-- This module contains the Screen class, a complete Nvim UI implementation
-- designed for functional testing (verifying screen state, in particular).
--
-- Screen:expect() takes a string representing the expected screen state and an
-- optional set of attribute identifiers for checking highlighted characters.
--
-- Example usage:
--
--     local screen = Screen.new(25, 10)
--     -- Attach the screen to the current Nvim instance.
--     screen:attach()
--     -- Enter insert-mode and type some text.
--     feed('ihello screen')
--     -- Assert the expected screen state.
--     screen:expect([[
--       hello screen             |
--       ~                        |
--       ~                        |
--       ~                        |
--       ~                        |
--       ~                        |
--       ~                        |
--       ~                        |
--       ~                        |
--       -- INSERT --             |
--     ]]) -- <- Last line is stripped
--
-- Since screen updates are received asynchronously, expect() actually specifies
-- the _eventual_ screen state.
--
-- This is how expect() works:
--  * It starts the event loop with a timeout.
--  * Each time it receives an update it checks that against the expected state.
--    * If the expected state matches the current state, the event loop will be
--      stopped and expect() will return.
--    * If the timeout expires, the last match error will be reported and the
--      test will fail.
--
-- Continuing the above example, say we want to assert that "-- INSERT --" is
-- highlighted with the bold attribute. The expect() call should look like this:
--
--     NonText = Screen.colors.Blue
--     screen:expect([[
--       hello screen             |
--       ~                        |
--       ~                        |
--       ~                        |
--       ~                        |
--       ~                        |
--       ~                        |
--       ~                        |
--       ~                        |
--       {b:-- INSERT --}             |
--     ]], {b = {bold = true}}, {{bold = true, foreground = NonText}})
--
-- In this case "b" is a string associated with the set composed of one
-- attribute: bold. Note that since the {b:} markup is not a real part of the
-- screen, the delimiter "|" moved to the right. Also, the highlighting of the
-- NonText markers "~" is ignored in this test.
--
-- Tests will often share a group of attribute sets to expect(). Those can be
-- defined at the beginning of a test:
--
--    NonText = Screen.colors.Blue
--    screen:set_default_attr_ids( {
--      [1] = {reverse = true, bold = true},
--      [2] = {reverse = true}
--    })
--
-- To help write screen tests, see Screen:snapshot_util().
-- To debug screen tests, see Screen:redraw_debug().

local helpers = require('test.functional.helpers')(nil)
local busted = require('busted')
local deepcopy = helpers.deepcopy
local shallowcopy = helpers.shallowcopy
local concat_tables = helpers.concat_tables
local run_session = helpers.run_session
local eq = helpers.eq
local dedent = helpers.dedent
local get_session = helpers.get_session
local create_callindex = helpers.create_callindex

local inspect = require('vim.inspect')

local function isempty(v)
  return type(v) == 'table' and next(v) == nil
end

local Screen = {}
Screen.__index = Screen

local default_timeout_factor = 1
if os.getenv('VALGRIND') then
  default_timeout_factor = default_timeout_factor * 3
end

if os.getenv('CI') then
  default_timeout_factor = default_timeout_factor * 3
end

local default_screen_timeout = default_timeout_factor * 3500

do
  local spawn, nvim_prog = helpers.spawn, helpers.nvim_prog
  local session = spawn({nvim_prog, '-u', 'NONE', '-i', 'NONE', '-N', '--embed'})
  local status, rv = session:request('nvim_get_color_map')
  if not status then
    print('failed to get color map')
    os.exit(1)
  end
  local colors = rv
  local colornames = {}
  for name, rgb in pairs(colors) do
    -- we disregard the case that colornames might not be unique, as
    -- this is just a helper to get any canonical name of a color
    colornames[rgb] = name
  end
  session:close()
  Screen.colors = colors
  Screen.colornames = colornames
end

function Screen.new(width, height)
  if not width then
    width = 53
  end
  if not height then
    height = 14
  end
  local self = setmetatable({
    timeout = default_screen_timeout,
    title = '',
    icon = '',
    bell = false,
    update_menu = false,
    visual_bell = false,
    suspended = false,
    mode = 'normal',
    options = {},
    popupmenu = nil,
    cmdline = {},
    cmdline_block = {},
    wildmenu_items = nil,
    wildmenu_selected = nil,
    win_position = {},
    win_viewport = {},
    float_pos = {},
    msg_grid = nil,
    msg_grid_pos = nil,
    _session = nil,
    messages = {},
    msg_history = {},
    showmode = {},
    showcmd = {},
    ruler = {},
    hl_groups = {},
    _default_attr_ids = nil,
    mouse_enabled = true,
    _attrs = {},
    _hl_info = {[0]={}},
    _attr_table = {[0]={{},{}}},
    _clear_attrs = nil,
    _new_attrs = false,
    _width = width,
    _height = height,
    _grids = {},
    _cursor = {
      grid = 1, row = 1, col = 1
    },
    _busy = false,
  }, Screen)
  local function ui(method, ...)
    local status, rv = self._session:request('nvim_ui_'..method, ...)
    if not status then
      error(rv[2])
    end
  end
  self.uimeths = create_callindex(ui)
  return self
end

function Screen:set_default_attr_ids(attr_ids)
  self._default_attr_ids = attr_ids
end

function Screen:get_default_attr_ids()
  return deepcopy(self._default_attr_ids)
end

function Screen:set_rgb_cterm(val)
  self._rgb_cterm = val
end

function Screen:attach(options, session)
  if session == nil then
    session = get_session()
  end
  if options == nil then
    options = {}
  end
  if options.ext_linegrid == nil then
    options.ext_linegrid = true
  end

  self._session = session
  self._options = options
  self._clear_attrs = (not options.ext_linegrid) and {} or nil
  self:_handle_resize(self._width, self._height)
  self.uimeths.attach(self._width, self._height, options)
  if self._options.rgb == nil then
    -- nvim defaults to rgb=true internally,
    -- simplify test code by doing the same.
    self._options.rgb = true
  end
  if self._options.ext_multigrid or self._options.ext_float then
    self._options.ext_linegrid = true
  end
end

function Screen:detach()
  self.uimeths.detach()
  self._session = nil
end

function Screen:try_resize(columns, rows)
  self._width = columns
  self._height = rows
  self.uimeths.try_resize(columns, rows)
end

function Screen:try_resize_grid(grid, columns, rows)
  self.uimeths.try_resize_grid(grid, columns, rows)
end

function Screen:set_option(option, value)
  self.uimeths.set_option(option, value)
  self._options[option] = value
end

-- canonical order of ext keys, used  to generate asserts
local ext_keys = {
  'popupmenu', 'cmdline', 'cmdline_block', 'wildmenu_items', 'wildmenu_pos',
  'messages', 'showmode', 'showcmd', 'ruler', 'float_pos', 'win_viewport'
}

-- Asserts that the screen state eventually matches an expected state.
--
-- Can be called with positional args:
--    screen:expect(grid, [attr_ids])
--    screen:expect(condition)
-- or keyword args (supports more options):
--    screen:expect{grid=[[...]], cmdline={...}, condition=function() ... end}
--
--
-- grid:        Expected screen state (string). Each line represents a screen
--              row. Last character of each row (typically "|") is stripped.
--              Common indentation is stripped.
--              "{MATCH:x}|" lines are matched against Lua pattern `x`.
-- attr_ids:    Expected text attributes. Screen rows are transformed according
--              to this table, as follows: each substring S composed of
--              characters having the same attributes will be substituted by
--              "{K:S}", where K is a key in `attr_ids`. Any unexpected
--              attributes in the final state are an error.
--              Use screen:set_default_attr_ids() to define attributes for many
--              expect() calls.
-- condition:   Function asserting some arbitrary condition. Return value is
--              ignored, throw an error (use eq() or similar) to signal failure.
-- any:         Lua pattern string expected to match a screen line. NB: the
--              following chars are magic characters
--                 ( ) . % + - * ? [ ^ $
--              and must be escaped with a preceding % for a literal match.
-- mode:        Expected mode as signaled by "mode_change" event
-- unchanged:   Test that the screen state is unchanged since the previous
--              expect(...). Any flush event resulting in a different state is
--              considered an error. Not observing any events until timeout
--              is acceptable.
-- intermediate:Test that the final state is the same as the previous expect,
--              but expect an intermediate state that is different. If possible
--              it is better to use an explicit screen:expect(...) for this
--              intermediate state.
-- reset:       Reset the state internal to the test Screen before starting to
--              receive updates. This should be used after command("redraw!")
--              or some other mechanism that will invoke "redraw!", to check
--              that all screen state is transmitted again. This includes
--              state related to ext_ features as mentioned below.
-- timeout:     maximum time that will be waited until the expected state is
--              seen (or maximum time to observe an incorrect change when
--              `unchanged` flag is used)
--
-- The following keys should be used to expect the state of various ext_
-- features. Note that an absent key will assert that the item is currently
-- NOT present on the screen, also when positional form is used.
--
-- popupmenu:      Expected ext_popupmenu state,
-- cmdline:        Expected ext_cmdline state, as an array of cmdlines of
--                 different level.
-- cmdline_block:  Expected ext_cmdline block (for function definitions)
-- wildmenu_items: Expected items for ext_wildmenu
-- wildmenu_pos:   Expected position for ext_wildmenu
function Screen:expect(expected, attr_ids, ...)
  local grid, condition = nil, nil
  local expected_rows = {}
  assert(next({...}) == nil, "invalid args to expect()")
  if type(expected) == "table" then
    assert(not (attr_ids ~= nil))
    local is_key = {grid=true, attr_ids=true, condition=true, mouse_enabled=true,
                    any=true, mode=true, unchanged=true, intermediate=true,
                    reset=true, timeout=true, request_cb=true, hl_groups=true}
    for _, v in ipairs(ext_keys) do
      is_key[v] = true
    end
    for k, _ in pairs(expected) do
      if not is_key[k] then
        error("Screen:expect: Unknown keyword argument '"..k.."'")
      end
    end
    grid = expected.grid
    attr_ids = expected.attr_ids
    condition = expected.condition
    assert(not (expected.any ~= nil and grid ~= nil))
  elseif type(expected) == "string" then
    grid = expected
    expected = {}
  elseif type(expected) == "function" then
    assert(not (attr_ids ~= nil))
    condition = expected
    expected = {}
  else
    assert(false)
  end

  if grid ~= nil then
    -- Remove the last line and dedent. Note that gsub returns more then one
    -- value.
    grid = dedent(grid:gsub('\n[ ]+$', ''), 0)
    for row in grid:gmatch('[^\n]+') do
      table.insert(expected_rows, row)
    end
  end
  local attr_state = {
      ids = attr_ids or self._default_attr_ids,
  }
  if self._options.ext_linegrid then
    attr_state.id_to_index = self:linegrid_check_attrs(attr_state.ids or {})
  end
  self._new_attrs = false
  self:_wait(function()
    if condition ~= nil then
      local status, res = pcall(condition)
      if not status then
        return tostring(res)
      end
    end

    if self._options.ext_linegrid and self._new_attrs then
      attr_state.id_to_index = self:linegrid_check_attrs(attr_state.ids or {})
    end

    local actual_rows = self:render(not expected.any, attr_state)

    if expected.any ~= nil then
      -- Search for `any` anywhere in the screen lines.
      local actual_screen_str = table.concat(actual_rows, '\n')
      if nil == string.find(actual_screen_str, expected.any) then
        return (
          'Failed to match any screen lines.\n'
          .. 'Expected (anywhere): "' .. expected.any .. '"\n'
          .. 'Actual:\n  |' .. table.concat(actual_rows, '\n  |') .. '\n\n')
      end
    end

    if grid ~= nil then
      local err_msg, msg_expected_rows = nil, {}
      -- `expected` must match the screen lines exactly.
      if #actual_rows ~= #expected_rows then
        err_msg = "Expected screen height " .. #expected_rows
        .. ' differs from actual height ' .. #actual_rows .. '.'
      end
      for i, row in ipairs(expected_rows) do
        msg_expected_rows[i] = row
        local m = (row ~= actual_rows[i] and row:match('{MATCH:(.*)}') or nil)
        if row ~= actual_rows[i] and (not m or not actual_rows[i]:match(m)) then
          msg_expected_rows[i] = '*' .. msg_expected_rows[i]
          if i <= #actual_rows then
            actual_rows[i] = '*' .. actual_rows[i]
          end
          if err_msg == nil then
            err_msg = 'Row ' .. tostring(i) .. ' did not match.'
          end
        end
      end
      if err_msg ~= nil then
        return (
          err_msg..'\nExpected:\n  |'..table.concat(msg_expected_rows, '\n  |')..'\n'
          ..'Actual:\n  |'..table.concat(actual_rows, '\n  |')..'\n\n'..[[
To print the expect() call that would assert the current screen state, use
screen:snapshot_util(). In case of non-deterministic failures, use
screen:redraw_debug() to show all intermediate screen states.  ]])
      end
    end

    -- UI extensions. The default expectations should cover the case of
    -- the ext_ feature being disabled, or the feature currently not activated
    -- (e.g. no external cmdline visible). Some extensions require
    -- preprocessing to represent highlights in a reproducible way.
    local extstate = self:_extstate_repr(attr_state)
    if expected.mode ~= nil then
      extstate.mode = self.mode
    end
    if expected.mouse_enabled ~= nil then
      extstate.mouse_enabled = self.mouse_enabled
    end
    if expected.win_viewport == nil then
      extstate.win_viewport = nil
    end

    if expected.float_pos then
      expected.float_pos = deepcopy(expected.float_pos)
      for _, v in pairs(expected.float_pos) do
        if not v.external and v[7] == nil then
          v[7] = 50
        end
      end
    end

    -- Convert assertion errors into invalid screen state descriptions.
    for _, k in ipairs(concat_tables(ext_keys, {'mode', 'mouse_enabled'})) do
      -- Empty states are considered the default and need not be mentioned.
      if (not (expected[k] == nil and isempty(extstate[k]))) then
        local status, res = pcall(eq, expected[k], extstate[k], k)
        if not status then
          return (tostring(res)..'\nHint: full state of "'..k..'":\n  '..inspect(extstate[k]))
        end
      end
    end

    if expected.hl_groups ~= nil then
      for name, id in pairs(expected.hl_groups) do
        local expected_hl = attr_state.ids[id]
        local actual_hl = self._attr_table[self.hl_groups[name]][(self._options.rgb and 1) or 2]
        local status, res = pcall(eq, expected_hl, actual_hl, "highlight "..name)
        if not status then
          return tostring(res)
        end
      end
    end
  end, expected)
end

function Screen:expect_unchanged(waittime_ms, ignore_attrs, request_cb)
  waittime_ms = waittime_ms and waittime_ms or 100
  -- Collect the current screen state.
  self:sleep(0, request_cb)
  local kwargs = self:get_snapshot(nil, ignore_attrs)

  -- Check that screen state does not change.
  kwargs.unchanged = true
  kwargs.timeout = waittime_ms
  self:expect(kwargs)
end

function Screen:_wait(check, flags)
  local err, checked = false, false
  local success_seen = false
  local failure_after_success = false
  local did_flush = true
  local warn_immediate = not (flags.unchanged or flags.intermediate)

  if flags.intermediate and flags.unchanged then
    error("Choose only one of 'intermediate' and 'unchanged', not both")
  end

  if flags.reset then
    -- throw away all state, we expect it to be retransmitted
    self:_reset()
  end

  -- Maximum timeout, after which a incorrect state will be regarded as a
  -- failure
  local timeout = flags.timeout or self.timeout

  -- Minimal timeout before the loop is allowed to be stopped so we
  -- always do some check for failure after success.
  local minimal_timeout = default_timeout_factor * 2

  local immediate_seen, intermediate_seen = false, false
  if not check() then
    minimal_timeout = default_timeout_factor * 20
    immediate_seen = true
  end

  -- For an "unchanged" test, flags.timeout is the time during which the state
  -- must not change, so always wait this full time.
  if (flags.unchanged or flags.intermediate) and flags.timeout ~= nil then
    minimal_timeout = timeout
  end

  assert(timeout >= minimal_timeout)
  local did_miminal_timeout = false

  local function notification_cb(method, args)
    assert(method == 'redraw', string.format(
      'notification_cb: unexpected method (%s, args=%s)', method, inspect(args)))
    did_flush = self:_redraw(args)
    if not did_flush then
      return
    end
    err = check()
    checked = true
    if err and immediate_seen then
      intermediate_seen = true
    end

    if not err then
      success_seen = true
      if did_miminal_timeout then
        self._session:stop()
      end
    elseif success_seen and #args > 0 then
      failure_after_success = true
      -- print(inspect(args))
    end

    return true
  end
  run_session(self._session, flags.request_cb, notification_cb, nil, minimal_timeout)
  if not did_flush then
    err = "no flush received"
  elseif not checked then
    err = check()
    if not err and flags.unchanged then
      -- expecting NO screen change: use a shorter timeout
      success_seen = true
    end
  end

  if not success_seen then
    did_miminal_timeout = true
    run_session(self._session, flags.request_cb, notification_cb, nil, timeout-minimal_timeout)
  end

  local did_warn = false
  if warn_immediate and immediate_seen then
     print([[

warning: Screen test succeeded immediately. Try to avoid this unless the
purpose of the test really requires it.]])
    if intermediate_seen then
      print([[
There are intermediate states between the two identical expects.
Use screen:snapshot_util() or screen:redraw_debug() to find them, and add them
to the test if they make sense.
]])
    else
      print([[If necessary, silence this warning with 'unchanged' argument of screen:expect.]])
    end
    did_warn = true
  end

  if failure_after_success then
    print([[

warning: Screen changes were received after the expected state. This indicates
indeterminism in the test. Try adding screen:expect(...) (or poke_eventloop())
between asynchronous (feed(), nvim_input()) and synchronous API calls.
  - Use screen:redraw_debug() to investigate; it may find relevant intermediate
    states that should be added to the test to make it more robust.
  - If the purpose of the test is to assert state after some user input sent
    with feed(), adding screen:expect() before the feed() will help to ensure
    the input is sent when Nvim is in a predictable state. This is preferable
    to poke_eventloop(), for being closer to real user interaction.
  - poke_eventloop() can trigger redraws and thus generate more indeterminism.
    Try removing poke_eventloop().
      ]])
    did_warn = true
  end


  if err then
    busted.fail(err, 3)
  elseif did_warn then
    local tb = debug.traceback()
    local index = string.find(tb, '\n%s*%[C]')
    print(string.sub(tb,1,index))
  end

  if flags.intermediate then
    assert(intermediate_seen, "expected intermediate screen state before final screen state")
  elseif flags.unchanged then
    assert(not intermediate_seen, "expected screen state to be unchanged")
  end
end

function Screen:sleep(ms, request_cb)
  local function notification_cb(method, args)
    assert(method == 'redraw')
    self:_redraw(args)
  end
  run_session(self._session, request_cb, notification_cb, nil, ms)
end

function Screen:_redraw(updates)
  local did_flush = false
  for k, update in ipairs(updates) do
    -- print('--', inspect(update))
    local method = update[1]
    for i = 2, #update do
      local handler_name = '_handle_'..method
      local handler = self[handler_name]
      assert(handler ~= nil, "missing handler: Screen:"..handler_name)
      local status, res = pcall(handler, self, unpack(update[i]))
      if not status then
        error(handler_name..' failed'
          ..'\n  payload: '..inspect(update)
          ..'\n  error:   '..tostring(res))
      end
    end
    if k == #updates and method == "flush" then
      did_flush = true
    end
  end
  return did_flush
end

function Screen:_handle_resize(width, height)
  self:_handle_grid_resize(1, width, height)
  self._scroll_region = {
    top = 1, bot = height, left = 1, right = width
  }
  self._grid = self._grids[1]
end

local function min(x,y)
  if x < y then
    return x
  else
    return y
  end
end

function Screen:_handle_grid_resize(grid, width, height)
  local rows = {}
  for _ = 1, height do
    local cols = {}
    for _ = 1, width do
      table.insert(cols, {text = ' ', attrs = self._clear_attrs, hl_id = 0})
    end
    table.insert(rows, cols)
  end
  if grid > 1 and self._grids[grid] ~= nil then
    local old = self._grids[grid]
    for i = 1, min(height,old.height) do
      for j = 1, min(width,old.width) do
        rows[i][j] = old.rows[i][j]
      end
    end
  end

  if self._cursor.grid == grid then
    self._cursor.row = 1 -- -1 ?
    self._cursor.col = 1
  end
  self._grids[grid] = {
    rows=rows,
    width=width,
    height=height,
  }
end


function Screen:_handle_msg_set_pos(grid, row, scrolled, char)
  self.msg_grid = grid
  self.msg_grid_pos = row
  self.msg_scrolled = scrolled
  self.msg_sep_char = char
end

function Screen:_handle_flush()
end

function Screen:_reset()
  -- TODO: generalize to multigrid later
  self:_handle_grid_clear(1)

  -- TODO: share with initialization, so it generalizes?
  self.popupmenu = nil
  self.cmdline = {}
  self.cmdline_block = {}
  self.wildmenu_items = nil
  self.wildmenu_pos = nil
end

function Screen:_handle_mode_info_set(cursor_style_enabled, mode_info)
  self._cursor_style_enabled = cursor_style_enabled
  for _, item in pairs(mode_info) do
      -- attr IDs are not stable, but their value should be
      if item.attr_id ~= nil then
        item.attr = self._attr_table[item.attr_id][1]
        item.attr_id = nil
      end
      if item.attr_id_lm ~= nil then
        item.attr_lm = self._attr_table[item.attr_id_lm][1]
        item.attr_id_lm = nil
      end
  end
  self._mode_info = mode_info
end

function Screen:_handle_clear()
  -- the first implemented UI protocol clients (python-gui and builitin TUI)
  -- allowed the cleared region to be restricted by setting the scroll region.
  -- this was never used by nvim tough, and not documented and implemented by
  -- newer clients, to check we remain compatible with both kind of clients,
  -- ensure the scroll region is in a reset state.
  local expected_region = {
    top = 1, bot = self._grid.height, left = 1, right = self._grid.width
  }
  eq(expected_region, self._scroll_region)
  self:_handle_grid_clear(1)
end

function Screen:_handle_grid_clear(grid)
  self:_clear_block(self._grids[grid], 1, self._grids[grid].height, 1, self._grids[grid].width)
end

function Screen:_handle_grid_destroy(grid)
  self._grids[grid] = nil
  if self._options.ext_multigrid then
    self.win_position[grid] = nil
    self.win_viewport[grid] = nil
  end
end

function Screen:_handle_eol_clear()
  local row, col = self._cursor.row, self._cursor.col
  self:_clear_block(self._grid, row, row, col, self._grid.width)
end

function Screen:_handle_cursor_goto(row, col)
  self._cursor.row = row + 1
  self._cursor.col = col + 1
end

function Screen:_handle_grid_cursor_goto(grid, row, col)
  self._cursor.grid = grid
  self._cursor.row = row + 1
  self._cursor.col = col + 1
end

function Screen:_handle_win_pos(grid, win, startrow, startcol, width, height)
  self.win_position[grid] = {
    win = win,
    startrow = startrow,
    startcol = startcol,
    width = width,
    height = height
  }
  self.float_pos[grid] = nil
end

function Screen:_handle_win_viewport(grid, win, topline, botline, curline, curcol, linecount)
  self.win_viewport[grid] = {
    win = win,
    topline = topline,
    botline = botline,
    curline = curline,
    curcol = curcol,
    linecount = linecount
  }
end

function Screen:_handle_win_float_pos(grid, ...)
  self.win_position[grid] = nil
  self.float_pos[grid] = {...}
end

function Screen:_handle_win_external_pos(grid)
  self.win_position[grid] = nil
  self.float_pos[grid] = {external=true}
end

function Screen:_handle_win_hide(grid)
  self.win_position[grid] = nil
  self.float_pos[grid] = nil
end

function Screen:_handle_win_close(grid)
  self.float_pos[grid] = nil
end

function Screen:_handle_busy_start()
  self._busy = true
end

function Screen:_handle_busy_stop()
  self._busy = false
end

function Screen:_handle_mouse_on()
  self.mouse_enabled = true
end

function Screen:_handle_mouse_off()
  self.mouse_enabled = false
end

function Screen:_handle_mode_change(mode, idx)
  assert(mode == self._mode_info[idx+1].name)
  self.mode = mode
end

function Screen:_handle_set_scroll_region(top, bot, left, right)
  self._scroll_region.top = top + 1
  self._scroll_region.bot = bot + 1
  self._scroll_region.left = left + 1
  self._scroll_region.right = right + 1
end

function Screen:_handle_scroll(count)
  local top = self._scroll_region.top
  local bot = self._scroll_region.bot
  local left = self._scroll_region.left
  local right = self._scroll_region.right
  self:_handle_grid_scroll(1, top-1, bot, left-1, right, count, 0)
end

function Screen:_handle_grid_scroll(g, top, bot, left, right, rows, cols)
  top = top+1
  left = left+1
  assert(cols == 0)
  local grid = self._grids[g]
  local start, stop, step


  if rows > 0 then
    start = top
    stop = bot - rows
    step = 1
  else
    start = bot
    stop = top - rows
    step = -1
  end

  -- shift scroll region
  for i = start, stop, step do
    local target = grid.rows[i]
    local source = grid.rows[i + rows]
    for j = left, right do
      target[j].text = source[j].text
      target[j].attrs = source[j].attrs
      target[j].hl_id = source[j].hl_id
    end
  end

  -- clear invalid rows
  for i = stop + step, stop + rows, step do
    self:_clear_row_section(grid, i, left, right, true)
  end
end

function Screen:_handle_hl_attr_define(id, rgb_attrs, cterm_attrs, info)
  self._attr_table[id] = {rgb_attrs, cterm_attrs}
  self._hl_info[id] = info
  self._new_attrs = true
end

function Screen:_handle_hl_group_set(name, id)
  self.hl_groups[name] = id
end

function Screen:get_hl(val)
  if self._options.ext_newgrid then
    return self._attr_table[val][1]
  else
    return val
  end
end

function Screen:_handle_highlight_set(attrs)
  self._attrs = attrs
end

function Screen:_handle_put(str)
  assert(not self._options.ext_linegrid)
  local cell = self._grid.rows[self._cursor.row][self._cursor.col]
  cell.text = str
  cell.attrs = self._attrs
  cell.hl_id = -1
  self._cursor.col = self._cursor.col + 1
end

function Screen:_handle_grid_line(grid, row, col, items)
  assert(self._options.ext_linegrid)
  local line = self._grids[grid].rows[row+1]
  local colpos = col+1
  local hl_id = 0
  for _,item in ipairs(items) do
    local text, hl_id_cell, count = unpack(item)
    if hl_id_cell ~= nil then
      hl_id = hl_id_cell
    end
    for _ = 1, (count or 1) do
      local cell = line[colpos]
      cell.text = text
      cell.hl_id = hl_id
      colpos = colpos+1
    end
  end
end

function Screen:_handle_bell()
  self.bell = true
end

function Screen:_handle_visual_bell()
  self.visual_bell = true
end

function Screen:_handle_default_colors_set(rgb_fg, rgb_bg, rgb_sp, cterm_fg, cterm_bg)
  self.default_colors = {
    rgb_fg=rgb_fg,
    rgb_bg=rgb_bg,
    rgb_sp=rgb_sp,
    cterm_fg=cterm_fg,
    cterm_bg=cterm_bg
  }
end

function Screen:_handle_update_fg(fg)
  self._fg = fg
end

function Screen:_handle_update_bg(bg)
  self._bg = bg
end

function Screen:_handle_update_sp(sp)
  self._sp = sp
end

function Screen:_handle_suspend()
  self.suspended = true
end

function Screen:_handle_update_menu()
  self.update_menu = true
end

function Screen:_handle_set_title(title)
  self.title = title
end

function Screen:_handle_set_icon(icon)
  self.icon = icon
end

function Screen:_handle_option_set(name, value)
  self.options[name] = value
end

function Screen:_handle_popupmenu_show(items, selected, row, col, grid)
  self.popupmenu = {items=items, pos=selected, anchor={grid, row, col}}
end

function Screen:_handle_popupmenu_select(selected)
  self.popupmenu.pos = selected
end

function Screen:_handle_popupmenu_hide()
  self.popupmenu = nil
end

function Screen:_handle_cmdline_show(content, pos, firstc, prompt, indent, level)
  if firstc == '' then firstc = nil end
  if prompt == '' then prompt = nil end
  if indent == 0 then indent = nil end

  -- check position is valid #10000
  local len = 0
  for _, chunk in ipairs(content) do
    len = len + string.len(chunk[2])
  end
  assert(pos <= len)

  self.cmdline[level] = {content=content, pos=pos, firstc=firstc,
                         prompt=prompt, indent=indent}
end

function Screen:_handle_cmdline_hide(level)
  self.cmdline[level] = nil
end

function Screen:_handle_cmdline_special_char(char, shift, level)
  -- cleared by next cmdline_show on the same level
  self.cmdline[level].special = {char, shift}
end

function Screen:_handle_cmdline_pos(pos, level)
  self.cmdline[level].pos = pos
end

function Screen:_handle_cmdline_block_show(block)
  self.cmdline_block = block
end

function Screen:_handle_cmdline_block_append(item)
  self.cmdline_block[#self.cmdline_block+1] = item
end

function Screen:_handle_cmdline_block_hide()
  self.cmdline_block = {}
end

function Screen:_handle_wildmenu_show(items)
  self.wildmenu_items = items
end

function Screen:_handle_wildmenu_select(pos)
  self.wildmenu_pos = pos
end

function Screen:_handle_wildmenu_hide()
  self.wildmenu_items, self.wildmenu_pos = nil, nil
end

function Screen:_handle_msg_show(kind, chunks, replace_last)
  local pos = #self.messages
  if not replace_last or pos == 0 then
    pos = pos + 1
  end
  self.messages[pos] = {kind=kind, content=chunks}
end

function Screen:_handle_msg_clear()
  self.messages = {}
end

function Screen:_handle_msg_showcmd(msg)
  self.showcmd = msg
end

function Screen:_handle_msg_showmode(msg)
  self.showmode = msg
end

function Screen:_handle_msg_ruler(msg)
  self.ruler = msg
end

function Screen:_handle_msg_history_show(entries)
  self.msg_history = entries
end

function Screen:_clear_block(grid, top, bot, left, right)
  for i = top, bot do
    self:_clear_row_section(grid, i, left, right)
  end
end

function Screen:_clear_row_section(grid, rownum, startcol, stopcol, invalid)
  local row = grid.rows[rownum]
  for i = startcol, stopcol do
    row[i].text = (invalid and '�' or ' ')
    row[i].attrs = self._clear_attrs
    row[i].hl_id = 0
  end
end

function Screen:_row_repr(gridnr, rownr, attr_state, cursor)
  local rv = {}
  local current_attr_id
  local i = 1
  local has_windows = self._options.ext_multigrid and gridnr == 1
  local row = self._grids[gridnr].rows[rownr]
  if has_windows and self.msg_grid and self.msg_grid_pos < rownr then
    return '['..self.msg_grid..':'..string.rep('-',#row)..']'
  end
  while i <= #row do
    local did_window = false
    if has_windows then
      for id,pos in pairs(self.win_position) do
        if i-1 == pos.startcol and pos.startrow <= rownr-1 and rownr-1 < pos.startrow + pos.height then
          if current_attr_id then
            -- close current attribute bracket
            table.insert(rv, '}')
            current_attr_id = nil
          end
          table.insert(rv, '['..id..':'..string.rep('-',pos.width)..']')
          i = i + pos.width
          did_window = true
        end
      end
    end

    if not did_window then
      local attr_id = self:_get_attr_id(attr_state, row[i].attrs, row[i].hl_id)
      if current_attr_id and attr_id ~= current_attr_id then
        -- close current attribute bracket
        table.insert(rv, '}')
        current_attr_id = nil
      end
      if not current_attr_id and attr_id then
        -- open a new attribute bracket
        table.insert(rv, '{' .. attr_id .. ':')
        current_attr_id = attr_id
      end
      if not self._busy and cursor and self._cursor.col == i then
        table.insert(rv, '^')
      end
      table.insert(rv, row[i].text)
      i = i + 1
    end
  end
  if current_attr_id then
    table.insert(rv, '}')
  end
  -- return the line representation, but remove empty attribute brackets and
  -- trailing whitespace
  return table.concat(rv, '')--:gsub('%s+$', '')
end

function Screen:_extstate_repr(attr_state)
  local cmdline = {}
  for i, entry in pairs(self.cmdline) do
    entry = shallowcopy(entry)
    entry.content = self:_chunks_repr(entry.content, attr_state)
    cmdline[i] = entry
  end

  local cmdline_block = {}
  for i, entry in ipairs(self.cmdline_block) do
    cmdline_block[i] = self:_chunks_repr(entry, attr_state)
  end

  local messages = {}
  for i, entry in ipairs(self.messages) do
    messages[i] = {kind=entry.kind, content=self:_chunks_repr(entry.content, attr_state)}
  end

  local msg_history = {}
  for i, entry in ipairs(self.msg_history) do
    messages[i] = {kind=entry[1], content=self:_chunks_repr(entry[2], attr_state)}
  end

  local win_viewport = (next(self.win_viewport) and self.win_viewport) or nil

  return {
    popupmenu=self.popupmenu,
    cmdline=cmdline,
    cmdline_block=cmdline_block,
    wildmenu_items=self.wildmenu_items,
    wildmenu_pos=self.wildmenu_pos,
    messages=messages,
    showmode=self:_chunks_repr(self.showmode, attr_state),
    showcmd=self:_chunks_repr(self.showcmd, attr_state),
    ruler=self:_chunks_repr(self.ruler, attr_state),
    msg_history=msg_history,
    float_pos=self.float_pos,
    win_viewport=win_viewport,
  }
end

function Screen:_chunks_repr(chunks, attr_state)
  local repr_chunks = {}
  for i, chunk in ipairs(chunks) do
    local hl, text = unpack(chunk)
    local attrs
    if self._options.ext_linegrid then
      attrs = self._attr_table[hl][1]
    else
      attrs = hl
    end
    local attr_id = self:_get_attr_id(attr_state, attrs, hl)
    repr_chunks[i] = {text, attr_id}
  end
  return repr_chunks
end

-- Generates tests. Call it where Screen:expect() would be. Waits briefly, then
-- dumps the current screen state in the form of Screen:expect().
-- Use snapshot_util({},true) to generate a text-only (no attributes) test.
--
-- @see Screen:redraw_debug()
function Screen:snapshot_util(attrs, ignore, request_cb)
  self:sleep(250, request_cb)
  self:print_snapshot(attrs, ignore)
end

function Screen:redraw_debug(attrs, ignore, timeout)
  self:print_snapshot(attrs, ignore)
  local function notification_cb(method, args)
    assert(method == 'redraw')
    for _, update in ipairs(args) do
      -- mode_info_set is quite verbose, comment out the condition to debug it.
      if update[1] ~= "mode_info_set" then
        print(inspect(update))
      end
    end
    self:_redraw(args)
    self:print_snapshot(attrs, ignore)
    return true
  end
  if timeout == nil then
    timeout = 250
  end
  run_session(self._session, nil, notification_cb, nil, timeout)
end

function Screen:render(headers, attr_state, preview)
  headers = headers and (self._options.ext_multigrid or self._options._debug_float)
  local rv = {}
  for igrid,grid in pairs(self._grids) do
    if headers then
      local suffix = ""
      if igrid > 1 and self.win_position[igrid] == nil
        and self.float_pos[igrid] == nil and self.msg_grid ~= igrid then
        suffix = " (hidden)"
      end
      table.insert(rv, "## grid "..igrid..suffix)
    end
    local height = grid.height
    if igrid == self.msg_grid then
      height = self._grids[1].height - self.msg_grid_pos
    end
    for i = 1, height do
      local cursor = self._cursor.grid == igrid and self._cursor.row == i
      local prefix = (headers or preview) and "  " or ""
      table.insert(rv, prefix..self:_row_repr(igrid, i, attr_state, cursor).."|")
    end
  end
  return rv
end

-- Returns the current screen state in the form of a screen:expect()
-- keyword-args map.
function Screen:get_snapshot(attrs, ignore)
  attrs = attrs or self._default_attr_ids
  if ignore == nil then
    ignore = self._default_attr_ignore
  end
  local attr_state = {
      ids = {},
      ignore = ignore,
      mutable = true, -- allow _row_repr to add missing highlights
  }

  if attrs ~= nil then
    for i, a in pairs(attrs) do
      attr_state.ids[i] = a
    end
  end
  if self._options.ext_linegrid then
    attr_state.id_to_index = self:linegrid_check_attrs(attr_state.ids)
  end

  local lines = self:render(true, attr_state, true)

  local ext_state = self:_extstate_repr(attr_state)
  for k, v in pairs(ext_state) do
    if isempty(v) then
      ext_state[k] = nil -- deleting keys while iterating is ok
    end
  end

  -- Build keyword-args for screen:expect().
  local kwargs = {}
  if attr_state.modified then
    kwargs['attr_ids'] = {}
    for i, a in pairs(attr_state.ids) do
      kwargs['attr_ids'][i] = a
    end
  end
  kwargs['grid'] = table.concat(lines, '\n')
  for _, k in ipairs(ext_keys) do
    if ext_state[k] ~= nil then
      kwargs[k] = ext_state[k]
    end
  end

  return kwargs, ext_state, attr_state
end

local function fmt_ext_state(name, state)
  local function remove_all_metatables(item, path)
    if path[#path] ~= inspect.METATABLE then
      return item
    end
  end
  if name == "win_viewport" then
    local str = "{\n"
    for k,v in pairs(state) do
      str = (str.."  ["..k.."] = {win = {id = "..v.win.id.."}, topline = "
             ..v.topline..", botline = "..v.botline..", curline = "..v.curline
             ..", curcol = "..v.curcol..", linecount = "..v.linecount.."};\n")
    end
    return str .. "}"
  elseif name == "float_pos" then
    local str = "{\n"
    for k,v in pairs(state) do
      str = str.."  ["..k.."] = {{id = "..v[1].id.."}"
      for i = 2, #v do
        str = str..", "..inspect(v[i])
      end
      str = str .. "};\n"
    end
    return str .. "}"
  else
    -- TODO(bfredl): improve formatting of more states
    return inspect(state,{process=remove_all_metatables})
  end
end

function Screen:print_snapshot(attrs, ignore)
  local kwargs, ext_state, attr_state = self:get_snapshot(attrs, ignore)
  local attrstr = ""
  if attr_state.modified then
    local attrstrs = {}
    for i, a in pairs(attr_state.ids) do
      local dict
      if self._options.ext_linegrid then
        dict = self:_pprint_hlitem(a)
      else
        dict = "{"..self:_pprint_attrs(a).."}"
      end
      local keyval = (type(i) == "number") and "["..tostring(i).."]" or i
      table.insert(attrstrs, "  "..keyval.." = "..dict..";")
    end
    attrstr = (", attr_ids={\n"..table.concat(attrstrs, "\n").."\n}")
  end

  print( "\nscreen:expect{grid=[[")
  print(kwargs.grid)
  io.stdout:write( "]]"..attrstr)
  for _, k in ipairs(ext_keys) do
    if ext_state[k] ~= nil and not (k == "win_viewport" and not self.options.ext_multigrid) then
      io.stdout:write(", "..k.."="..fmt_ext_state(k, ext_state[k]))
    end
  end
  print("}\n")
  io.stdout:flush()
end

function Screen:_insert_hl_id(attr_state, hl_id)
  if attr_state.id_to_index[hl_id] ~= nil then
    return attr_state.id_to_index[hl_id]
  end
  local raw_info = self._hl_info[hl_id]
  local info = nil
  if self._options.ext_hlstate then
    info = {}
    if #raw_info > 1 then
      for i, item in ipairs(raw_info) do
        info[i] = self:_insert_hl_id(attr_state, item.id)
      end
    else
      info[1] = {}
      for k, v in pairs(raw_info[1]) do
        if k ~= "id" then
          info[1][k] = v
        end
      end
    end
  end

  local entry = self._attr_table[hl_id]
  local attrval
  if self._rgb_cterm then
    attrval = {entry[1], entry[2], info} -- unpack() doesn't work
  elseif self._options.ext_hlstate then
    attrval = {entry[1], info}
  else
    attrval = self._options.rgb and entry[1] or entry[2]
  end

  table.insert(attr_state.ids, attrval)
  attr_state.id_to_index[hl_id] = #attr_state.ids
  return #attr_state.ids
end

function Screen:linegrid_check_attrs(attrs)
  local id_to_index = {}
  for i, def_attr in pairs(self._attr_table) do
    local iinfo = self._hl_info[i]
    local matchinfo = {}
    if #iinfo > 1 then
      for k,item in ipairs(iinfo) do
        matchinfo[k] = id_to_index[item.id]
      end
    else
      matchinfo = iinfo
    end
    for k,v in pairs(attrs) do
      local attr, info, attr_rgb, attr_cterm
      if self._rgb_cterm then
        attr_rgb, attr_cterm, info = unpack(v)
        attr = {attr_rgb, attr_cterm}
        info = info or {}
      elseif self._options.ext_hlstate then
        attr, info = unpack(v)
      else
        attr = v
        info = {}
      end
      if self:_equal_attr_def(attr, def_attr) then
        if #info == #matchinfo then
          local match = false
          if #info == 1 then
            if self:_equal_info(info[1],matchinfo[1]) then
              match = true
            end
          else
            match = true
            for j = 1,#info do
              if info[j] ~= matchinfo[j] then
                match = false
              end
            end
          end
          if match then
            id_to_index[i] = k
          end
        end
      end
    end
    if self:_equal_attr_def(self._rgb_cterm and {{}, {}} or {}, def_attr) and #self._hl_info[i] == 0 then
      id_to_index[i] = ""
    end
  end
  return id_to_index
end


function Screen:_pprint_hlitem(item)
    -- print(inspect(item))
    local multi = self._rgb_cterm or self._options.ext_hlstate
    local cterm = (not self._rgb_cterm and not self._options.rgb)
    local attrdict = "{"..self:_pprint_attrs(multi and item[1] or item, cterm).."}"
    local attrdict2, hlinfo
    local descdict = ""
    if self._rgb_cterm then
      attrdict2 = ", {"..self:_pprint_attrs(item[2], true).."}"
      hlinfo = item[3]
    else
      attrdict2 = ""
      hlinfo = item[2]
    end
    if self._options.ext_hlstate then
      descdict = ", {"..self:_pprint_hlinfo(hlinfo).."}"
    end
    return (multi and "{" or "")..attrdict..attrdict2..descdict..(multi and "}" or "")
end

function Screen:_pprint_hlinfo(states)
  if #states == 1 then
    local items = {}
    for f, v in pairs(states[1]) do
      local desc = tostring(v)
      if type(v) == type("") then
        desc = '"'..desc..'"'
      end
      table.insert(items, f.." = "..desc)
    end
    return "{"..table.concat(items, ", ").."}"
  else
    return table.concat(states, ", ")
  end
end


function Screen:_pprint_attrs(attrs, cterm)
    local items = {}
    for f, v in pairs(attrs) do
      local desc = tostring(v)
      if f == "foreground" or f == "background" or f == "special" then
        if Screen.colornames[v] ~= nil then
          desc = "Screen.colors."..Screen.colornames[v]
        elseif cterm then
          desc = tostring(v)
        else
          desc = string.format("tonumber('0x%06x')",v)
        end
      end
      table.insert(items, f.." = "..desc)
    end
    return table.concat(items, ", ")
end

local function backward_find_meaningful(tbl, from)  -- luacheck: no unused
  for i = from or #tbl, 1, -1 do
    if tbl[i] ~= ' ' then
      return i + 1
    end
  end
  return from
end

function Screen:_get_attr_id(attr_state, attrs, hl_id)
  if not attr_state.ids then
    return
  end

  if self._options.ext_linegrid then
    local id = attr_state.id_to_index[hl_id]
    if id == "" then -- sentinel for empty it
      return nil
    elseif id ~= nil then
      return id
    end
    if attr_state.mutable then
      id = self:_insert_hl_id(attr_state, hl_id)
      attr_state.modified = true
      return id
    end
    return "UNEXPECTED "..self:_pprint_attrs(self._attr_table[hl_id][1])
  else
    if self:_equal_attrs(attrs, {}) then
      -- ignore this attrs
      return nil
    end
    for id, a in pairs(attr_state.ids) do
      if self:_equal_attrs(a, attrs) then
         return id
       end
    end
    if attr_state.mutable then
      table.insert(attr_state.ids, attrs)
      attr_state.modified = true
      return #attr_state.ids
    end
    return "UNEXPECTED "..self:_pprint_attrs(attrs)
  end
end

function Screen:_equal_attr_def(a, b)
  if self._rgb_cterm then
    return self:_equal_attrs(a[1],b[1]) and self:_equal_attrs(a[2],b[2])
  elseif self._options.rgb then
    return self:_equal_attrs(a,b[1])
  else
    return self:_equal_attrs(a,b[2])
  end
end

function Screen:_equal_attrs(a, b)
    return a.bold == b.bold and a.standout == b.standout and
       a.underline == b.underline and a.underlineline == b.underlineline and
       a.undercurl == b.undercurl and a.underdot == b.underdot and
       a.underdash == b.underdash and a.italic == b.italic and
       a.reverse == b.reverse and a.foreground == b.foreground and
       a.background == b.background and a.special == b.special and a.blend == b.blend and
       a.strikethrough == b.strikethrough and
       a.fg_indexed == b.fg_indexed and a.bg_indexed == b.bg_indexed
end

function Screen:_equal_info(a, b)
    return a.kind == b.kind and a.hi_name == b.hi_name and
       a.ui_name == b.ui_name
end

function Screen:_attr_index(attrs, attr)
  if not attrs then
    return nil
  end
  for i,a in pairs(attrs) do
    if self:_equal_attrs(a, attr) then
      return i
    end
  end
  return nil
end

return Screen
