Instruct: Given a question, retrieve relevant documents that can help answer the question.
Query: Why do we use Oxytocin?
Oxytocin, sold under the brand name Pitocin among others, is a medication made from the peptide oxytocin.[3][4] As a medication, it is used to cause contraction of the uterus to start labor, increase the speed of labor, and to stop bleeding following delivery.[3] For this purpose, it is given by injection either into a muscle or into a vein.[3]
Lipo-oxytocin-1 (LOT-1) is a synthetic peptide and derivative of oxytocin that acts as an agonist of the oxytocin receptor. The lipidation strategy was applied to oxytocin to create a new peptide with improved pharmacokinetics. LOT-1 consists of oxytocin conjugated with two palmitoyl groups. After adjusting for molecular weight (LOT-1 is ~1.5x the weight of oxytocin), oxytocin and LOT-1 are equipotent. In addition, LOT-1 appears to have a significantly longer duration of effect relative to that of oxytocin. It has yet to be determined whether LOT-1 possesses improved blood-brain-barrier permeability relative to oxytocin.
In 2013, Lou Bennett told the story of the song to Deadly Magazine. She recalls Tiddas were performing with American group Sweet Honey in the Rock and Bob Geldof in 1993. Bennett said she remembers the tour well and said Gelfod ‘baited’ the girls into thinking about why they were singing and what they were singing about. “He wanted us to articulate what it was that we were doing, why were we singing about these issues, and in our minds we thought we were doing the right thing presenting songs that affected us and affected our families and friends.” Bennett said this made the group angry and they went back to their room and wrote "Ignorance Is Bliss" in response.
Nasally administered oxytocin has been reported to reduce fear, possibly by inhibiting the amygdala (which is thought to be responsible for fear responses). Indeed, studies in rodents have shown oxytocin can efficiently inhibit fear responses by activating an inhibitory circuit within the amygdala. Some researchers have argued oxytocin has a general enhancing effect on all social emotions, since intranasal administration of oxytocin also increases envy and "Schadenfreude". Individuals who receive an intranasal dose of oxytocin identify facial expressions of disgust more quickly than individuals who do not receive oxytocin. Facial expressions of disgust are evolutionarily linked to the idea of contagion. Thus, oxytocin increases the salience of cues that imply contamination, which leads to a faster response because these cues are especially relevant for survival. In another study, after administration of oxytocin, individuals displayed an enhanced ability to recognize expressions of fear compared to the individuals who received the placebo. Oxytocin modulates fear responses by enhancing the maintenance of social memories. Rats that are genetically modified to have a surplus of oxytocin receptors display a greater fear response to a previously conditioned stressor. Oxytocin enhances the aversive social memory, leading the rat to display a greater fear response when the aversive stimulus is encountered again.
In "(Why Are We) Trapped?," a psychedelic rock track with prominent lead guitar, frontman John S. Hall sings variants of the question, "Why are we trapped here in the dark so long?" to an unidentified captor. In the chorus, he insists, "We've done everything you told us to do," and demands, "Let us out."
There are variable results in between males of different species as to the effects of oxytocin on paternal care. Oxytocin is unchanged in California mice before and after becoming fathers, but the amount of paternal exposure to rats is associated with oxytocin and increased care. However, multiple studies on biparental species show an association between paternal care and oxytocin. Since the species in these studies are biparental, excluding rats, it is unclear as to why California mice do not have a change in oxytocin postpartum.
Oxytocin (Oxt) is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide. Oxytocin is normally produced by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. It plays a role in social bonding, sexual reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth. Oxytocin is released into the bloodstream as a hormone in response to stretching of the cervix and uterus during labor and with stimulation of the nipples from breastfeeding. This helps with birth, bonding with the baby, and milk production. Oxytocin was discovered by Henry Dale in 1906. Its molecular structure was determined in 1952. Oxytocin is also used as a medication to facilitate childbirth.
We ne'er see our foes but we wish them to stay,
They never see us but they wish us away;
If they run, why we follow, and run them ashore,
For if they won't fight us, what can we do more?
Oxytocin produces antidepressant-like effects in animal models of depression, and a deficit of it may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression in humans. The antidepressant-like effects of oxytocin are not blocked by a selective antagonist of the oxytocin receptor, suggesting that these effects are not mediated by the oxytocin receptor. In accordance, unlike oxytocin, the selective non-peptide oxytocin receptor agonist WAY-267,464 does not produce antidepressant-like effects, at least in the tail suspension test. In contrast to WAY-267,464, carbetocin, a close analogue of oxytocin and peptide oxytocin receptor agonist, notably does produce antidepressant-like effects in animals. As such, the antidepressant-like effects of oxytocin may be mediated by modulation of a different target, perhaps the vasopressin V receptor where oxytocin is known to weakly bind as an agonist.
Two days later, Beverly appeared on Good Morning America, and was interviewed by Robin Roberts where she explained her motivations for creating the Why I Stayed movement. "The reason that I started the hashtag was to give voice to the people out there who had that voice taken away. I think what bothered me most was that the question was 'why did she stay' and not 'why did he hit her'. And we do this across the board with violent situations, we do this with domestic violence by asking 'why did she stay?' and we do this with rape by saying 'why did she wear that?' as if your clothing or your mere presence gives someone the right to hurt you."
The newspaper strove for a lively tone. Its correspondents were asked not to sentimentalize but to ""Give us facts and experience", in words, if you please, as hard as cannon-balls."
The paper sparred vigorously with its opponents. When the "New York World" criticized the women's movement, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, an editor, responded, "The "World" innocently asks us the question, why, like the Englishwomen, we do not sit still in our conventions, and get "first class men" to do the speaking? We might, with equal propriety, ask the "World's" editorial staff why they do not lay down their pens and get first class men to edit their journal?"
Due to carbetocin's considerably longer half-life, its effects are longer lasting than other oxytocin homologs such as Pitocin or barusiban. A single carbetocin administration compared to a placebo or an eight-hour intravenous drip of oxytocin in a randomized blind study, necessitated significantly less additional oxytocin therapy following a Cesarean section. Oxytocin receptor antagonists, such as Barusiban or atosiban have the opposite effect of depressing oxytocin receptor activity and can be used to stop premature labor and uterine contractions.
McCallum was quite vocal in Canada's debate on same-sex marriage. He told the "Edmonton Sun" in August 2003, "If people want to do something and it doesn't hurt other people, doesn't reduce other people's rights, we should let them do it. Why not?" He also significantly contributed to the final debate before the vote on same-sex marriage on 21 March 2005 saying:
I believe we should always seek to expand the rights of our fellow citizens as long as we do not thereby reduce the rights of others. We should seek to ensure that no group is denied full participation in society. As members of Parliament, we should not ask the question, why should we extend this right? Rather our question should be, why should we not extend the right? Let the burden of proof be on those who wish to limit fundamental rights.
Many Canadians will want to accept both of these principles: protect the traditional definition of marriage and protect the rights of minorities. The essence of my message today is that we cannot do both. We cannot have it both ways. We must make a choice between traditional marriage and the protection of minority rights.
Oxytocin is marketed as a pheromone. Oxytocin in spray form is sold under the brands Attrakt and Connekt. It is not absorbed into the skin when used topically, but it may be inhaled in a manner similar to perfume applied to skin. Oxytocin sprays for insufflation are also sold, but often with little or no oxytocin at all.
"Why Don't We Do It in the Road?" is a song by the Beatles released on their 1968 album "The Beatles", commonly referred to as "the White Album". It was written and sung by Paul McCartney, but credited to Lennon–McCartney. "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?" is short and simple; 1:42 of twelve-bar blues that begins with three different percussion elements (a hand banging on the back of an acoustic guitar, handclaps, and drums) and features McCartney's increasingly raucous vocal repeating a simple lyric with only two different lines.
American-educated Mme. Chiang added: "We do not want your manpower. We do not want anyone to fight our battles for us. But we have here the means to defeat Communism in China. Why shouldn’t it be used?"
The album was re-released in 19th October 2018, under the title "Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We? (Super Deluxe)".
"I Love My Life" was written by Lukas Bellesini, Jayson DeZuzio, Wolfgang Gartner, Mason "MdL" Levy, Mike Posner and Solo Tohi. Group member Paul "Paulie" Merciadez said, "When we first heard it, we thought straightaway, 'this describes me'! We love our life, the way things are, what we do and the friends we have around us. It's why we celebrate, and it's why we are where we are now – because we love what we do, and we do what we love." The song was released physically on 3 April 2015 as the sixth single from Justice Crew's debut studio album "Live by the Words". The physical release features a Matt Watkins remix of "I Love My Life".
It has been shown that oxytocin differentially affects males and females. Females who are administered oxytocin are overall faster in responding to socially relevant stimuli than males who received oxytocin. Additionally, after the administration of oxytocin, females show increased amygdala activity in response to threatening scenes; however, males do not show increased amygdala activation. This phenomenon can be explained by looking at the role of gonadal hormones, specifically estrogen, which modulate the enhanced threat processing seen in females. Estrogen has been shown to stimulate the release of oxytocin from the hypothalamus and promote receptor binding in the amygdala.
In a June 2013, interview with HipHopDX, ¡Mayday! spoke about why they chose to title the album "Believers", saying: "We felt like we wanted to talk about the people who are true ¡MAYDAY! fans and address them. This album was talking to them in a way. Metaphorically, we feel like the universe gives you what you want, and we feel like we’re blessed by the universe, ‘cause we’re strong enough to ask and do what we need to do to make things happen. We feel like the universe works for you. Not to be corny, but you gotta believe it to see it. That’s why the cover is this little kid with a slingshot that just took down a helicopter, you know? It’s about seeing is believing. That’s what ¡MAYDAY! is. When you see us, you believe us. We turn people on all the time." In the same interview, they spoke about the inspiration behind the song "Marathon Man", saying: "We have a song called “Marathon Man” inspired by the Boston bombing. Instead of a preachy gotta-save-the-world record, we wanted to talk about it because it was crazy event so we wanted to do a story on it when you’re in the race. Imagine a story of you in the race and there’s a bomb. You still runnin’, ‘cause you wanna win that race. You don’t wanna let that event stop you from doing what you wanna do in your life."
Garbage's record company were keen to release "Why Do You Love Me" as the lead single for "Bleed Like Me"; the band agreed. Manson: "We chose "Why Do You Love Me" as the first single because it has a lot of mood shifts and embodies the whole record. I feel that at the base of everyone there's a belief that we're truly lovable. But we often question it, which is why we seek out exclusive relationships."
Merely the use of formalism alone does not explain several issues: why we should use the axioms we do and not some others, why we should employ the logical rules we do and not some others, why do "true" mathematical statements (e.g., the laws of arithmetic) appear to be true, and so on. Hermann Weyl would ask these very questions of Hilbert:
Injection: Clinical doses of oxytocin are given by injection either into a muscle or into a vein to cause contraction of the uterus.[3] Very small amounts (< 1%) do appear to enter the central nervous system in humans when peripherally administered.[17] The compound has a half life of typically about 3 minutes in the blood when given intravenously. Buccal: Oxytocin was delivered in buccal tablets, but this is not common practice any more.[18] Under the tongue: Oxytocin is poorly absorbed sublingually.[19] Nasal administration: Oxytocin is effectively distributed to the brain when administered intranasally via a nasal spray, after which it reliably crosses the blood–brain barrier and exhibits psychoactive effects in humans.[20][21] No serious adverse effects with short-term application of oxytocin with 18~40IU (36-80mcg) have been recorded.[22] Intranasal oxytocin has a central duration of at least 2.25hours and as long as 4hours.[1][2] Oral: Oxytocin is destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract, so it is not active orally.
"Why Do We Want (What We Know We Can't Have)" is a song written by Don King and David Woodward, and recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It was released in July 1983 as the first single from the album "Behind the Scene". The song reached #7 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.
Labor induction: An intravenous infusion of oxytocin is used to induce labor and to support labor in case of slow childbirth if the oxytocin challenge test fails. Whether a high dose is better than a standard dose for labor induction is unclear. It has largely replaced ergometrine as the principal agent to increase uterine tone in acute postpartum hemorrhage. Oxytocin is also used in veterinary medicine to facilitate birth and to stimulate milk release. The tocolytic agent atosiban (Tractocile) acts as an antagonist of oxytocin receptors; this drug is registered in many countries to suppress premature labor between 24 and 33 weeks of gestation. It has fewer side effects than drugs previously used for this purpose (ritodrine, salbutamol, and terbutaline).[8] Help with breastfeeding: Oxytocin is sometimes prescribed for mothers to stimulate breast milk production to help with feeding their baby.[9] However, women receiving intranasal oxytocin daily before breastfeeding produced only slightly more milk after two days.[10]