test_migration() {
    # setup a second Incus
    # shellcheck disable=2039,3043
    local INCUS2_DIR INCUS2_ADDR incus_backend
    # shellcheck disable=2153
    incus_backend=$(storage_backend "$INCUS_DIR")

    INCUS2_DIR=$(mktemp -d -p "${TEST_DIR}" XXX)
    chmod +x "${INCUS2_DIR}"
    spawn_incus "${INCUS2_DIR}" true
    INCUS2_ADDR=$(cat "${INCUS2_DIR}/incus.addr")

    # workaround for kernel/criu
    umount /sys/kernel/debug > /dev/null 2>&1 || true

    token="$(incus config trust add foo -q)"
    # shellcheck disable=2153
    incus_remote remote add l1 "${INCUS_ADDR}" --accept-certificate --token "${token}"

    token="$(INCUS_DIR=${INCUS2_DIR} incus config trust add foo -q)"
    incus_remote remote add l2 "${INCUS2_ADDR}" --accept-certificate --token "${token}"

    migration "$INCUS2_DIR"

    # This should only run on lvm and when the backend is not random. Otherwise
    # we might perform existence checks for files or dirs that won't be available
    # since the logical volume is not mounted when the container is not running.
    # shellcheck disable=2153
    if [ "${INCUS_BACKEND}" = "lvm" ]; then
        # Test that non-thinpool lvm backends work fine with migration.

        # shellcheck disable=2039,3043
        local storage_pool1 storage_pool2
        # shellcheck disable=2153
        storage_pool1="incustest-$(basename "${INCUS_DIR}")-non-thinpool-lvm-migration"
        storage_pool2="incustest-$(basename "${INCUS2_DIR}")-non-thinpool-lvm-migration"
        incus_remote storage create l1:"$storage_pool1" lvm lvm.use_thinpool=false size=1GiB volume.size=25MiB
        incus_remote profile device set l1:default root pool "$storage_pool1"

        incus_remote storage create l2:"$storage_pool2" lvm lvm.use_thinpool=false size=1GiB volume.size=25MiB
        incus_remote profile device set l2:default root pool "$storage_pool2"

        migration "$INCUS2_DIR"

        incus_remote profile device set l1:default root pool "incustest-$(basename "${INCUS_DIR}")"
        incus_remote profile device set l2:default root pool "incustest-$(basename "${INCUS2_DIR}")"

        incus_remote storage delete l1:"$storage_pool1"
        incus_remote storage delete l2:"$storage_pool2"
    fi

    if [ "${INCUS_BACKEND}" = "zfs" ]; then
        # Test that block mode zfs backends work fine with migration.
        for fs in "ext4" "btrfs" "xfs"; do
            if ! command -v "mkfs.${fs}" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
                echo "==> SKIP: Skipping block mode test on ${fs} due to missing tools."
                continue
            fi

            if [ "${fs}" = "xfs" ] && grep -q noble /etc/os-release; then
                echo "==> SKIP: Skipping block mode test on ${fs} due to broken OS tools."
                continue
            fi

            # shellcheck disable=2039,3043
            local storage_pool1 storage_pool2
            # shellcheck disable=2153
            storage_pool1="incustest-$(basename "${INCUS_DIR}")-block-mode"
            storage_pool2="incustest-$(basename "${INCUS2_DIR}")-block-mode"
            incus_remote storage create l1:"$storage_pool1" zfs size=1GiB volume.zfs.block_mode=true volume.block.filesystem="${fs}"
            incus_remote profile device set l1:default root pool "$storage_pool1"

            incus_remote storage create l2:"$storage_pool2" zfs size=1GiB volume.zfs.block_mode=true volume.block.filesystem="${fs}"
            incus_remote profile device set l2:default root pool "$storage_pool2"

            migration "$INCUS2_DIR"

            incus_remote profile device set l1:default root pool "incustest-$(basename "${INCUS_DIR}")"
            incus_remote profile device set l2:default root pool "incustest-$(basename "${INCUS2_DIR}")"

            incus_remote storage delete l1:"$storage_pool1"
            incus_remote storage delete l2:"$storage_pool2"
        done
    fi

    incus_remote remote remove l1
    incus_remote remote remove l2
    kill_incus "$INCUS2_DIR"
}

migration() {
    # shellcheck disable=2039,3043
    local incus2_dir incus_backend incus2_backend
    incus2_dir="$1"
    incus_backend=$(storage_backend "$INCUS_DIR")
    incus2_backend=$(storage_backend "$incus2_dir")
    ensure_import_testimage

    incus_remote init testimage nonlive
    # test moving snapshots
    incus_remote config set l1:nonlive user.tester foo
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:nonlive
    incus_remote config unset l1:nonlive user.tester
    incus_remote move l1:nonlive l2:
    incus_remote config show l2:nonlive/snap0 | grep user.tester | grep foo

    # This line exists so that the container's storage volume is mounted when we
    # perform existence check for various files.
    incus_remote start l2:nonlive
    # FIXME: make this backend agnostic
    if [ "$incus2_backend" != "lvm" ] && [ "$incus2_backend" != "zfs" ] && [ "$incus2_backend" != "ceph" ] && [ "$incus2_backend" != "linstor" ] && [ "$incus2_backend" != "truenas" ]; then
        [ -d "${incus2_dir}/containers/nonlive/rootfs" ]
    fi
    incus_remote stop l2:nonlive --force

    [ ! -d "${INCUS_DIR}/containers/nonlive" ]
    # FIXME: make this backend agnostic
    if [ "$incus2_backend" = "dir" ]; then
        [ -d "${incus2_dir}/containers-snapshots/nonlive/snap0/rootfs/bin" ]
    fi

    incus_remote copy l2:nonlive l1:nonlive2 --mode=push
    # This line exists so that the container's storage volume is mounted when we
    # perform existence check for various files.
    incus_remote start l2:nonlive
    [ -d "${INCUS_DIR}/containers/nonlive2" ]
    # FIXME: make this backend agnostic
    if [ "$incus2_backend" != "lvm" ] && [ "$incus2_backend" != "zfs" ] && [ "$incus2_backend" != "ceph" ] && [ "$incus2_backend" != "linstor" ] && [ "$incus2_backend" != "truenas" ]; then
        [ -d "${incus2_dir}/containers/nonlive/rootfs/bin" ]
    fi

    # FIXME: make this backend agnostic
    if [ "$incus_backend" = "dir" ]; then
        [ -d "${INCUS_DIR}/containers-snapshots/nonlive2/snap0/rootfs/bin" ]
    fi

    incus_remote copy l1:nonlive2/snap0 l2:nonlive3 --mode=relay
    # FIXME: make this backend agnostic
    if [ "$incus2_backend" != "lvm" ] && [ "$incus2_backend" != "zfs" ] && [ "$incus2_backend" != "ceph" ] && [ "$incus2_backend" != "linstor" ] && [ "$incus2_backend" != "truenas" ]; then
        [ -d "${incus2_dir}/containers/nonlive3/rootfs/bin" ]
    fi
    incus_remote delete l2:nonlive3 --force

    incus_remote stop l2:nonlive --force
    incus_remote copy l2:nonlive l2:nonlive2 --mode=push
    # should have the same base image tag
    [ "$(incus_remote config get l2:nonlive volatile.base_image)" = "$(incus_remote config get l2:nonlive2 volatile.base_image)" ]
    # check that nonlive2 has a new addr in volatile
    [ "$(incus_remote config get l2:nonlive volatile.eth0.hwaddr)" != "$(incus_remote config get l2:nonlive2 volatile.eth0.hwaddr)" ]

    incus_remote config unset l2:nonlive volatile.base_image
    incus_remote copy l2:nonlive l1:nobase
    incus_remote delete l1:nobase

    incus_remote start l1:nonlive2
    incus_remote list l1: | grep RUNNING | grep nonlive2
    incus_remote delete l1:nonlive2 l2:nonlive2 --force

    incus_remote launch testimage cccp
    incus_remote copy l1:cccp l2:udssr --stateless
    incus_remote delete l2:udssr --force
    incus_remote copy l1:cccp l2:udssr --stateless --mode=push
    incus_remote delete l2:udssr --force
    incus_remote copy l1:cccp l2:udssr --stateless --mode=relay
    incus_remote delete l2:udssr --force

    incus_remote move l1:cccp l2:udssr --stateless
    incus_remote delete l2:udssr --force
    incus_remote launch testimage cccp
    incus_remote move l1:cccp l2:udssr --stateless --mode=push
    incus_remote delete l2:udssr --force
    incus_remote launch testimage cccp
    incus_remote move l1:cccp l2:udssr --stateless --mode=relay
    incus_remote delete l2:udssr --force

    incus_remote start l2:nonlive
    incus_remote list l2: | grep RUNNING | grep nonlive
    incus_remote delete l2:nonlive --force

    # Get container's pool.
    pool=$(incus config profile device get default root pool)
    remote_pool=$(incus_remote config profile device get l2:default root pool)

    # Test container only copies
    incus init testimage cccp

    incus storage volume set "${pool}" container/cccp user.foo=snap0
    echo "before" | incus file push - cccp/blah
    incus snapshot create cccp
    incus storage volume set "${pool}" container/cccp user.foo=snap1
    incus snapshot create cccp
    echo "after" | incus file push - cccp/blah
    incus storage volume set "${pool}" container/cccp user.foo=postsnap1

    # Check storage volume creation times are set.
    incus query /1.0/storage-pools/"${pool}"/volumes/container/cccp | jq .created_at | grep -Fv '0001-01-01T00:00:00Z'
    incus query /1.0/storage-pools/"${pool}"/volumes/container/cccp/snapshots/snap0 | jq .created_at | grep -Fv '0001-01-01T00:00:00Z'

    # Local container only copy.
    incus copy cccp udssr --instance-only
    [ "$(incus info udssr | grep -c snap)" -eq 0 ]
    [ "$(incus file pull udssr/blah -)" = "after" ]
    incus delete udssr

    # Local container with snapshots copy.
    incus copy cccp udssr
    [ "$(incus info udssr | grep -c snap)" -eq 2 ]
    [ "$(incus file pull udssr/blah -)" = "after" ]
    incus storage volume show "${pool}" container/udssr
    incus storage volume get "${pool}" container/udssr user.foo | grep -Fx "postsnap1"
    incus storage volume get "${pool}" container/udssr/snap0 user.foo | grep -Fx "snap0"
    incus storage volume get "${pool}" container/udssr/snap1 user.foo | grep -Fx "snap1"
    incus delete udssr

    # Remote container only copy.
    incus_remote copy l1:cccp l2:udssr --instance-only
    [ "$(incus_remote info l2:udssr | grep -c snap)" -eq 0 ]
    [ "$(incus_remote file pull l2:udssr/blah -)" = "after" ]
    incus_remote delete l2:udssr

    # Remote container with snapshots copy.
    incus_remote copy l1:cccp l2:udssr
    [ "$(incus_remote info l2:udssr | grep -c snap)" -eq 2 ]
    [ "$(incus_remote file pull l2:udssr/blah -)" = "after" ]
    incus_remote storage volume show l2:"${remote_pool}" container/udssr
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"${remote_pool}" container/udssr user.foo | grep -Fx "postsnap1"
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"${remote_pool}" container/udssr/snap0 user.foo | grep -Fx "snap0"
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"${remote_pool}" container/udssr/snap1 user.foo | grep -Fx "snap1"
    incus_remote delete l2:udssr

    # Remote container only move.
    incus_remote move l1:cccp l2:udssr --instance-only --mode=relay
    ! incus_remote info l1:cccp || false
    [ "$(incus_remote info l2:udssr | grep -c snap)" -eq 0 ]
    incus_remote delete l2:udssr

    incus_remote init testimage l1:cccp
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:cccp
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:cccp

    # Remote container with snapshots move.
    incus_remote move l1:cccp l2:udssr --mode=push
    ! incus_remote info l1:cccp || false
    [ "$(incus_remote info l2:udssr | grep -c snap)" -eq 2 ]
    incus_remote delete l2:udssr

    # Test container only copies
    incus init testimage cccp
    incus snapshot create cccp
    incus snapshot create cccp

    # Local container with snapshots move.
    incus move cccp udssr --mode=pull
    ! incus info cccp || false
    [ "$(incus info udssr | grep -c snap)" -eq 2 ]
    incus delete udssr

    if [ "$incus_backend" = "zfs" ] || [ "$incus_backend" = "truenas" ]; then
        # Test container only copies when zfs|truenas.clone_copy is set to false.
        incus storage set "incustest-$(basename "${INCUS_DIR}")" "${incus_backend}.clone_copy" false
        incus init testimage cccp
        incus snapshot create cccp
        incus snapshot create cccp

        # Test container only copies when zfs.clone_copy is set to false.
        incus copy cccp udssr --instance-only
        [ "$(incus info udssr | grep -c snap)" -eq 0 ]
        incus delete udssr

        # Test container with snapshots copy when zfs.clone_copy is set to false.
        incus copy cccp udssr
        [ "$(incus info udssr | grep -c snap)" -eq 2 ]
        incus delete cccp
        incus delete udssr

        incus storage unset "incustest-$(basename "${INCUS_DIR}")" "${incus_backend}.clone_copy"
    fi

    incus_remote init testimage l1:c1
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c2
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c2 --refresh

    incus_remote start l1:c1 l2:c2

    # Make sure the testfile doesn't exist
    ! incus file pull l1:c1 -- /root/testfile1 || false
    ! incus file pull l2:c2 -- /root/testfile1 || false

    #incus_remote start l1:c1 l2:c2

    # Containers may not be running when refreshing
    ! incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c2 --refresh || false

    # Create test file in c1
    echo test | incus_remote file push - l1:c1/root/testfile1

    incus_remote stop -f l1:c1 l2:c2

    # Refresh the container and validate the contents
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c2 --refresh
    incus_remote start l2:c2
    incus_remote file pull l2:c2/root/testfile1 .
    [ "$(cat testfile1)" = "test" ]
    rm testfile1
    incus_remote stop -f l2:c2

    # Change the files modification time by adding one nanosecond.
    # Perform the change on the test runner since the busybox instances `touch` doesn't support setting nanoseconds.
    incus_remote start l1:c1
    c1_pid="$(incus_remote query l1:/1.0/instances/c1?recursion=1 | jq -r .state.pid)"
    mtime_old="$(stat -c %y "/proc/${c1_pid}/root/root/testfile1")"
    mtime_old_ns="$(date -d "$mtime_old" +%N | sed 's/^0*//')"

    # Ensure the final nanoseconds are padded with zeros to create a valid format.
    mtime_new_ns="$(printf "%09d\n" "$((mtime_old_ns + 1))")"
    mtime_new="$(date -d "$mtime_old" "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.${mtime_new_ns} %z")"
    incus_remote stop -f l1:c1

    # Before setting the new mtime create a local copy too.
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l1:c2

    # Change the modification time.
    incus_remote start l1:c1
    c1_pid="$(incus_remote query l1:/1.0/instances/c1?recursion=1 | jq -r .state.pid)"
    touch -m -d "$mtime_new" "/proc/${c1_pid}/root/root/testfile1"
    incus_remote stop -f l1:c1

    # Starting from rsync 3.1.3 it should discover the change of +1 nanosecond.
    # Check if the file got refreshed to a different remote.
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c2 --refresh
    incus_remote start l1:c1 l2:c2
    c1_pid="$(incus_remote query l1:/1.0/instances/c1?recursion=1 | jq -r .state.pid)"
    c2_pid="$(incus_remote query l2:/1.0/instances/c2?recursion=1 | jq -r .state.pid)"
    [ "$(stat "/proc/${c1_pid}/root/root/testfile1" -c %y)" = "$(stat "/proc/${c2_pid}/root/root/testfile1" -c %y)" ]
    incus_remote stop -f l1:c1 l2:c2

    # Check if the file got refreshed locally.
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l1:c2 --refresh
    incus_remote start l1:c1 l1:c2
    c1_pid="$(incus_remote query l1:/1.0/instances/c1?recursion=1 | jq -r .state.pid)"
    c2_pid="$(incus_remote query l1:/1.0/instances/c2?recursion=1 | jq -r .state.pid)"
    [ "$(stat "/proc/${c1_pid}/root/root/testfile1" -c %y)" = "$(stat "/proc/${c2_pid}/root/root/testfile1" -c %y)" ]
    incus_remote rm -f l1:c2
    incus_remote stop -f l1:c1

    # This will create snapshot c1/snap0 with test device and expiry date.
    incus_remote config device add l1:c1 testsnapdev none
    incus_remote config set l1:c1 snapshots.expiry '1d'
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:c1
    incus_remote config device remove l1:c1 testsnapdev
    incus_remote config device add l1:c1 testdev none

    # Remove the testfile from c1 and refresh again
    incus_remote file delete l1:c1/root/testfile1
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c2 --refresh --instance-only
    incus_remote start l2:c2
    ! incus_remote file pull l2:c2/root/testfile1 . || false
    incus_remote stop -f l2:c2

    # Check whether snapshot c2/snap0 has been created with its config intact.
    ! incus_remote config show l2:c2/snap0 || false
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c2 --refresh
    incus_remote ls l2:
    incus_remote config show l2:c2/snap0
    ! incus_remote config show l2:c2/snap0 | grep -q 'expires_at: 0001-01-01T00:00:00Z' || false
    incus_remote config device get l2:c2 testdev type | grep -q 'none'
    incus_remote snapshot restore l2:c2 snap0
    incus_remote config device get l2:c2 testsnapdev type | grep -q 'none'

    # This will create snapshot c2/snap1
    incus_remote snapshot create l2:c2
    incus_remote config show l2:c2/snap1

    # This should remove c2/snap1
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c2 --refresh
    ! incus_remote config show l2:c2/snap1 || false

    incus_remote rm -f l1:c1 l2:c2

    remote_pool1="incustest-$(basename "${INCUS_DIR}")"
    remote_pool2="incustest-$(basename "${incus2_dir}")"

    incus_remote storage volume create l1:"$remote_pool1" vol1
    incus_remote storage volume set l1:"$remote_pool1" vol1 user.foo=snap0vol1
    incus_remote storage volume snapshot create l1:"$remote_pool1" vol1
    incus_remote storage volume set l1:"$remote_pool1" vol1 user.foo=snap1vol1
    incus_remote storage volume snapshot create l1:"$remote_pool1" vol1
    incus_remote storage volume set l1:"$remote_pool1" vol1 user.foo=postsnap1vol1

    # remote storage volume and snapshots migration in "pull" mode
    incus_remote storage volume copy l1:"$remote_pool1/vol1" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol2"
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2 user.foo | grep -Fx "postsnap1vol1"
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2/snap0 user.foo | grep -Fx "snap0vol1"
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2/snap1 user.foo | grep -Fx "snap1vol1"
    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2

    # check moving volume and snapshots.
    incus_remote storage volume copy l1:"$remote_pool1/vol1" l1:"$remote_pool1/vol2"
    incus_remote storage volume move l1:"$remote_pool1/vol2" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol3"
    ! incus_remote storage volume show l1:"$remote_pool1" vol2 || false
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol3 user.foo | grep -Fx "postsnap1vol1"
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol3/snap0 user.foo | grep -Fx "snap0vol1"
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol3/snap1 user.foo | grep -Fx "snap1vol1"
    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" vol3

    incus_remote storage volume copy l1:"$remote_pool1/vol1" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol2" --volume-only
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2 user.foo | grep -Fx "postsnap1vol1"
    ! incus_remote storage volume show l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2/snap0 || false
    ! incus_remote storage volume show l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2/snap1 || false
    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2

    # remote storage volume and snapshots migration refresh in "pull" mode
    incus_remote storage volume set l1:"$remote_pool1" vol1 user.foo=snapremovevol1
    incus_remote storage volume snapshot create l1:"$remote_pool1" vol1 snapremove
    incus_remote storage volume set l1:"$remote_pool1" vol1 user.foo=postsnap1vol1
    incus_remote storage volume copy l1:"$remote_pool1/vol1" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol2" --refresh
    incus_remote storage volume delete l1:"$remote_pool1" vol1

    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2 user.foo | grep -Fx "postsnap1vol1"
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2/snap0 user.foo | grep -Fx "snap0vol1"
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2/snap1 user.foo | grep -Fx "snap1vol1"
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2/snapremove user.foo | grep -Fx "snapremovevol1"

    # check remote storage volume refresh from a different volume
    incus_remote storage volume create l1:"$remote_pool1" vol3
    incus_remote storage volume set l1:"$remote_pool1" vol3 user.foo=snap0vol3
    incus_remote storage volume snapshot create l1:"$remote_pool1" vol3
    incus_remote storage volume set l1:"$remote_pool1" vol3 user.foo=snap1vol3
    incus_remote storage volume snapshot create l1:"$remote_pool1" vol3
    incus_remote storage volume set l1:"$remote_pool1" vol3 user.foo=snap2vol3
    incus_remote storage volume snapshot create l1:"$remote_pool1" vol3
    incus_remote storage volume set l1:"$remote_pool1" vol3 user.foo=postsnap1vol3

    # check snapshot volumes and snapshots are refreshed
    incus_remote storage volume copy l1:"$remote_pool1/vol3" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol2" --refresh
    incus_remote storage volume ls l2:"$remote_pool2"
    incus_remote storage volume delete l1:"$remote_pool1" vol3
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2 user.foo | grep -Fx "postsnap1vol1" # FIXME Should be postsnap1vol3
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2/snap0 user.foo | grep -Fx "snap0vol3"
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2/snap1 user.foo | grep -Fx "snap1vol3"
    incus_remote storage volume get l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2/snap2 user.foo | grep -Fx "snap2vol3"
    ! incus_remote storage volume show l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2/snapremove || false

    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2

    # remote storage volume migration in "push" mode
    incus_remote storage volume create l1:"$remote_pool1" vol1
    incus_remote storage volume create l1:"$remote_pool1" vol2
    incus_remote storage volume snapshot create l1:"$remote_pool1" vol2

    incus_remote storage volume copy l1:"$remote_pool1/vol1" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol2" --mode=push
    incus_remote storage volume move l1:"$remote_pool1/vol1" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol3" --mode=push
    ! incus_remote storage volume list l1:"$remote_pool1/vol1" || false
    incus_remote storage volume copy l1:"$remote_pool1/vol2" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol4" --volume-only --mode=push
    incus_remote storage volume copy l1:"$remote_pool1/vol2" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol5" --mode=push
    incus_remote storage volume move l1:"$remote_pool1/vol2" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol6" --mode=push

    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2
    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" vol3
    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" vol4
    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" vol5
    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" vol6

    # remote storage volume migration in "relay" mode
    incus_remote storage volume create l1:"$remote_pool1" vol1
    incus_remote storage volume create l1:"$remote_pool1" vol2
    incus_remote storage volume snapshot create l1:"$remote_pool1" vol2

    incus_remote storage volume copy l1:"$remote_pool1/vol1" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol2" --mode=relay
    incus_remote storage volume move l1:"$remote_pool1/vol1" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol3" --mode=relay
    ! incus_remote storage volume list l1:"$remote_pool1/vol1" || false
    incus_remote storage volume copy l1:"$remote_pool1/vol2" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol4" --volume-only --mode=relay
    incus_remote storage volume copy l1:"$remote_pool1/vol2" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol5" --mode=relay
    incus_remote storage volume move l1:"$remote_pool1/vol2" l2:"$remote_pool2/vol6" --mode=relay

    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" vol2
    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" vol3
    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" vol4
    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" vol5
    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" vol6

    # Test migration when rsync compression is disabled
    incus_remote storage set l1:"$remote_pool1" rsync.compression false
    incus_remote storage volume create l1:"$remote_pool1" foo
    incus_remote storage volume copy l1:"$remote_pool1"/foo l2:"$remote_pool2"/bar
    incus_remote storage volume delete l1:"$remote_pool1" foo
    incus_remote storage volume delete l2:"$remote_pool2" bar
    incus_remote storage unset l1:"$remote_pool1" rsync.compression

    # Test some migration between projects
    incus_remote project create l1:proj -c features.images=false -c features.profiles=false
    incus_remote project switch l1:proj

    incus_remote init testimage l1:c1
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:
    incus_remote start l2:c1
    incus_remote delete l2:c1 -f

    incus_remote snapshot create l1:c1
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:c1
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:c1
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:
    incus_remote start l2:c1
    incus_remote stop l2:c1 -f
    incus_remote delete l1:c1

    incus_remote copy l2:c1 l1:
    incus_remote start l1:c1
    incus_remote delete l1:c1 -f

    incus_remote snapshot delete l2:c1 snap0
    incus_remote snapshot delete l2:c1 snap1
    incus_remote snapshot delete l2:c1 snap2
    incus_remote copy l2:c1 l1:
    incus_remote start l1:c1
    incus_remote delete l1:c1 -f
    incus_remote delete l2:c1 -f

    incus_remote project switch l1:default
    incus_remote project delete l1:proj

    # Check migration with invalid snapshot config (disks attached with missing source pool and source path).
    incus_remote init testimage l1:c1
    incus_remote storage create l1:dir dir
    incus_remote storage volume create l1:dir vol1
    incus_remote storage volume attach l1:dir vol1 c1 /mnt
    mkdir "$INCUS_DIR/testvol2"
    incus_remote config device add l1:c1 vol2 disk source="$INCUS_DIR/testvol2" path=/vol2
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:c1 # Take snapshot with disk devices still attached.
    incus_remote config device remove c1 vol1
    incus_remote config device remove c1 vol2
    rmdir "$INCUS_DIR/testvol2"
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:
    incus_remote info l2:c1 | grep snap0
    incus_remote delete l1:c1 -f
    incus_remote delete l2:c1 -f
    incus_remote storage volume delete l1:dir vol1
    incus_remote storage delete l1:dir

    # Test optimized refresh
    incus_remote init testimage l1:c1
    echo test | incus_remote file push - l1:c1/tmp/foo
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c1
    incus_remote file pull l2:c1/tmp/foo .
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:c1
    echo test | incus_remote file push - l1:c1/tmp/bar
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c1 --refresh
    incus_remote start l2:c1
    incus_remote file pull l2:c1/tmp/foo .
    incus_remote file pull l2:c1/tmp/bar .
    incus_remote stop l2:c1 -f

    incus_remote snapshot restore l2:c1 snap0
    incus_remote start l2:c1
    incus_remote file pull l2:c1/tmp/foo .
    ! incus_remote file pull l2:c1/tmp/bar . || false
    incus_remote stop l2:c1 -f

    rm foo bar

    incus_remote rm l1:c1
    incus_remote rm l2:c1

    incus_remote init testimage l1:c1
    # This creates snap0
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:c1
    # This creates snap1
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:c1
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c1
    # This creates snap2
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:c1

    # Delete first snapshot from target
    incus_remote snapshot rm l2:c1 snap0

    # Refresh
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c1 --refresh

    incus_remote rm -f l1:c1
    incus_remote rm -f l2:c1

    # In this scenario the source Incus server used to crash due to a missing slice check.
    # Let's test this to make sure it doesn't happen again.
    incus_remote init testimage l1:c1
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c1
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:c1
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:c1

    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c1 --refresh
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c1 --refresh

    incus_remote rm -f l1:c1
    incus_remote rm -f l2:c1

    # On btrfs, this used to cause a failure because btrfs couldn't find the parent subvolume.
    incus_remote init testimage l1:c1
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c1
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:c1
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c1 --refresh
    incus_remote snapshot create l1:c1
    incus_remote copy l1:c1 l2:c1 --refresh

    incus_remote rm -f l1:c1
    incus_remote rm -f l2:c1

    # On zfs, this used to crash due to a websocket read issue.
    incus launch testimage c1
    incus snapshot create c1
    incus copy c1 l2:c1 --stateless
    incus copy c1 l2:c1 --stateless --refresh

    incus_remote rm -f l1:c1
    incus_remote rm -f l2:c1

    # migrate ISO custom volumes
    truncate -s 8MiB foo.iso
    incus storage volume import l1:"${pool}" ./foo.iso iso1
    incus storage volume copy l1:"${pool}"/iso1 l2:"${remote_pool}"/iso1

    incus storage volume show l2:"${remote_pool}" iso1 | grep -q 'content_type: iso'
    incus storage volume move l1:"${pool}"/iso1 l2:"${remote_pool}"/iso2
    incus storage volume show l2:"${remote_pool}" iso2 | grep -q 'content_type: iso'
    ! incus storage volume show l1:"${pool}" iso1 || false

    incus storage volume delete l2:"${remote_pool}" iso1
    incus storage volume delete l2:"${remote_pool}" iso2
    rm -f foo.iso

    if ! command -v criu > /dev/null 2>&1; then
        echo "==> SKIP: live migration with CRIU (missing binary)"
        return
    fi

    echo "==> CRIU: starting testing live-migration"
    incus_remote launch testimage l1:migratee -c raw.lxc=lxc.console.path=none

    # Wait for the container to be done booting
    sleep 1

    # Test stateful stop
    incus_remote stop --stateful l1:migratee
    incus_remote start l1:migratee

    # Test stateful snapshots
    # There is apparently a bug in CRIU that prevents checkpointing an instance that has been started from a
    # checkpoint. So stop instance first before taking stateful snapshot.
    incus_remote stop -f l1:migratee
    incus_remote start l1:migratee
    incus_remote snapshot create --stateful l1:migratee
    incus_remote snapshot restore l1:migratee snap0

    # Test live migration of container
    # There is apparently a bug in CRIU that prevents checkpointing an instance that has been started from a
    # checkpoint. So stop instance first before taking stateful snapshot.
    incus_remote stop -f l1:migratee
    incus_remote start l1:migratee
    incus_remote move l1:migratee l2:migratee

    # Test copy of stateful snapshot
    incus_remote copy l2:migratee/snap0 l1:migratee
    ! incus_remote copy l2:migratee/snap0 l1:migratee-new-name || false

    # Test stateless copies
    incus_remote copy --stateless l2:migratee/snap0 l1:migratee-new-name

    # Cleanup
    incus_remote delete --force l1:migratee
    incus_remote delete --force l2:migratee
    incus_remote delete --force l1:migratee-new-name
}
