Instruct: Given a question, retrieve relevant documents that answer the question.
Query: When was ultrasound first used in medicine?
A contrast medium for medical ultrasonography is a formulation of encapsulated gaseous microbubbles[30] to increase echogenicity of blood, discovered by Dr Raymond Gramiak in 1968[31] and named contrast-enhanced ultrasound. This contrast medical imaging modality is clinically used throughout the world,[32] in particular for echocardiography in the United States and for ultrasound radiology in Europe and Asia.
A meta-analysis of several ultrasonography studies published in 2000 found no statistically significant harmful effects from ultrasonography, but mentioned that there was a lack of data on long-term substantive outcomes such as neurodevelopment.[68] A study at the Yale School of Medicine published in 2006 found a small but significant correlation between prolonged and frequent use of ultrasound and abnormal neuronal migration in mice.[69] A study performed in Sweden in 2001[70] has shown that subtle effects of neurological damage linked to ultrasound were implicated by an increased incidence in left-handedness in boys (a marker for brain problems when not hereditary) and speech delays.[71][72] The above findings, however, were not confirmed in a later follow-up study.[73] A later study, however, performed on a larger sample of 8865 children, has established a statistically significant, albeit weak association of ultrasonography exposure and being non-right handed later in life.[74] (See Handedness#Ultrasound).
Ultrasound is the main diagnostic imaging tool on ISS and for the foreseeable future missions. X-rays and CT scans involve radiation which is unacceptable in the space environment. Though MRI uses magnetics to create images, it is too large at present to consider as a viable option. Ultrasound, which uses sound waves to create images and comes in laptop size packages, provides imaging of a wide variety of tissues and organs. It is currently being used to look at the eyeball and the optic nerve to help determine the cause(s) of changes that NASA has noted mostly in long duration astronauts. NASA is also pushing the limits of ultrasound use regarding musculoskeletal problems as these are some of the most common and most likely problems to occur. Significant challenges to using ultrasounds on space missions is training the astronaut to use the equipment (ultrasound technicians spend years in training and developing the skills necessary to be "good" at their job) as well as interpreting the images that are captured. Much of ultrasound interpretation is done real-time but it is impractical to train astronauts to actually read/interpret ultrasounds. Thus, the data is currently being sent back to mission control and forwarded to medical personnel to read and interpret. Future exploration class missions will need to be autonomous due to transmission times taking too long for urgent/emergent medical conditions. The ability to be autonomous, or to use other equipment such as MRIs, is currently being researched.
3D ultrasound is a medical ultrasound technique, often used in fetal, cardiac, trans-rectal and intra-vascular applications. 3D ultrasound refers specifically to the volume rendering of ultrasound data and is also referred to as 4D (3-spatial dimensions plus 1-time dimension) when it involves a series of 3D volumes collected over time.
Ultrasound is used when characterizing particulates through the technique of ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy or by observing electroacoustic phenomena or by transcranial pulsed ultrasound.
The American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) is a multidisciplinary association dedicated to advancing the use of ultrasound in medicine through professional and public education, research, development of guidelines, and accreditation.
The use of ultrasound in medicine was pioneered by Donald, first at Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital and subsequently at Glasgow's new maternity hospital, the Queen Mother's Hospital (QMH), which opened in 1964. Developments in ultrasound complemented Whitfield's own research interests in fetal medicine but was still regarded with scepticism in some quarters. Whitfield had more success in gaining acceptance for obstetric ultrasound than Donald himself, who was sometimes viewed as an obsessive eccentric. As he recalled, "an honorary attachment with Professor Donald in Glasgow in 1964 had convinced me that obstetric ultrasound did have a future, but later in that year in America I was told it was just a dream of a mad, red-headed Scotsman, so I should forget it! I was told confidentially, nothing, no good will come of it, but of course that was wrong".
In 2000, Henry Ford Hospital performed Michigan's first adult-to-adult, living donor liver transplant. In 2001, the Vattikuti Urology Institute, under the direction of doctor of medicine Mani Menon, was the first in the United States to perform surgery using a robotic system for the treatment of prostate cancer: the first outpatient robotic prostatectomy. Also in 2001, doctors at Henry Ford Hospital became the first in Michigan to use gene therapy for the treatment of brain tumors. In 2005, doctor Scott Dulchavsky, chair of the department of Surgery at Henry Ford Hospital, expanded uses for ultrasound technology for physicians and non-medical personnel; these procedures can be used as an accurate diagnostic tool when coupled with the Internet, a telephone or wireless transmission of ultrasound images to experts from a patient in rural areas or in space. Also in 2005, Henry Ford Medical Group began using e-prescribing to cut prescription costs and improve quality. HFMG physicians now write more than 20,000 electronic prescriptions weekly, helping improve their overall generic use rate by 7.3 percent. In 2008, Henry Ford Hospital became the first hospital in southeastern Michigan to perform a new, minimally invasive procedure for back pain that spares the nerves from being nicked and back muscles from being cut. In 2009, Henry Ford Hospital received more than $70 million in research funding.
Maternal–fetal medicine specialists have training in obstetric ultrasound, invasive prenatal diagnosis using amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, and the management of high-risk pregnancies. Some are further trained in the field of fetal diagnosis and prenatal therapy where they become competent in advanced procedures such as targeted fetal assessment using ultrasound and Doppler, fetal blood sampling and transfusion, fetoscopy, and open fetal surgery.
Van Holsbeeck received his undergraduate degree in medical sciences, and post-graduate degree at the renowned Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium. He completed a residency in radiology, followed by a fellowship in musculoskeletal radiology at the University Hospitals in Gasthuisberg, Belgium. He left for the United States in 1989. Dr. Van Holsbeeck was a senior lecturer at the Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium and a visiting assistant professor of radiology at the University of Michigan. He serves as primary diagnostic consultant for numerous professional sports teams including the Detroit Tigers, Detroit Red Wings, and Detroit Lions. He has investigated the use of dynamic ultrasonography to detect sports hernia injuries and is the primary investigator for an ongoing, collaborative research project with the United States Olympic Committee and Henry Ford Hospital, which is evaluating the use of ultrasound to diagnose sports injuries in female hockey players. He is also a consultant and co-researcher for NASA and the National Space and Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) in the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Project, which involves teaching ultrasound to the astronaut and cosmonaut crews of the International Space Station to use for medical emergencies. This work has been modified for use on the Earth where his team supports the on-site care of professional sports teams and United States Olympic Committee athletes, Summer and Winter Olympic Games, and the Wayne State University School of Medicine. Van Holsbeeck has been elected to numerous professional organizations and national positions including the Radiologic Society of North America, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, International Skeletal Society, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Society, and the Society of Skeletal Radiologists. Van Holsbeeck has received numerous teaching and professional awards including the President's Medal of the International Skeletal Society and the Belgian Radiologic Society. He serves as a senior reviewer for numerous medical journals and on the editorial board for "Ultrasound Quarterly" and the "Journal of Clinical Ultrasound". He has written over 100 peer-reviewed articles, and is the first author for a leading radiology textbook, "Musculoskeletal Ultrasound".
Now that ultrasound is available in portable units that are smaller than laptop computers and handheld models, it is being used more and more in many clinical settings. Many practitioners use point-of-care ultrasound in diagnosing other urgent and emergency problems, including appendicitis, testicular torsion, and abscesses. To describe each of these fully is beyond the scope of this entry, and impossible as the use of ultrasound is expanding rapidly:Emergency and point-of-care ultrasound is taught in a variety of settings. Many physicians are currently taught bedside ultrasound during the emergency medicine residency training programs in the United States. It can also be learned as part of the continuing education process, through formal didactics, one-on-one training, training software, and clinical application and practice. Other specialists may learn during their residency or fellowship training programs. There are specialized fellowship training programs for bedside ultrasound in emergency medicine, but these are not required nor expected for the use of this tool in practice.
The Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity (ADUM) project is a U.S. government-funded study investigating strategies for applying diagnostic telemedicine to space. The Principal Investigator is Scott Dulchavsky, Chairman of Surgery at the Henry Ford Health System. This study was the first formal experiment to examine the use of ultrasound in microgravity encompassing musculoskeletal, heart, lung, abdominal, pelvic, dental, and orbital scans. Ultrasound is the only medical imaging device currently available on board the International Space Station. In addition, the lack of physician expertise on board the ISS makes diagnosis of medical conditions challenging. Ultrasound may have direct application for the evaluation and diagnosis of hundreds of medical conditions and is of interest for treating exploration crews. The telemedicine strategies investigated by this project has widespread application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations. Ultrasound images from space from a variety of body regions have been shown to be of diagnostic quality and non-expert operators were easily trained in ultrasound skills. This work has been expanded to include professional Football, Baseball, and Ice Hockey teams as well as the Winter and Summer Olympic Games in collaboration with investigators such as Marnix Van Holsbeeck. Dr. Dulchavsky has also led an innovative pilot study to expand comprehensive ultrasound education to basic science medical students at the Wayne State University School of Medicine. This trial has been shown to be a success with over 82 percent of students agreeing or strongly agreeing that their educational experience with the lightweight ultrasound technology education was positive. This technology is now being taught to medical students in their clinical clerkships.
In angiology or vascular medicine, duplex ultrasound (B Mode imaging combined with Doppler flow measurement) is used to diagnose arterial and venous disease. This is particularly important in neurology, where ultrasound is used for assessing blood flow and stenoses in the carotid arteries (Carotid Ultrasonography) and intracerebral arteries (Transcranial Doppler).
Sound from ultrasound is the name given here to the generation of audible sound from modulated ultrasound without using an active receiver. This happens when the modulated ultrasound passes through a nonlinear medium which acts, intentionally or unintentionally, as a demodulator.
Portable ultrasound machines are typically used in situations where space is limited, mobility is important, or the scanning must be done in the field. OB/GYN doctors were the first to start using portable ultrasound systems as these could be brought bedside or were affordable enough to be purchased by a private practice. Currently portable ultrasound machines are used in Cardiac, Vascular, Radiology, Endocrinology, Pediatric and OB/GYN applications. In addition, EMS personnel from several countries including Germany, Italy, France, and the United States have used portable ultrasound evaluations in the field.
Point of care emergency ultrasound has many applications in emergency medicine. This includes differentiating cardiac causes of acute breathlessness from pulmonary causes, and the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) exam for assessing significant hemoperitoneum or pericardial tamponade after trauma. Other uses include assisting with differentiating causes of abdominal pain such as gallstones and kidney stones. Emergency Medicine Residency Programs have a substantial history of promoting the use of bedside ultrasound during physician training.
Ultrasound is also increasingly being used in trauma and first aid cases, with emergency ultrasound becoming a staple of most EMT response teams. Furthermore, ultrasound is used in remote diagnosis cases where teleconsultation is required, such as scientific experiments in space or mobile sports team diagnosis.
Usatine Media's "Color Atlas of Family Medicine 2/E" app has been listed on “30 Best Nursing Apps 2016” published by Post University blog
Usatine Media's "Lange Top 300 Pharmacy Drug Cards 2014-2015" app has been listed on "The best pharmacy apps for iPad" published by www.apppicker.com
Usatine Media's "Color Atlas of Family Medicine 2/E" app has been listed on “Apps Every Nurse Should Be Using” published by Online LPN to RN
Usatine Media's "Pocket Atlas of Emergency Ultrasound" app has been listed on "Top 5 Emergency Medicine Ultrasound Apps" published by www.iMedicalApps.com
The Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Study is funded by the National Space Biomedical Research Institute and involves the use of ultrasound among Astronauts including former ISS Commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka who are guided by remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. This study has a widespread impact and has been extended to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well as medical students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations. Findings from this study were submitted for publication to the journal Radiology aboard the International Space Station; the first article submitted in space.
Ultrasound has been used in Medicine for close to half a century and its safety has been studied for almost the same period of time. In 1992, the US FDA first allowed the use of ultrasound at a frequency of 1.6 MHz in a toothbrush. In 1993, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM), in conjunction with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) developed the Output Display Standard (ODS), including the thermal index and mechanical index which have been incorporated into the FDA’s new regulations. These regulations limit the power output of these devices to a level low enough to avoid raising surrounding tissue temperature by more than 1 °C.
Sonography (ultrasonography) is widely used in medicine. It is possible to perform both diagnosis and therapeutic procedures, using ultrasound to guide interventional procedures such as biopsies or drainage of fluid collections. Sonographers are medical professionals who perform scans which are then traditionally interpreted by radiologists, physicians who specialize in the application and interpretation of a wide variety of medical imaging modalities, or by cardiologists in the case of cardiac ultrasonography (echocardiography). Increasingly, clinicians (physicians and other healthcare professionals who provide direct patient care) are using ultrasound in office and hospital practice (Point of Care Ultrasound).
The AIUM’s membership consists of more than 10,000 sonographers, physicians, scientists, engineers, other health care providers, manufacturers of ultrasound equipment, and students. The AIUM is directed by a Board of governors and Executive Committee who are assisted by committees and a Council on Sections, representing many ultrasound specialties. The AIUM's official journal is the Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine.
Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier on behalf of the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. It covers ultrasound technology in clinical diagnostic, interventional and therapeutic applications, including the physics, engineering, and technology of ultrasound in medicine and biology. It was established in 1973. The editor-in-chief is Christy K. Holland (University of Cincinnati) since 2006. The founding editor was Denis N. White, who served from 1973 to 1992 and was succeeded by Peter N. T. Wells.
Prof. Kurjak is the President of International Academy of Perinatal Medicine and director of Ian Donald Inter-University School of Medical Ultrasound.
He is a regular fellow of World Academy of Art and Science, European Academy of Sciences and Art, International Academy for Human
Reproduction, Italian Academy of Science and Art of Reggio Puglia, Academy of Medical Sciences of Catalonia; honorary member of
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology; regular member of Russian Academy of Science and Art.He is an honorary member of 28 international societies for ultrasound or perinatal medicine. Kurjak is also a member of the editorial board or editor in chief of several international journals including Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, co editors of Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 
The first large scale application of ultrasound was around World War II. Sonar systems were being built and used to navigate submarines. It was realized that the high intensity ultrasound waves that they were using were heating and killing fish. This led to research in tissue heating and healing effects. Since the 1940s, ultrasound has been used by physical and occupational therapists for therapeutic effects.