Instruct: Given a question, retrieve passages that can help answer the question.
Query: When did Kim Hong-il die?
Kim Jong-il (officially transcribed Kim Jong Il; Korean:김정일; Korean pronunciation:[kim.dzɔŋ.il];[lower-alpha 1] 16 February 1941 – 17 December 2011) was the second Supreme Leader of North Korea. He ruled from the death of his father Kim Il-sung, the first Supreme Leader of North Korea, in 1994 until his own death in 2011. He was an unelected dictator and was often accused of human rights violations.[2]
Kim's first wife, Hong Il-chon, was the daughter of a martyr who died during the Korean War. She was handpicked by his father and married to him in 1966. They have a girl called Kim Hye-kyung,[110] who was born in 1968. Soon, they divorced in 1969.
Kim Jong-un, Kim Yong-nam, Hwang Pyong-so, Choe Ryong-hae, Pak Pong-ju, Kim Ki-nam, Choe Thae-bok, Ri Yong-mu, O Kuk-ryol, Ri Myong-su, Kang Sok-ju, Kwak Pom-gi, O Su-yong, Kim Yong-chol, Yang Hyong-sop, Kim Won-hong, Kim Phyong-hae, Pak Yong-sik, Ro Tu-chol, Choe Pu-il, Jo Yon-jun, Kim Yong-jin, Im Chol-ung, Kim Tok-hun, Ri Mu-yong, Ri Chol-man, Ri Il-hwan, Ri Man-gon, An Jong-su, Choe Sang-gon, Ri Yong-rae, Kim Jong-im, Kim Jung-hyop, Kim Man-song, Hong In-bom, Kim Kyong-ok, Ri Jae-il, Choe Hwi, Ri Pyong-chol, Kim Yong-su, Jo Yong-won, Ri Yong-sik, Kim Yo-jong, Hong Sung-mu, Pak To-chun, Kim Yong-chun, Hyon Chol-hae, Ri Yong-gil, So Hong-chan, Kim Jong-gak, No Kwang-chol, Kim Jong-gwan, Yun Tong-hyon, Kim Hyong-ryong, Jo Nam-jin, Ryom Chol-song, Jo Kyong-chol, Pak Jong-chon, Yun Yong-sik, Kim Rak-gyom, Ri Yong-ju, Choe Yong-ho, Wi Song-il, Pang Tu-sop, Ri Song-guk, kYang Tong-hun, Ri Thae-sop, Pak Su-il, Kim Sang-ryong, Kim Kum-chol, Kim Yong-bok, Kim Myong-nam, Kim Song-chol, Ri Chang-han, Han Chang-sun, Yun Jong-rin, Kim Song-dok, Ri Yong-hwan, Ro Kyong-jun, Choe Yong-rim, Hong Son-ok, Kim Yong-ho, Jo Chun-ryong, Kim Chol-man, Ri Su-yong, Kim Man-su, Jang Hyok, Tong Jong-ho, Ri Ryong-nam, Kim Sung-du, Jang Ki-ho, Jang Chol, Kim Jong-suk, Kim Kye-gwan, Kim Tong-il, Jang Chang-ha, Ri Hong-sop, Ri Yong-ho, Ju Yong-sik, Jon Yong-nam, Jang Pyong-gyu, Jang Jong-nam, Kang Phil-hun, Kim Su-gil, Pak Thae-song, Kang Yang-mo, Kim Nung-o, Pak Yong-ho, Pak Thae-dok, Kim Jae-ryong, Pak Jong-nam, Jon Sung-hun, Kim Song-il, Ri Sang-won, Rim Kyong-man, Thae Jong-su, Ri Kwang-chol, Jon Kyong-son, O Mun-hyon, Pak Jong-gun, Choe Yong-dok, Ri Jong-sik, Ko Pyong-hyon, Ri Pong-dok, Jong In-guk, Choe Myong-chol, Thae Hyong-chol, Hong So-hon, Jon Il-ho
The choice of Kim Jong-il as Kim Il-sung's successor met with considerable criticism. Critics accused Kim Il-sung of creating a dynasty, turning North Korea into a feudal state. An anonymous South Korean critic said, "Hereditary succession of power [was an] inevitable consequence of the elder Kim's irrevocable commitment to the dream of founding a dynasty of his own and of his family", adding that Kim Jong-il's rise to power was proof of the "degeneration" of the WPK into a "thoroughly personalized family affair built up around a personality cult." The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party of China and other ruling parties of socialist states did not approve Kim Jong-il's appointment as heir apparent. Kim Il-sung's choice of successor arguably concerned the promotion of revolutionary zeal in the country (taking into account the negative treatment Joseph Stalin received from his successor).
With the death of O Jin-u on 25 February 1995, Kim Jong-il became the sole remaining living member of the Presidium (the highest body of the WPK when the Politburo and the Central Committee are not in session). While no member list of the WPK Central Military Commission (CMC, the highest party organ on military affairs) was published from 1993 to 2010, there were clear signs of movement in the military hierarchy during 1995. For the WPK's 50th anniversary, Kim Jong-il initiated a reshuffling of the CMC (and the military leadership in general) to appease the old guard and younger officials. He did not reshuffle the WPK Central Committee or the government, however, and during the 1990s the changes to its membership were caused mostly by its members dying of natural causes. Beginning in 1995, Kim Jong-il favored the military over the WPK and the state. Problems began to mount as an economic crisis, coupled with a famine in which at least half a million people died, weakened his control of the country. Instead of recommending structural reforms Kim began to criticize the WPK's lack of control over the economy, lambasting its local and provincial branches for their inability to implement central-level instructions. At a speech celebrating the 50th anniversary of Kim Il-sung University, he said: "The reason why people are loyal to the instructions of the Central Committee is not because of party organizations and workers, but because of my authority." Kim Jong-il said that his father had told him to avoid economics, claiming that it was better left to experts. After this speech, the WPK's responsibility to control the economy was given to the Administrative Council (the central government). By late 1996 Kim Jong-il concluded that neither the WPK nor the central government could run the country, and began shifting control to the military.
On 8 July 1997, the three-year mourning period for Kim Il-sung ended. Later that year, on 8 October, Kim Jong-il was appointed to the newly established office of General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea. There was considerable discussion by foreign experts of why Kim Jong-il was appointed General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, instead of succeeding his father as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea. In a clear breach of the WPK charter, Kim Jong-il was appointed WPK General Secretary in a joint announcement by the 6th Central Committee and the CMC rather than elected by a plenum of the Central Committee. Although it was believed that Kim Jong-il would call a congress shortly after his appointment (to elect a new WPK leadership), he did not. The WPK would not be revitalized organizationally until the 3rd Conference in 2010. Until then, Kim Jong-il ruled as an autocrat; only in WPK institutions considered important were new members and leaders appointed to take the place of dying officials. The 10th Supreme People's Assembly convened on 5 September 1998, amended the North Korean constitution. The amended constitution made the National Defense Commission (NDC), previously responsible for supervising the military, the highest state organ. Although the new constitution gave the cabinet and the NDC more independence from WPK officials, it did not weaken the party. Kim Jong-il remained WPK General Secretary, controlling the Organization and Guidance Department (OGD) and other institutions. While the central WPK leadership composition was not renewed at a single stroke until 2010, the WPK retained its important role as a mass organization.
When Kim Il-sung's first wife died, Kim Song-ae was not recognized as Kim Il-sung's wife for several years. Neither partnerships had public weddings. Born Kim So’ng-p’al in the early 1920s in South P’yo’ngan Province, Kim Song Ae began her career as a clerical worker in the Ministry of National Defense where she first met Kim Il Sung in 1948. She was hired to work in his residence as an assistant to Kim Jong Suk. In addition to doing secretarial work for the Kims, she also looked after Kim Jong Il and Kim Kyong Hui. After Kim Jong Suk’s 1949 death, Kim Song Ae began managing Kim Il Sung’s household and domestic life.
Hong Il-chon held a degree in Russian Literature from Kim Il-sung University. After her divorce from Kim Jong-il, she was still active in politics and educational affairs. She became one of the members of the Supreme People's Assembly during the period between 1977 and 1991. After she withdrew from the Assembly, she was appointed as principal of Kim Hyong Jik University of Education in September 1991. She retired from that post in July 2012 at the age of 70.
Since the 1940s visual depictions of Kim Il-sung have been commonplace in North Korea. The practice was adopted from Stalin portraits in the Soviet Union and portraits of Mao Zedong in China. Displaying a portrait of Kim Il-sung in every house became mandatory in the 1970s. The state distributed such portraits and instructed people to display them in their living rooms. By Kim Il-sung's 60th birthday in 1972, North Korea had more leader portraits than the Soviet Union or China ever did. In 1972, the compulsory display of the portraits was extended to all factories, airports, and railway stations.
It was the period when the WPK was focusing ideologically on Kim Il-sung's "Juche"; while Kim Jong-il actively stood for this process, Kim Yong-ju, having studied in Russia, supported a more classical view of Marxism and was not fond of the extensive personality cult built around his brother. This played to Kim Jong-il's advantage: Kim Yong-ju was more and more marginalized, his key allies (director of propaganda) and (director of international liaison) were removed, and he himself was finally attacked by Kim Il-sung. After a Central Committee plenum in February 1974, Kim Jong-il was granted the position of heir apparent and Kim Yong-ju was demoted to vice-premier..
In his first confrontation with his rivals, Kim Il-sung managed to get the Soviet-Koreans to attack the domestic faction. The majority of cadres belonging to the domestic cadres still felt affinity with the party in Seoul and did not support Kim Il-sung's leadership. Cadres belonging to the Yanan faction did not speak out during the congress; with leading figures such as Kim Tu-bong and Choe Chang-ik remaining silent. O Ki-sop tried to get them involved, accusing Mu Chong of "individual heroism", but Mu Chong did not reply and Kim Il-sung condemned O Ki-sop for dragging Mu Chong into a discussion about himself. However, the fact is that it wasn't much the domestic faction could do to weaken Kim Il-sung's authority since he was supported by the Soviets, making him to a certain extent unremovable. At this congress, Kim Il-sung and his allies purged all those WPNK members who had collaborated with the Japanese in one way or another during the occupation—the majority of those who had belonged to the domestic faction since the other factions were headquartered abroad during the occupation.
Kim Jong-suk married Kim Il Sung in the Soviet Union, most likely in 1941. On February 16, 1941 (or 1942, sources vary), in the Soviet village of Vyatskoye, Kim Jong-suk gave birth to Kim Jong-il, who was given the Russian name "Yuri Irsenovich Kim," and the nickname "Yura." In 1944, Kim Jong-suk gave birth to a second son, Kim Man-il in Korean and "Alexander" or "Shura" in Russian. In 1946, she gave birth to daughter, Kim Kyŏng-hŭi. Augustina Vardugina, a woman from Vyatskoye, was in her teens when Kim Il-sung’s guerrilla group camped there. She remembers Kim Jong-suk, and how she would come to the village to barter military rations for chicken and eggs. Her son, Kim Jong-il, would be holding her hand.
In 1978, Shin's former wife, Choi Eun-hee, an actress who starred in many of his films, was kidnapped in Hong Kong and taken to North Korea. Shin himself came under suspicion of causing her disappearance, and when he traveled to Hong Kong to investigate, he was kidnapped as well. The kidnappings were on orders of future leader Kim Jong-il, who wanted to establish a film industry for his country to sway international opinion regarding the views of the Workers' Party of Korea. The North Korean authorities have denied the kidnapping accusations, claiming that Shin came to the country willingly. Shin and Choi made secret audiotapes of conversations with Kim Jong-il, which supported their story.
Shin was put in comfortable accommodation, but after two escape attempts was placed in a prison for over two years. Once his re-education in North Korean ideology was thought complete, he was taken to Pyongyang in 1983 to meet Kim Jong-il and learn why he had been abducted to North Korea. His ex-wife was brought to the same dinner party, where she first learned that Shin was also in North Korea. They remarried shortly afterwards, as suggested by Kim Jong-il.
Choe Hyon was a close associate of Kim Il-sung during their guerrilla years. Choe was older than Kim Il-sung. As such, Choe did not have to use honorifics when speaking to him, although according to Kim Il-sung's autobiography "With the Century" this was of Kim's insistence:
Kim Il-sung married twice and had six children. He met his first wife, Kim Jong-suk, in 1936, and she bore Kim Jong-il, Kim Man-il, and Kim Kyong-hui before dying while bearing a stillborn daughter. Kim Jong-suk was born 24 December 1917 in Hoeryong in (North) Hamgyo’ng Province. Her family and she fled Korea to Yanji, Jilin (Kirin) Province around 1922. In October 1947, Kim Jong-suk presided over the establishment of a school for war orphans in South P’yo’ngan Province, which became the Mangyo’ngdae Revolutionary School. When the school opened in west Pyongyang one year after its foundation, Kim Jong Suk also unveiled the country's first statue to Kim Il-sung. In 1949, Kim Jong-suk was once again pregnant. She continued public activities, but her health diminished. She died on 19 September 1949 due to complications from pregnancy. Kim Il-sung had three children with his second wife, Kim Song-ae: Kim Kyong-il (born 1951), Kim Pyong-il (born 1953), and Kim Yong-il (born 1955). He had two younger brothers, Kim Chol-ju and Kim Yong-ju and a sister.
According to Myers, Kim Il-sung's cult of personality was consciously trying to match that of Mao Zedong. Thus when Mao was renowned for his poetry, the North Koreans matched this with claiming that Kim Il-sung had written plays during the anti-Japanese struggle of the 1930s. Two plays that were allegedly written by Kim Il-sung are "The Sea of Blood" and "The Flower Girl". Nonetheless, Kim Il-sung also wrote poems, such as one called "Brightest Star", written in 1992 to congratulate Kim Jong-il on behalf of the latter's birthday. Kim Il-sung also wrote song lyrics. Official North Korean history also attributes operas to Kim. Sometimes Kim is attributed with writing the scripts of operas and plays directly, and at other times for providing the actual authors with the plots.
When Kim Jong-il, former leader of North Korea, is mentioned in North Korean media and publications, he is not simply addressed by name. At least one special title is used, and his name is emphasised by a special bold font, for example: "The great leader Comrade Kim Jong-il provides on-the-spot guidance to the Ragwon Machine Complex." Alternatively, a larger than normal font may be used. (Example: "The great leader Comrade Kim Jong-il provides on-the-spot guidance to the Ragwon Machine Complex.") The titles themselves were developed by the Central Committee of the Workers' Party. The same applies to Kim Jong-il's father, Kim Il-sung, who ruled North Korea from 1948 to 1994. Scholars have collected the following list of Kim Jong-il’s titles.
The 1st plenum of the 6th Central Committee, to elect the central party leadership, was held immediately after the 6th Congress. 34 members were elected to the 6th Politburo, an increase from 15 in the 5th Politburo. Of these 34, 19 were full members and 15 candidate members. Five members were elected to the Presidium, and Kim Jong-il was ranked fourth in the hierarchy of the Politburo and the Presidium. The 6th Secretariat was composed of nine members, with Kim Jong-il ranked second. The size of the Secretariat did not change from the 5th Congress, but of its nine members only Kim Il-sung was from the party's "revolutionary generation" (60% of the members of the 5th Secretariat came from that generation). Kim Il-sung and Kim Jung-rin were the only incumbents to be reelected. The elected 6th Central Military Commission (CMC) was composed of 19 members, of which Kim Jong-il ranked third (behind Kim Il-sung and O Jin-u). This marked the first time in the party's history that the CMC membership was made public. Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il became the only officials with seats in all four bodies: the Presidium, Politburo, Secretariat and CMC. While Kim Jong-il was outranked in the Presidium, Politburo and Secretariat, none of the members who outranked him had positions in other bodies (except for O Jin-ju, second-ranked member of the CMC). Below is a list of members (and their respective rankings) of the Presidium, full and candidate members of the Politburo, Secretariat and CMC:
It commemorates Kim Jong-il partaking in an effort to plant trees on Mount Chang with students of the Pyongyang Middle School No. 1 in 1957. He also helped in constructing the Wasan-dong–Ryongsong Road there in May–June 1961 when he was still a student at Kim Il-sung University. Kim Jong-il's activities at the site to "carry out the far-reaching plans of th great leader President Kim Il-song for the construction of the capital and building of Armed Forces" continued into 1962. Kim also guided military exercises of students of the Pyongyang Namsan Senior Middle School and Kim Il-sung University there many times. Taking part in these efforts were some of the first signs of Kim Jong-il rising in political profile thus readying to succeed his father Kim Il-sung as the leader of North Korea.
Shin sent the negatives of "The Tale of Shim Chong" to Kim Guh-wha, a Shin Film representative in Hong Kong to add Chinese subtitles. Kim was the man whom, as Shin later discovered, had handed him over to North Korean agents in Hong Kong in 1978. The negatives went missing at some point. Shin rediscovered the negatives when he visited Kim Jong-il's film archives in Pyongyang.
Portraits of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il are displayed on buildings surrounding the square where portraits of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin once hung. During Kim Jong-il's rule, only Kim Il-sung hung on these buildings, as his portrait does in every room in North Korea, however, when Kim Jong-il died, his portrait was added to the buildings in commemoration. At the south end are two flag poles which were installed in 2013 for use in national events.
Hong's career took off in earnest after the 2011 death of Kim Jong-il, the country's leader, and the succession of Kim Jong-un. Hong was number 126 on the funeral committee list of Kim Jong-il. Since 2012, he has accompanied Kim on the occasion of various rocket test launches, and on on-the-spot guidance tours since the beginning of 2013. , Hong is an alternate member of the Central Committee of the WPK.
Kim Jong-un Kim Yong-nam Choe Yong-rim Ri Yong-ho Kim Yong-chun Jon Pyong-ho Kim Kuk-thae Kim Ki-nam Choe Thae-bok Yang Hyong-sop Kang Sok-ju Pyon Yong-rip Ri Yong-mu Kim Kyong-hui Kim Yang-gon Kim Yong-il Pak To-chun Choe Ryong-hae Jang Song-thaek Ju Kyu-chang Kim Rak-hui Thae Jong-su Kim Phyong-hae Kim Jong-gak U Tong-chuk Kim Chang-sop Mun Kyong-dok Ri Thae-nam O Kuk-ryol Kim Chol-man Ri Ul-sol Jon Ha-chol Kang Nung-su Ro Tu-chol Jo Pyong-ju Han Kwang-bok Paek Se-bong Ri Yong-su Choe Hui-jong O Il-jong Kim Jong-im Chae Hui-jong Kim Ki Ryong Jang Pyong-gyu Kim Pyong-ryul Hong In-bom Ri Man-gon Ju Yong-sik Kwak Pom-gi O Su-yong Ro Pae-gwon Pak Thae-dok Kim Hi-thaek Kang Yang-mo Rim Kyong-man Kim Kyong-ok Kim Myong-guk Kim Won-hong Hyon Chol-hae Han Tong-gun Jo Kyong-chol Pak Jae-gyong Pyon In-son Yun Jong-rin Jong Myong-do Ri Pyong-chol Choe Sang-ryo Kim Yong-chol Kang Phyo-yong Kim Hyong-ryong Ri Yong-hwan Kim Chun-sam Choe Kyong-song Ri Myong-su Jon Hui-jong Ri Yong-gil Hyon Yong-chol Choe Pu-il Yang Tong-hun Ri Pong-juk Kim Song-chol Pak Kwang-chol Ri Pyong-sam Jon Chang-bok O Kum-chol Kim In-sik Kim Song-dok Ryo Chun-sok Pak Sung-won Ri Yong-chol Pak Ui-chun Kim Hyong-sik Kim Thae-bong Jon Kil-su Ri Mu-yong An Jong-su Ri Ryong-nam Ryu Yong-sop Pak Myong-chol Kim Yong-jin Jang Chol Song Ja-rip Kim Jong-suk Kang Tong-yun Kim Pyong-ho Cha Sung-su Ryang Man-gil Yun Tong-hyon Ko Pyong-hyon Ri Pong-dok Pak Jong-gun Choe Yong-dok Jong In-guk Jon Ryong-guk Ri Hyong-gun Hwang Sun-hui Paek Kye-ryong Kim Tong-il Kim Tong-i Ri Jae-il Pak Pong-ju Jong Myong-hak Kang Kwan-il Hwang Pyong-so Kwon Hyok-bong Hong Sung-mu Kim U-ho Han Chang-sun Ri Chun-il Ri Thae-sop Jo Song-hwan Tong Yong-il Ri Chang-han Ko Su-il Ri Kuk-jun Sin Sung-hun Ri Thae-chol Yang In-guk Ri Hi-su Ri Chol Hyon Sang-ju Ri Myong-gil Ro Song-sil Tong Jong-ho Kang Min-chol Kim Hui-yong Jo Yong-chol Hwang Hak-won An Tong-chun Paek Ryong-chon Hong Kwan-sun Ri Su-yong Kim Yong-ho Pang Ri-sun Choe Chun-sik Ri Je-son Ri Sang-gun Ri Hong-sop Cha Yong-myong Kang Kwan-ju Thae Hyong-chol Kim Pyong-hun Kim Kye-gwan Han Chang-nam Kim Chang-myong Jon Chang-rim O Chol-san Son Chong-nam Jong Un-hak Cha Kyong-il Kang Ki-sop Choi Tae-il Choe Yong-do Ri Yong-ju Jon Kwang-rok Ri Chan-hwa So Tong-myong Jon Song-ung Ji Jae-ryong Kim Yong-jae Ri Yong-ho Hong So-hon Kim Tong-il Kim Tong-un Kim Pong-ryong Jo Jae-yong Choe Chan-gon Ryom In-yun Kim Chon-ho Jang Ho-chan Song Kwang-chol Ri Ki-su Ri Jong-sik Choe Hyon Jang Myong-hak Kang Hyong-bong Kim Chung-gol Kim Yong-gwang Choe Kwan-jun Jang Yong-gol Kim Myong-sik Ho Song-gil No Kwang-chol Jong Pong-gun Pak Chang-bom Choe Pong-ho Jong Mong-phil Jon Kyong-son Ri Song-gwon Choe Yong Kim Thae-mun Kim Yong-suk Cha Jin-sun Ri Min-chol Ri Il-nam Kim Chang-su Pak Myong-sun Choe Pae-jin Kim Chol Sim Chol-ho O Ryong-il Kye Yong-sam Ryu Hyon-sik Ko Myong-hui Pang Yong-uk Jang Jong-ju Ho Kwang-uk Ji Tong-sik Jong Pong-sok Choe Kwon-su Kim Yong-dae Ryu Mi-yong
Kim Pyong-il's rivalry with half-brother Kim Jong-il goes back to the 1970s. In those days, Kim Pyong-il was known as a womaniser who threw raucous parties; sometimes, attendees at these parties would shout, "Long live Kim Pyong-il!". Kim Jong-il knew that this could be portrayed as a threat to the cult of personality surrounding their father Kim Il-sung, and reported the matter; Kim Il-sung was reportedly infuriated, and thus Kim Pyong-il fell out of favour with his father while Kim Jong-il strengthened his position.
Kim Hong-il may refer to:
Kim Won-hong rose to prominence in 2003, as he was appointed commander of the Military Security Command (the North Korean army's intelligence unit) following the death of General Won Ung-hui, who had been heading it since 1990. In April 2009, Kim was promoted to General and then migrated to the KPA General Political Bureau's Organisation Department, at the same time when Kim Jong-il reportedly put Kim Jong-un in charge of the Ministry of State Security to which the Military Security Command is affiliated. Kim was also made a member of the Party's Central Committee and Central Military Commission in September 2010 and was reported to having a role in ensuring Kim Jong-un's succession.