module Distribution
  module Normal
    module Ruby_
      class << self
        # Return a Proc object which returns a random number drawn 
        # from the normal distribution with mean +mean+ and
        # standard deviation +sigma+, i.e. from N(+mean+,+sigma+^2).
        #
        # == Arguments
        #   * +mean+  - mean of the normal distribution
        #   * +sigma+ - standard deviation, a strictly positive number
        #   * +seed+  - seed, an integer value to set the initial state
        #
        # == Reference
        #   * http://www.taygeta.com/random/gaussian.html
        #
        def rng(mean = 0, sigma = 1, seed = nil)
          seed = Random.new_seed if seed.nil?
          r = Random.new(seed)
          returned = 0
          y1 = 0
          y2 = 0
          lambda do
            if returned == 0
              begin
                x1 = 2.0 * r.rand - 1.0
                x2 = 2.0 * r.rand - 1.0
                w = x1 * x1 + x2 * x2
              end while (w >= 1.0)
              w = Math.sqrt((-2.0 * Math.log(w)) / w)
              y1 = x1 * w
              y2 = x2 * w
              returned = 1
              y1 * sigma + mean
            else
              returned = 0
              y2 * sigma + mean
            end
          end
        end

        # random number within a gaussian distribution X ~ N(0,1)
        def rngu
          rng(0, 1, nil)
        end

        # Normal probability density function (pdf)
        # With x=0 and sigma=1
        def pdf(x)
          (1.0 / SQ2PI) * Math.exp(-(x**2 / 2.0))
        end

        # Normal cumulative distribution function (cdf).
        #
        # Returns the integral of  normal distribution
        # over (-Infty, z].
        #
        def cdf(z)
          return 0.0 if z < -12
          return 1.0 if z > 12
          return 0.5 if z == 0.0

          if z > 0.0
            e = true
          else
            e = false
            z = -z
          end
          z = z.to_f
          z2 = z * z
          t = q = z * Math.exp(-0.5 * z2) / SQ2PI

          3.step(199, 2) do |i|
            prev = q
            t *= z2 / i
            q += t
            return(e ? 0.5 + q : 0.5 - q) if q <= prev
          end
          e ? 1.0 : 0.0
        end

        # Return the inverse CDF or P-value of the corresponding integral
        def quantile(qn)
          b = [1.570796288, 0.03706987906, -0.8364353589e-3,
               -0.2250947176e-3, 0.6841218299e-5, 0.5824238515e-5,
               -0.104527497e-5, 0.8360937017e-7, -0.3231081277e-8,
               0.3657763036e-10, 0.6936233982e-12]

          if qn < 0.0 || 1.0 < qn
            $stderr.printf("Error : qn <= 0 or qn >= 1  in pnorm()!\n")
            return 0.0
          end
          qn == 0.5 and return 0.0

          w1 = qn
          qn > 0.5 && w1 = 1.0 - w1
          w3 = -Math.log(4.0 * w1 * (1.0 - w1))
          w1 = b[0]
          1.upto 10 do |i|
            w1 += b[i] * w3**i
          end
          qn > 0.5 and return Math.sqrt(w1 * w3)
          -Math.sqrt(w1 * w3)
        end

        alias_method :p_value, :quantile
      end
    end
  end
end
