institutes of Health. Its main teaching hospital, the Johns Hopkins Hospital, was ranked the number one hospital in the United States for 22 years by U.S. News & World Report.[3]
A biography entitled "Johns Hopkins: A Silhouette" written by his cousin, Helen Hopkins Thom, was published in 1929 by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
In the television drama Grey's Anatomy, two of the cardiothoracic surgeons Preston Burke and Erica Hahn graduated from Hopkins Med, coming first and second in their class respectively. Arizona Robbins, the head of Pediatric Surgery, is also a Hopkins Med graduate. In the movie Annihilation, Natalie Portman's character, Lena, is a biology professor at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. In the television drama Private Practice, the character Charlotte King is a graduate of Hopkins Med and Amelia Shepherd trained at Hopkins for residency. In the Fox television program House, Dr. Gregory House is a world-famous diagnostician who attended Johns Hopkins University for his undergraduate degree. He was expelled from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine for cheating, and received his medical degree from the University of Michigan.[15] Neurologist Dr. Eric Foreman also attended Hopkins. In The Simpsons, Julius Hibbert is a family physician who graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (hence his initials J.H.). In the animated television series South Park, Butters Stotch is sent to Johns Hopkins Hospital for evaluation.[16] Dr. Perry Cox, from the television series Scrubs, attended Johns Hopkins for medical school. The Little Couple on TLC features a Hopkins Med graduate - Jennifer Arnold, class of 2000 - now a Neonatologist at Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital and faculty at the School of Medicine In the movie Step Brothers, Dr. Robert Doback attends Johns Hopkins for his postgraduate degree. However, this is not good enough for Will Ferrell's character, who says that he "smoked pot with Johnny Hopkins". In the TV show Gilmore Girls Hopkins is mentioned as one of the medical schools the character Paris Geller wants to get accepted to, and eventually is. Dr. Hannibal Lecter, from The Silence of the Lambs and other books, completed his residency training at Hopkins. The character of Alex Cross, created by author James Patterson, is a graduate of Hopkins Med. In The West Wing, President Bartlet's middle daughter Ellie is a student at Hopkins Med. Johns Hopkins is mentioned many times in Tom Clancy's novels; Jack Ryan's wife, Cathy, is an ophthalmology professor there. In the movie Shutter Island, Dr. John Cawley, the head psychiatrist at the Ashecliff Hospital for the criminally insane, is said to have graduated at the top of his class at Johns Hopkins. The ABC documentary series Hopkins takes a look at the life of the medical staff and students of the Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System.[17] This new series is a sequel to the 2000 ABC special Hopkins 24/7. Both Hopkins and Hopkins 24/7 were awarded the Peabody Award.[18] The movie Something the Lord Made is the story of two men – an ambitious white surgeon, head of surgery at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and a gifted black carpenter turned lab technician – who defied the racial strictures of the Jim Crow South and together pioneered the field of heart surgery.[19] Melanie Barnett from the television series The Game often discusses how she gave up Johns Hopkins for professional football player boyfriend Derwin. In the movie Getting In, an applicant to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine who is placed on the waitlist is suspected of murdering other wait-listed applicants to clear his way to admission. In M*A*S*H episode 8.17 'Heal Thyself' the visiting surgeon, Dr. Newsome (Edward Herrmann), shuts up Charles Winchester by disclosing that he is an alumnus of Johns Hopkins.
The first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins is the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins. They named their son Johns Hopkins, who named his own son Samuel Hopkins. Samuel named one of his sons for his father and that son would become the university's benefactor. Milton Eisenhower, a former university president, once spoke at a convention in Pittsburgh where the Master of Ceremonies introduced him as "President of John Hopkins." Eisenhower retorted that he was "glad to be here in Pitt</i>burgh."[23]
The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine is led by Ronald J. Daniels, the president of the Johns Hopkins University, Paul B. Rothman, CEO and dean of the medical faculty, and Ronald R. Peterson, president of the Johns Hopkins Hospital and health system. The CFO of Johns Hopkins Medicine is Richard A. Grossi, who is also the Senior Associate Dean for Finance and Administration and executive vice president of Johns Hopkins Medicine.
The Johns Hopkins entity is structured as two corporations, the university and The Johns Hopkins Health System, formed in 1986. The President is JHU's chief executive officer, and the university is organized into nine academic divisions.[73]
John Rudolph Niernsee, one of the most famous architects of the time, designed the orphan asylum and helped to design the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The original site for the Johns Hopkins University had been chosen personally by Hopkins. According to his will, it was to be located at his summer estate, "Clifton". However, a decision was made not to found the university there. The property, now owned by the city of Baltimore, is the site of a golf course and a park named Clifton Park. While the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum was founded by the hospital trustees, the other institutions that carry the name of "Johns Hopkins" were founded under the administration of the first president of the Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital, Daniel Coit Gilman and his successors.
The Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing is located on the Johns Hopkins University East Baltimore campus along with the Bloomberg School of Public Health, School of Medicine, and the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal was a medical journal published by the Johns Hopkins University that ceased publication in 1982. It was established in December 1889 as "The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin". It was renamed "Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital" in 1924, before obtaining its final title in 1967. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed.
Johns Hopkins University in popular culture The Johns Hopkins News-Letter
Originally named the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, the school was founded in 1916 by William H. Welch with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. The school was renamed the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health on April 20, 2001 in honor of Michael Bloomberg (founder of the eponymous media company) for his financial support and commitment to the school and Johns Hopkins University. Bloomberg has donated a total of $2.9 billion to Johns Hopkins University over a period of several decades.
His bequests founded numerous institutions bearing his name, most notably Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Johns Hopkins University (including its academic divisions such as Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies).
Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare is a joint project between Saudi Aramco, energy and integrated global petrochemicals company, and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, the academic medical teaching and research arm of Johns Hopkins University. It is intended to provide healthcare for the employees of Saudi Aramco and their families. It is jointly owned by the company and the university.
Most of the Rodgers Forge community geographic area, as stated in the Rodgers Forge Community Association, Inc. by-laws, was part of Dumbarton Farm, which as late as 1837 was owned by Johns Hopkins. This Johns Hopkins died in August 1837, while the Johns Hopkins known as a benefactor to Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital was 42 years of age at the time of the older Johns Hopkins' death. There are some unfounded claims that link the Hopkins benefactor to Dumbarton Farm. While other accounts do not specifically identify the Johns Hopkins.
The Johns Hopkins University Press is the publishing division of the Johns Hopkins University. It was founded in 1878 and holds the distinction of being the oldest continuously running university press in the United States.[112] To date the Press has published more than 6,000 titles and currently publishes 65 scholarly periodicals and over 200 new books each year. Since 1993, the Johns Hopkins University Press has run Project MUSE, an online collection of over 250 full-text, peer-reviewed journals in the humanities and social sciences. The Press also houses the Hopkins Fulfilment Services (HFS), which handles distribution for a number of university presses and publishers. Taken together, the three divisions of the Press—Books, Journals (including MUSE) and HFS—make it one of the largest of America's university presses.
Daniel Coit Gilman, the first president of the Johns Hopkins University, inaugurated the Press in 1878. The Press began as the University's Publication Agency, publishing the "American Journal of Mathematics" in its first year and the "American Chemical Journal" in its second. It published its first book, "Sidney Lanier: A Memorial Tribute", in 1881 to honor the poet who was one of the university's first writers in residence. In 1891, the Publication Agency became the Johns Hopkins Press; since 1972, it has been known as the Johns Hopkins University Press.
Williams graduated from Cornell University with a BS, from the University of Arizona with a master's in Education, and from the Johns Hopkins University with a PhD in Cultural Anthropology. 
She has taught at Duke University, Queens College, the New School for Social Research, the University of California, Berkeley, the Johns Hopkins University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Arizona. 
Her work has centered on the Caribbean region, and in particular, examined how racial and ethnic categories are reproduced in Guyana nationalism. Categories and classification systems - how they are developed, what basis they have in cultural contexts, and how they are put to use, by whom and for whom - have been a general theme in her work as well. Williams's ethnographic work on the categories informing capital punishment in the United States demonstrates has also been an interest.
She was editor of the journal "Transforming Anthropology".
As of 2011, there have been 36 Nobel laureates affiliated with Johns Hopkins University. Johns Hopkins considers laureates who attended the university as undergraduate students, graduate students or were members of the faculty as affiliated laureates. Woodrow Wilson, who received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins in 1886, was the first Johns Hopkins-affiliated laureate, winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919. Four Nobel Prizes were shared by Johns Hopkins laureates: George Minot and George Whipple won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology in Medicine, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Eighteen Johns Hopkins laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, more than any other category. Twenty-four laureates were members of the Johns Hopkins faculty, five laureates received their Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins, eight laureates received their M.D. at Johns Hopkins, and two laureates, Francis Peyton Rous and Martin Rodbell, received their undergraduate degrees at Johns Hopkins.
The Johns Hopkins University Department of Biomedical Engineering has both undergraduate and graduate biomedical engineering programs located at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland,