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April
**April** (Apr.) is the fourth [month](3641) of the [year](944) in the [Julian](12158) and [Gregorian calendar](12159)s, and comes between [March](468) and [May](469). It is one of four months to have 30 [day](3539)s. April always begins on the same day of the week as [July](402), and additionally, [January](400) in leap years. April always ends on the same day of the week as [December](185). ## The Month April comes between [March](468) and [May](469), making it the fourth month of the year. It also comes first in the year out of the four months that have 30 days, as [June](401), [September](684) and [November](530) are later in the year. April begins on the same day of the week as [July](402) every year and on the same day of the week as [January](400) in [leap year](434)s. April ends on the same day of the week as [December](185) every year, as each other's last days are exactly 35 weeks (245 days) apart. In [common year](3974)s, April starts on the same day of the week as [October](569) of the previous year, and in [leap year](434)s, [May](469) of the previous year. In common years, April finishes on the same day of the week as [July](402) of the previous year, and in leap years, [February](262) and [October](569) of the previous year. In common years immediately after other common years, April starts on the same day of the week as [January](400) of the previous year, and in leap years and years immediately after that, April finishes on the same day of the week as January of the previous year. In years immediately before common years, April starts on the same day of the week as [September](684) and [December](185) of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, [June](401) of the following year. In years immediately before common years, April finishes on the same day of the week as September of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, [March](468) and June of the following year. April is a [spring](16382) month in the [Northern Hemisphere](6829) and an [autumn/fall](18860) month in the [Southern Hemisphere](12161). In each [hemisphere](31981), it is the [season](6276)al equivalent of [October](569) in the other. It is unclear as to where April got its name. A common theory is that it comes from the [Latin](6592) word "aperire", meaning "to open", referring to [flower](7947)s opening in [spring](16382). Another theory is that the name could come from [Aphrodite](5249), the Greek goddess of [love](9586). It was originally the second month in the old Roman [Calendar](7517), before the start of the new year was put to [January 1](7503). Quite a few festivals are held in this month. In many [Southeast Asia](25254)n cultures, new year is celebrated in this month (including [Songkran](164578)). In Western [Christianity](219595), [Easter](14981) can be celebrated on a [Sunday](3837) between [March 22](7825) and [April 25](9878). In [Orthodox](7270) Christianity, it can fall between [April 4](5156) and [May 8](9518). At the end of the month, Central and Northern [Europe](216)an [culture](3476)s celebrate [Walpurgis Night](22481) on [April 30](9887), marking the transition from [winter](6643) into [summer](3640). ## April in poetry [Poets](3886) use _April_ to mean the end of winter. For example: _April showers bring [May](469) flowers._ ### Fixed Events - [April 1](7553) - [April Fools' Day](28592) - [April 1](7553) - Islamic Republic Day ([Iran](3772)) - [April 2](7787) - International Children's Book Day - [April 2](7787) - [Thai](10138) Heritage and Conservation Day - [April 2](7787) - World [Autism](8248) Awareness Day - [April 2](7787) - Malvinas Day ([Argentina](54)) - [April 4](5156) - Independence Day ([Senegal](2888)) - [April 4](5156) - International Day for Landmine Awareness and Assistance - [April 4](5156) - Peace Day ([Angola](53)) - [April 5](9835) - End of [Tax](4013) Year ([United Kingdom](856)) - [April 6](9876) - Tartan Day ([Canada](219589) and [United States](219587)) - [April 6](9876) - Chakri Day ([Thailand](10138)) - [April 7](9530) - Day of Maternity and Beauty ([Armenia](56)) - [April 7](9530) - Genocide Memorial Day ([Rwanda](15939)) - [April 7](9530) - World [Health](325) Day - [April 7](9530) - Women's Day ([Mozambique](12338)) - [April 8](9149) - Buddha's Birthday ([Buddhism](3496)) - [April 9](9877) - Martyrs' Day ([Tunisia](7472)) - [April 9](9877) - Day of National Unity ([Georgia](14986)) - [April 9](9877) - Day of the [Finnish language](22220) - [April 12](9891) - Cosmonauts' Day ([Russia](2964)), marking the day of [Yuri Gagarin](20413)'s space flight - [April 13](9892) - Songkan ([Laos](5789)), local New Year celebration - [April 13](9892) - [Cambodia](8493)n New Year - [April 13](9892) - [Thomas Jefferson](7509)'s [Birthday](22419) ([United States](219587)) - [April 14](8720) - [Southeast Asia](25254)n [New Year](59249) festivals, including [Songkran](164578) - [April 14](8720) - [Georgian language](52487) Day - [April 14](8720) - Youth Day ([Angola](53)) - [April 14](8720) - Ambedkar Jayanti ([India](391)) - [April 14](8720) - Pan-American Day - [April 15](5416) - [Tax](4013) Day ([United States](219587)) - [April 15](5416) - Kim Il-Sung's [Birthday](22419) ([North Korea](4074)) - [April 15](5416) - [Father Damien](59348) Day ([Hawaii](332)) - [April 15](5416) - [Jackie Robinson](110134) Day ([Major League Baseball](15798)) - [April 16](9888) - [Birthday](22419) of Queen [Margrethe II of Denmark](21394) - [April 16](9888) - Emancipation Day (Washington, DC) - [April 16](9888) - World [Voice](13785) Day - [April 16](9888) - [Selena](224613) Day ([Texas](5324)) - [April 17](8719) - National Day of [Syria](6193) - [April 17](8719) - Flag Day ([American Samoa](7864)) - [April 17](8719) - Women's Day ([Gabon](19599)) - [April 17](8719) - World Hemophilia Day - [April 18](9882) - Independence Day ([Zimbabwe](7961)) - [April 18](9882) - Invention Day ([Japan](403)) - [April 18](9882) - International Day of [Monument](47977)s and Sites - [April 19](9883) - [Bicycle](3674) Day - [April 19](9883) - Dutch-American Friendship Day - [April 19](9883) - [Birthday](22419) of King [Mswati III](683790) of Swaziland - [April 19](9883) - Patriots' Day ([Massachusetts](9290), [Maine](10523), [Wisconsin](12412)) - [April 20](7785) - 4/20 in [Cannabis](11424) [Culture](3476) - [April 21](9885) - [John Muir](365195) Day ([California](3009)) - [April 21](9885) - San Jacinto Day ([Texas](5324)) - [April 21](9885) - Kartini Day ([Indonesia](3334)) - [April 21](9885) - National [Tree](847) Planting Day ([Kenya](3440)) - [April 21](9885) - First Day of Ridran (Baha'i faith) - [April 21](9885) - Grounation Day ([Rastafari movement](23185)) - [April 22](9884) - [Earth Day](292227) - [April 22](9884) - Discovery Day ([Brazil](104)) - [April 23](7862) - [Saint George](5582)'s Day, celebrating the patron saint of several countries, regions and cities (including [England](3047) and [Catalonia](7426)) - [April 23](7862) - World [Book](3686) Day - [April 23](7862) - National Sovereignty and [Child](7681)ren's Day ([Turkey](2860)) - [April 24](9880) - Democracy Day ([Nepal](14411)) - [April 24](9880) - Genocide Day ([Armenia](56)) - [April 24](9880) - [Republic](4978) Day (the Gambia) - [April 25](9878) - [Australia](27) and [New Zealand](5072) celebrate [ANZAC Day](342751). [ANZAC](http://www.awm.gov.au/dawn/spirit/meaning.asp) means Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, and began in 1915. - [April 25](9878) - World [DNA](4472) Day - [April 25](9878) - World [Malaria](13448) Day - [April 25](9878) - Flag Day (Swaziland, [Faroe Islands](19078)) - [April 25](9878) - Freedom Day ([Portugal](3466)) - [April 25](9878) - Liberation Day ([Italy](363)) - [April 25](9878) - Army Day ([North Korea](4074)) - [April 26](9879) - Union Day ([Tanzania](12839)) - [April 26](9879) - Confederate Memorial Day ([Texas](5324), [Florida](4015)) - [April 27](9881) - Independence Day ([Sierra Leone](19632) and [Togo](19324)) - [April 27](9881) - Freedom Day ([South Africa](3528)) - [April 27](9881) - World [Tapir](36672) Day - [April 27](9881) - King's Day ([Netherlands](3463)) from [2014](85663), birthday of [Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands](182979) - [April 28](5148) - Workers Memorial Day - [April 28](5148) - National Day ([Sardinia](30990)) - [April 28](5148) - National Heroes Day ([Barbados](11471)) - [April 29](9886) - Showa Day ([Japan](403)), birthday of Emperor [Hirohito](24294), who died in [1989](3967) - [April 29](9886) - International [Dance](187) Day - [April 30](9887) - Former Queen's Day Holiday in the [Netherlands](3463) (changed to King's Day, [April 27](9881) in [2014](85663)), was the birthday of former Queen [Juliana of the Netherlands](181189) - [April 30](9887) - Flag Day in [Sweden](2136) (birthday of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden) - [April 30](9887) - International [Jazz](4714) Day - [April 30](9887) - [Walpurgis Night](22481) (Central and Northern [Europe](216)) ### Moveable Events - [Easter](14981)-related events in Western [Christianity](219595): - Palm Sunday (between [March 15](9869) and [April 18](9882)) - Maundy Thursday (between [March 19](9868) and [April 22](9884)) - Good Friday (between [March 20](8759) and [April 23](7862)) - [Easter](14981) Sunday (between [March 22](7825) and [April 25](9878)) - Easter Monday (between [March 23](9867) and [April 26](9879)) - Eastern Orthodox Easter falls between [April 4](5156) and [May 8](9518). - Ascension Day (Western Christianity), falls between [April 30](9887) and [June 3](9920). - [Jewish](219593) [Passover](287631) - falls in the same week as Western [Christianity](219595)'s [Holy Week](283582), which is the week leading up to [Easter](14981). - [Mother's Day](332593) (UK) falls between [March 1](9860) and [April 4](5156). - World [Snooker](28134) Championship (late April, early [May](469)) - [Horse racing](93661) - Grand National (UK), [Kentucky Derby](93667) ([United States](219587)) - Start of [Daylight Saving Time](42899) - Clocks going forward one hour: - Most of [Mexico](1935) - [Morocco](15294) ([Ramadan](26221) does not include Daylight Saving Time) - End of [Daylight Saving Time](42899) - Clocks going back one hour: - Southeast [Australia](27), and [New Zealand](5072) - [Chile](4008) - [Marathon](6580) Events in the following cities: - [Belgrade](27762), [Serbia](5000) - Boston, Massachusetts, [United States](219587) - [Brighton](7783), [United Kingdom](856) - [Enschede](32882), [Netherlands](3463) - [London](460), [United Kingdom](856) (held in [October](569) from [2020](178089) to [2022](189000) because of [COVID-19](741645)) - [Madrid](473), [Spain](219832) - [Paris](4467), [France](291) - [Rotterdam](29573), [Netherlands](3463) - [Utrecht](32679), [Netherlands](3463) - Zurich, [Switzerland](2161) ## Selection of Historical Events - [April 1](7553), [1918](9268) - The [Royal Air Force](19083) is founded. - [April 1](7553), [1976](9080) - [Apple Inc.](7111) is founded. - [April 1](7553), [1979](7474) - The Islamic Republic of Iran is founded. - [April 1](7553), [1999](3955) - The [territory](156768) of [Nunavut](8112) is created in Northern [Canada](219589). - [April 1](7553), [2001](3854) - The [Netherlands](3463) introduces [same-sex marriage](98406), as the first [country](121) to do so. - [April 2](7787), [1519](10141) - [Florida](4015) is sighted by a [Europe](216)an for the first time. - [April 2](7787), [1930](9853) - Haile Selassie becomes [Emperor of Ethiopia](20598). - [April 2](7787), [1982](2999) - Start of the [Falklands War](178819), as Argentine forces land on the [Falkland Islands](7394). - [April 2](7787), [2005](3964) - [Pope John Paul II](8047) dies aged 84, after years as [Pope](4681). - [April 3](9874), [1973](8445) - The first-ever [mobile phone](26786) call is placed by Martin Cooper in [New York City](566). - [April 4](5156), [1721](21063) - [Robert Walpole](32873) becomes the first [Prime Minister](3598) of [Great Britain](3051). - [April 4](5156), [1841](17517) - [William Henry Harrison](14512) dies. He was [President of the United States](7174) for 31 days, the shortest-ever time in office for a US president. - [April 4](5156), [1960](8426) - [Senegal](2888) becomes independent. - [April 4](5156), [1968](8340) - [Assassination](19142) of Martin Luther King, Jr. in [Memphis, Tennessee](29239). - [April 5](9835), [1722](39092) - Jacob Roggeveen becomes the first [Europe](216)an to land on [Easter Island](245424), landing there on [Easter](14981) Sunday. - [April 6](9876), 1320 - [Scotland](3049)'s independence is confirmed with the Declaration of Arbroath. - [April 6](9876), [1830](16852) - The [Mormon](14880) Church is founded. - [April 6](9876), [1909](10294) - [Robert Peary](393329) claims to have been first at the [North Pole](2028) on this date. - [April 7](9530), [1994](3960) - The [Rwandan Genocide](34190) begins. - [April 9](9877), [1865](9044) - [American Civil War](6418): [Confederate](10002) forces under [Robert E. Lee](18047) surrender to Union forces. - [April 9](9877), [1940](9212) - [World War II](219837): [Denmark](208) and [Norway](3460) are invaded by Nazi [Germany](219828). - [April 9](9877), [1989](3967) - April 9 tragedy: In [Tbilisi](32121), [Georgia](14986), a peaceful demonstration for independence is broken up by the Soviet [Army](2115), killing 20 people. The country gains independence on this date exactly two years later. - [April 10](9889), [1815](4593) - Mount Tambora in [Indonesia](3334) erupts in a huge eruption, affecting the world's climate for at least a year. - [April 10](9889), [2010](14361) - A [plane](4700) crash near Smolensk, [Russia](2964), kills several people who were important in [Poland](3045), including [President](4044) Lech Kaczynski. - [April 11](9890), [1814](16325) - Napoleon Bonaparte is [exile](48562)d to the [island](367) of [Elba](19023). - [April 11](9890), [1954](7863) - Said to have been the most boring day of the [20th century](3407). - [April 12](9891), [1861](16534) - The [American Civil War](6418) begins at [Fort Sumter](555370), [Charleston, South Carolina](99644). - [April 12](9891), [1945](4629) - US President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](6346) dies, and [Harry S. Truman](5422) replaces him. - [April 12](9891), [1961](8336) - [Yuri Gagarin](20413) becomes the first [human](502310) to fly into [space](2899). - [April 14](8720), [1865](9044) - US President [Abraham Lincoln](5414) is shot dead at Ford's Theatre by [John Wilkes Booth](7574). Lincoln dies the next day. - [April 14](8720), [2010](14361) - [Qinghai](386957) Province, [China](120), is hit by an [earthquake](2081), killing tens of thousands of people. - [April 14](8720), [2010](14361) - The eruption of Eyjafjallajokull in [Iceland](2979) shuts down air traffic around [Europe](216) for a week, due to its ash cloud. - [April 15](5416), [1912](9821) - The [ship](5816) RMS Titanic sinks near [Newfoundland](16653) after hitting an iceberg, resulting in the deaths of many of the people on board. - [April 16](9888), [1943](8861) - [Albert Hofmann](86541) discovers LSD's effects. - [April 17](8719), [1946](8917) - [Syria](6193) gains full independence from [France](291). - [April 17](8719), [1955](9230) - [Albert Einstein](2138) dies. - [April 18](9882), [1906](10853) - [1906 San Francisco earthquake](313801): [San Francisco](11481), [California](3009), is hit by a big [earthquake](2081), resulting in [fire](9476)s that destroy large parts of the city. - [April 18](9882), [1980](8714) - [Zimbabwe](7961) gains full independence. - [April 19](9883), [1897](15868) - The first [Boston Marathon](40187) is held. - [April 19](9883), [1971](9117) - [Sierra Leone](19632) becomes a [republic](4978). - [April 19](9883), [1993](3961) - The siege of the Branch Davidians at Waco, [Texas](5324), ends in a fire that kills 82 people. - [April 19](9883), [1995](3959) - [Timothy McVeigh](127060) carries out the [Oklahoma City bombing](127065), killing 169 people. - [April 19](9883), [2005](3964) - Joseph Alois Ratzinger becomes [Pope Benedict XVI](9330). - [April 20](7785), [1889](16034) - [Adolf Hitler](4457) is born. - [April 20](7785), [1902](4656) - [Marie Curie](47196) and [Pierre Curie](70876) refine [Radium](18437). - [April 20](7785), [2010](14361) - [Deepwater Horizon oil spill](260745): A massive fire on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig in the [Gulf of Mexico](33486) kills 11 workers and causes a massive [oil](578) spill, the worst spill in US history. - [April 21](9885), 753 BC - Legendary founding date of [Rome](2875) - [April 21](9885), [1509](11676) - Henry VIII of England becomes [King](410). - [April 21](9885), [1908](11079) - Frederick Cook claims to have reached the [North Pole](2028) on this date. - [April 22](9884), [1502](8495) - Pedro Alvares Cabral becomes the first [Europe](216)an to reach present-day [Brazil](104). - [April 22](9884), [1970](4941) - [Earth Day](292227) is observed for the first time. - [April 23](7862), [1533](8497) - The [Church of England](28053) declares that Henry VIII of England and [Catherine of Aragon](10967) are not married. - [April 24](9880), [1916](11594) - The [Easter Rising](183188) occurs in [Dublin](186), [Ireland](361). - [April 24](9880), [1990](8905) - The [Hubble Space Telescope](3944) is launched on the [Space Shuttle Discovery](286838). - [April 25](9878), [1915](11701) - [World War I](219834): In [Turkey](2860), the Battle of Gallipoli begins, [Australia](27)n, French, British and [New Zealand](5072) forces land at Anzac cove. - [April 25](9878), [1974](2971) - [Portugal](3466)'s dictatorship is overthrown in a coup, in what is known as the Carnation Revolution. - [April 26](9879), [1937](8746) - [Spanish Civil War](24971): German planes bomb the town of Guernica, [Basque Country](688255), later depicted in a painting by [Pablo Picasso](16298). - [April 26](9879), [1964](9255) - [Tanganyika](274413) and [Zanzibar](63261) merge to form [Tanzania](12839). - [April 26](9879), [1986](9266) - A reactor explosion occurs at the [Chernobyl](23346) nuclear plant in present-day [Ukraine](3464), with [radiation](55918) spreading around Europe and the world. - [April 26](9879)/[27](9881), [1994](3960) - [South Africa](3528) holds its first free elections. - [April 27](9881), [1960](8426) - [Togo](19324) becomes independent from [France](291). - [April 27](9881), [1961](8336) - [Sierra Leone](19632) becomes independent from the [United Kingdom](856). - [April 28](5148), [1789](5155) - Mutiny on the ship Bounty in the [Pacific Ocean](1975), lead by [Fletcher Christian](110917). - [April 28](5148), [1945](4629) - [Benito Mussolini](6754) is executed by Italian partisans. - [April 28](5148), [1947](8355) - In [Peru](2915), Thor Heyerdahl starts his Kon-Tiki expedition aimed at proving his theory that the [Polynesia](29028)n settlers on the [Pacific Ocean](1975)'s [island](367)s came from [South America](1989). - [April 29](9886), [1991](3963) - A [cyclone](65766) in [Bangladesh](15790) kills an estimated 138,000 people. - [April 29](9886), [2011](31950) - The wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge is broadcast worldwide. - [April 30](9887), [1789](5155) - [George Washington](5410) becomes the first [President of the United States](7174). - [April 30](9887), [1803](19968) - The [United States](219587) purchases (buys) the [Louisiana](6207) territory from [France](291). - [April 30](9887), [1945](4629) - [Adolf Hitler](4457) commits suicide on the same day that the Soviet Army raises the Red Flag on [Berlin](2922)'s Reichstag. - [April 30](9887), [1952](6752) - The [Diary](219111) of [Anne Frank](6312) is published in English. - [April 30](9887), [1975](7794) - The [Vietnam War](4536) ends, as [North Vietnam](24065)ese forces take Saigon. - [April 30](9887), [1980](8714) - Queen [Juliana of the Netherlands](181189) abdicates the throne, and her daughter becomes Queen [Beatrix of the Netherlands](37751). Beatrix later also abdicates, on this day in [2013](34906), in favor of her son, King [Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands](182979). ## Trivia - April has the 100th day of the year. April 10 in a common year, April 9 in a leap year. - In Western [Christianity](219595), [Easter](14981) falls more often in April than in [March](468). - The months around April ([March](468) and [May](469)) both start with an 'M' in the [English language](2843), with an 'A' as the second letter. - In the [English language](2843), April is the first of three months in-a-row, along with [May](469) and [June](401), that is also a [female](3311) given name. - The astrological signs for April are [Aries](67708) ([March 21](7545) to [April 20](7785)) and [Taurus](67712) ([April 21](9885) to [May 20](9825)). - The sweet pea and [daisy](167827) are the traditional birth flowers for April. - The birthstone for April is the [diamond](6490). - [April 1](7553) is the only day in April to start within the first quarter of the [calendar](7517) year. - If the months of the [year](944) were arranged in [alphabet](5892)ical order in the [English language](2843), April would come first. - Five current [Europe](216)an [monarch](3601)s were born in April. They are King [Philippe of Belgium](410767) ([April 15](5416)), Queen [Margrethe II of Denmark](21394) ([April 16](9888)), [Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg](674629) ([April 16](9888)), King [Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands](182979) ([April 27](9881)), and King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden ([April 30](9887)). [Elizabeth II](3447) of the [United Kingdom](856) and [Commonwealth realm](69179)s - who died on [September 8](9950), [2022](189000) - was also born in April (on [April 21](9885)).
**April** (Apr.) is the fourth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, and comes between March and May. It is one of four months to have 30 days. April always begins on the same day of the week as July, and additionally, January in leap years. April always ends on the same day of the week as December. ## The Month April comes between March and May, making it the fourth month of the year. It also comes first in the year out of the four months that have 30 days, as June, September and November are later in the year. April begins on the same day of the week as July every year and on the same day of the week as January in leap years. April ends on the same day of the week as December every year, as each other's last days are exactly 35 weeks (245 days) apart. In common years, April starts on the same day of the week as October of the previous year, and in leap years, May of the previous year. In common years, April finishes on the same day of the week as July of the previous year, and in leap years, February and October of the previous year. In common years immediately after other common years, April starts on the same day of the week as January of the previous year, and in leap years and years immediately after that, April finishes on the same day of the week as January of the previous year. In years immediately before common years, April starts on the same day of the week as September and December of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, June of the following year. In years immediately before common years, April finishes on the same day of the week as September of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, March and June of the following year. April is a spring month in the Northern Hemisphere and an autumn/fall month in the Southern Hemisphere. In each hemisphere, it is the seasonal equivalent of October in the other. It is unclear as to where April got its name. A common theory is that it comes from the Latin word "aperire", meaning "to open", referring to flowers opening in spring. Another theory is that the name could come from Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. It was originally the second month in the old Roman Calendar, before the start of the new year was put to January 1. Quite a few festivals are held in this month. In many Southeast Asian cultures, new year is celebrated in this month (including Songkran). In Western Christianity, Easter can be celebrated on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25. In Orthodox Christianity, it can fall between April 4 and May 8. At the end of the month, Central and Northern European cultures celebrate Walpurgis Night on April 30, marking the transition from winter into summer. ## April in poetry Poets use _April_ to mean the end of winter. For example: _April showers bring May flowers._ ### Fixed Events - April 1 - April Fools' Day - April 1 - Islamic Republic Day (Iran) - April 2 - International Children's Book Day - April 2 - Thai Heritage and Conservation Day - April 2 - World Autism Awareness Day - April 2 - Malvinas Day (Argentina) - April 4 - Independence Day (Senegal) - April 4 - International Day for Landmine Awareness and Assistance - April 4 - Peace Day (Angola) - April 5 - End of Tax Year (United Kingdom) - April 6 - Tartan Day (Canada and United States) - April 6 - Chakri Day (Thailand) - April 7 - Day of Maternity and Beauty (Armenia) - April 7 - Genocide Memorial Day (Rwanda) - April 7 - World Health Day - April 7 - Women's Day (Mozambique) - April 8 - Buddha's Birthday (Buddhism) - April 9 - Martyrs' Day (Tunisia) - April 9 - Day of National Unity (Georgia) - April 9 - Day of the Finnish language - April 12 - Cosmonauts' Day (Russia), marking the day of Yuri Gagarin's space flight - April 13 - Songkan (Laos), local New Year celebration - April 13 - Cambodian New Year - April 13 - Thomas Jefferson's Birthday (United States) - April 14 - Southeast Asian New Year festivals, including Songkran - April 14 - Georgian language Day - April 14 - Youth Day (Angola) - April 14 - Ambedkar Jayanti (India) - April 14 - Pan-American Day - April 15 - Tax Day (United States) - April 15 - Kim Il-Sung's Birthday (North Korea) - April 15 - Father Damien Day (Hawaii) - April 15 - Jackie Robinson Day (Major League Baseball) - April 16 - Birthday of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark - April 16 - Emancipation Day (Washington, DC) - April 16 - World Voice Day - April 16 - Selena Day (Texas) - April 17 - National Day of Syria - April 17 - Flag Day (American Samoa) - April 17 - Women's Day (Gabon) - April 17 - World Hemophilia Day - April 18 - Independence Day (Zimbabwe) - April 18 - Invention Day (Japan) - April 18 - International Day of Monuments and Sites - April 19 - Bicycle Day - April 19 - Dutch-American Friendship Day - April 19 - Birthday of King Mswati III of Swaziland - April 19 - Patriots' Day (Massachusetts, Maine, Wisconsin) - April 20 - 4/20 in Cannabis Culture - April 21 - John Muir Day (California) - April 21 - San Jacinto Day (Texas) - April 21 - Kartini Day (Indonesia) - April 21 - National Tree Planting Day (Kenya) - April 21 - First Day of Ridran (Baha'i faith) - April 21 - Grounation Day (Rastafari movement) - April 22 - Earth Day - April 22 - Discovery Day (Brazil) - April 23 - Saint George's Day, celebrating the patron saint of several countries, regions and cities (including England and Catalonia) - April 23 - World Book Day - April 23 - National Sovereignty and Children's Day (Turkey) - April 24 - Democracy Day (Nepal) - April 24 - Genocide Day (Armenia) - April 24 - Republic Day (the Gambia) - April 25 - Australia and New Zealand celebrate ANZAC Day. ANZAC means Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, and began in 1915. - April 25 - World DNA Day - April 25 - World Malaria Day - April 25 - Flag Day (Swaziland, Faroe Islands) - April 25 - Freedom Day (Portugal) - April 25 - Liberation Day (Italy) - April 25 - Army Day (North Korea) - April 26 - Union Day (Tanzania) - April 26 - Confederate Memorial Day (Texas, Florida) - April 27 - Independence Day (Sierra Leone and Togo) - April 27 - Freedom Day (South Africa) - April 27 - World Tapir Day - April 27 - King's Day (Netherlands) from 2014, birthday of Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands - April 28 - Workers Memorial Day - April 28 - National Day (Sardinia) - April 28 - National Heroes Day (Barbados) - April 29 - Showa Day (Japan), birthday of Emperor Hirohito, who died in 1989 - April 29 - International Dance Day - April 30 - Former Queen's Day Holiday in the Netherlands (changed to King's Day, April 27 in 2014), was the birthday of former Queen Juliana of the Netherlands - April 30 - Flag Day in Sweden (birthday of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden) - April 30 - International Jazz Day - April 30 - Walpurgis Night (Central and Northern Europe) ### Moveable Events - Easter-related events in Western Christianity: - Palm Sunday (between March 15 and April 18) - Maundy Thursday (between March 19 and April 22) - Good Friday (between March 20 and April 23) - Easter Sunday (between March 22 and April 25) - Easter Monday (between March 23 and April 26) - Eastern Orthodox Easter falls between April 4 and May 8. - Ascension Day (Western Christianity), falls between April 30 and June 3. - Jewish Passover - falls in the same week as Western Christianity's Holy Week, which is the week leading up to Easter. - Mother's Day (UK) falls between March 1 and April 4. - World Snooker Championship (late April, early May) - Horse racing - Grand National (UK), Kentucky Derby (United States) - Start of Daylight Saving Time - Clocks going forward one hour: - Most of Mexico - Morocco (Ramadan does not include Daylight Saving Time) - End of Daylight Saving Time - Clocks going back one hour: - Southeast Australia, and New Zealand - Chile - Marathon Events in the following cities: - Belgrade, Serbia - Boston, Massachusetts, United States - Brighton, United Kingdom - Enschede, Netherlands - London, United Kingdom (held in October from 2020 to 2022 because of COVID-19) - Madrid, Spain - Paris, France - Rotterdam, Netherlands - Utrecht, Netherlands - Zurich, Switzerland ## Selection of Historical Events - April 1, 1918 - The Royal Air Force is founded. - April 1, 1976 - Apple Inc. is founded. - April 1, 1979 - The Islamic Republic of Iran is founded. - April 1, 1999 - The territory of Nunavut is created in Northern Canada. - April 1, 2001 - The Netherlands introduces same-sex marriage, as the first country to do so. - April 2, 1519 - Florida is sighted by a European for the first time. - April 2, 1930 - Haile Selassie becomes Emperor of Ethiopia. - April 2, 1982 - Start of the Falklands War, as Argentine forces land on the Falkland Islands. - April 2, 2005 - Pope John Paul II dies aged 84, after years as Pope. - April 3, 1973 - The first-ever mobile phone call is placed by Martin Cooper in New York City. - April 4, 1721 - Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. - April 4, 1841 - William Henry Harrison dies. He was President of the United States for 31 days, the shortest-ever time in office for a US president. - April 4, 1960 - Senegal becomes independent. - April 4, 1968 - Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee. - April 5, 1722 - Jacob Roggeveen becomes the first European to land on Easter Island, landing there on Easter Sunday. - April 6, 1320 - Scotland's independence is confirmed with the Declaration of Arbroath. - April 6, 1830 - The Mormon Church is founded. - April 6, 1909 - Robert Peary claims to have been first at the North Pole on this date. - April 7, 1994 - The Rwandan Genocide begins. - April 9, 1865 - American Civil War: Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee surrender to Union forces. - April 9, 1940 - World War II: Denmark and Norway are invaded by Nazi Germany. - April 9, 1989 - April 9 tragedy: In Tbilisi, Georgia, a peaceful demonstration for independence is broken up by the Soviet Army, killing 20 people. The country gains independence on this date exactly two years later. - April 10, 1815 - Mount Tambora in Indonesia erupts in a huge eruption, affecting the world's climate for at least a year. - April 10, 2010 - A plane crash near Smolensk, Russia, kills several people who were important in Poland, including President Lech Kaczynski. - April 11, 1814 - Napoleon Bonaparte is exiled to the island of Elba. - April 11, 1954 - Said to have been the most boring day of the 20th century. - April 12, 1861 - The American Civil War begins at Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina. - April 12, 1945 - US President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies, and Harry S. Truman replaces him. - April 12, 1961 - Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to fly into space. - April 14, 1865 - US President Abraham Lincoln is shot dead at Ford's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln dies the next day. - April 14, 2010 - Qinghai Province, China, is hit by an earthquake, killing tens of thousands of people. - April 14, 2010 - The eruption of Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland shuts down air traffic around Europe for a week, due to its ash cloud. - April 15, 1912 - The ship RMS Titanic sinks near Newfoundland after hitting an iceberg, resulting in the deaths of many of the people on board. - April 16, 1943 - Albert Hofmann discovers LSD's effects. - April 17, 1946 - Syria gains full independence from France. - April 17, 1955 - Albert Einstein dies. - April 18, 1906 - 1906 San Francisco earthquake: San Francisco, California, is hit by a big earthquake, resulting in fires that destroy large parts of the city. - April 18, 1980 - Zimbabwe gains full independence. - April 19, 1897 - The first Boston Marathon is held. - April 19, 1971 - Sierra Leone becomes a republic. - April 19, 1993 - The siege of the Branch Davidians at Waco, Texas, ends in a fire that kills 82 people. - April 19, 1995 - Timothy McVeigh carries out the Oklahoma City bombing, killing 169 people. - April 19, 2005 - Joseph Alois Ratzinger becomes Pope Benedict XVI. - April 20, 1889 - Adolf Hitler is born. - April 20, 1902 - Marie Curie and Pierre Curie refine Radium. - April 20, 2010 - Deepwater Horizon oil spill: A massive fire on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico kills 11 workers and causes a massive oil spill, the worst spill in US history. - April 21, 753 BC - Legendary founding date of Rome - April 21, 1509 - Henry VIII of England becomes King. - April 21, 1908 - Frederick Cook claims to have reached the North Pole on this date. - April 22, 1502 - Pedro Alvares Cabral becomes the first European to reach present-day Brazil. - April 22, 1970 - Earth Day is observed for the first time. - April 23, 1533 - The Church of England declares that Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon are not married. - April 24, 1916 - The Easter Rising occurs in Dublin, Ireland. - April 24, 1990 - The Hubble Space Telescope is launched on the Space Shuttle Discovery. - April 25, 1915 - World War I: In Turkey, the Battle of Gallipoli begins, Australian, French, British and New Zealand forces land at Anzac cove. - April 25, 1974 - Portugal's dictatorship is overthrown in a coup, in what is known as the Carnation Revolution. - April 26, 1937 - Spanish Civil War: German planes bomb the town of Guernica, Basque Country, later depicted in a painting by Pablo Picasso. - April 26, 1964 - Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge to form Tanzania. - April 26, 1986 - A reactor explosion occurs at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in present-day Ukraine, with radiation spreading around Europe and the world. - April 26/27, 1994 - South Africa holds its first free elections. - April 27, 1960 - Togo becomes independent from France. - April 27, 1961 - Sierra Leone becomes independent from the United Kingdom. - April 28, 1789 - Mutiny on the ship Bounty in the Pacific Ocean, lead by Fletcher Christian. - April 28, 1945 - Benito Mussolini is executed by Italian partisans. - April 28, 1947 - In Peru, Thor Heyerdahl starts his Kon-Tiki expedition aimed at proving his theory that the Polynesian settlers on the Pacific Ocean's islands came from South America. - April 29, 1991 - A cyclone in Bangladesh kills an estimated 138,000 people. - April 29, 2011 - The wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge is broadcast worldwide. - April 30, 1789 - George Washington becomes the first President of the United States. - April 30, 1803 - The United States purchases (buys) the Louisiana territory from France. - April 30, 1945 - Adolf Hitler commits suicide on the same day that the Soviet Army raises the Red Flag on Berlin's Reichstag. - April 30, 1952 - The Diary of Anne Frank is published in English. - April 30, 1975 - The Vietnam War ends, as North Vietnamese forces take Saigon. - April 30, 1980 - Queen Juliana of the Netherlands abdicates the throne, and her daughter becomes Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. Beatrix later also abdicates, on this day in 2013, in favor of her son, King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands. ## Trivia - April has the 100th day of the year. April 10 in a common year, April 9 in a leap year. - In Western Christianity, Easter falls more often in April than in March. - The months around April (March and May) both start with an 'M' in the English language, with an 'A' as the second letter. - In the English language, April is the first of three months in-a-row, along with May and June, that is also a female given name. - The astrological signs for April are Aries (March 21 to April 20) and Taurus (April 21 to May 20). - The sweet pea and daisy are the traditional birth flowers for April. - The birthstone for April is the diamond. - April 1 is the only day in April to start within the first quarter of the calendar year. - If the months of the year were arranged in alphabetical order in the English language, April would come first. - Five current European monarchs were born in April. They are King Philippe of Belgium (April 15), Queen Margrethe II of Denmark (April 16), Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (April 16), King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (April 27), and King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (April 30). Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms - who died on September 8, 2022 - was also born in April (on April 21).
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August
**August** (Aug.) is the eighth [month](3641) of the [year](944) in the [Gregorian calendar](12159), coming between [July](402) and [September](684). It has 31 [day](3539)s. It is named after the Roman emperor Augustus Caesar. August does not begin on the same day of the week as any other month in [common year](3974)s, but begins on the same day of the week as [February](262) in [leap year](434)s. August always ends on the same day of the week as [November](530). ## The Month This month was first called _Sextilis_ in [Latin](6592), because it was the sixth month in the old [Roman calendar](606601). The Roman calendar began in March about 735 BC with [Romulus](14827). [October](569) was the eighth month. August was the eighth month when January or February were added to the start of the year by King [Numa Pompilius](555265) about 700 BC. Or, when those two months were moved from the end to the beginning of the year by the decemvirs about 450 BC (Roman writers disagree). In 153 BC [January 1](7503) was determined as the beginning of the year. August is named for Augustus Caesar who became [Roman consul](272368) in this month. The month has 31 days because [Julius Caesar](5940) added two days when he created the [Julian calendar](12158) in [45 BC](449335). August is after July and before September. August, in either [hemisphere](31981), is the seasonal equivalent of [February](262) in the other. In the [Northern hemisphere](6829) it is a [summer](3640) month and it is a [winter](6643) month in the [Southern hemisphere](12161). No other month in [common year](3974)s begins on the same day of the week as August, but August begins on the same day of the week as [February](262) in [leap year](434)s. August ends on the same day of the week as [November](530) every year, as each other's last days are 13 weeks (91 days) apart. In common years, August starts on the same day of the week as [March](468) and [November](530) of the previous year, and in leap years, [June](401) of the previous year. In common years, August finishes on the same day of the week as March and June of the previous year, and in leap years, [September](684) of the previous year. In common years immediately after other common years, August starts on the same day of the week as February of the previous year. In years immediately before common years, August starts on the same day of the week as [May](469) of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, [October](569) of the following year. In years immediately before common years, August finishes on the same day of the week as May of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, [February](262) and October of the following year. ### Fixed observances and events - [August 1](9955) – National Day of [Switzerland](2161) - [August 1](9955) – Independence Day ([Benin](15644)) - [August 1](9955) – Emancipation Day ([Bermuda](20612), [Guyana](11622), [Jamaica](11218), [Barbados](11471), [Trinidad and Tobago](17751)) - [August 1](9955) – Army Day ([People's Republic of China](600)) - [August 1](9955) – [Lammas](394746), cross-quarter day in the [Celtic](49725) [calendar](7517) - [August 1](9955) – Statehood Day ([Colorado](10984)) - [August 2](9954) – Republic Day (Republic of Macedonia) - [August 2](9954) – Emancipation Day (Bahamas) - [August 3](9953) – Independence Day ([Niger](18023)) - [August 5](9791) – Independence Day ([Burkina Faso](19175)) - [August 5](9791) – Victory Day ([Croatia](11521)) - [August 6](9951) – Independence Day ([Bolivia](9289)) - [August 6](9951) – Independence Day ([Jamaica](11218)) - [August 7](9956) – Independence Day ([Ivory Coast](4831)) - [August 8](9104) – Father's Day ([Taiwan](833)) - [August 9](9957) – National Day of [Singapore](5909) - [August 9](9957) – Day of the Indigenous People ([Suriname](16545)) - [August 9](9957) – National Women's Day ([South Africa](3528)) - [August 10](9976) – Independence Day ([Ecuador](11243)) - [August 10](9976) – [Missouri](13536) Day - [August 11](9975) – Independence Day ([Chad](11542)) - [August 12](9267) – Perseid [Meteor](8093) Shower - [August 12](9267) – Queen Sirikit's Birthday ([Thailand](10138)) - [August 13](9974) – Independence Day ([Central African Republic](12334)) - [August 14](9973) – Independence Day ([Pakistan](5071)) - [August 15](9972) – [Assumption of Mary](1122507) in Western [Christianity](219595) - [August 15](9972) – Independence Day ([India](391)) - [August 15](9972) – Independence Day ([Republic of the Congo](19598)) - [August 15](9972) – Independence Day ([Bahrain](12658)) - [August 15](9972) – National Day of [South Korea](5073) - [August 15](9972) – National Day of [Liechtenstein](3465) - [August 15](9972) – [Victory](131154) in [Japan](403) Day - [August 17](9971) – Independence Day ([Indonesia](3334)) - [August 17](9971) – Independence Day ([Gabon](19599)) - [August 19](9969) – World Humanitarian Day - [August 19](9969) – Independence Day ([Afghanistan](52)) - [August 20](9968) – Feast day of Stephen I of [Hungary](3462) - [August 20](9968) – Regaining of Independence ([Estonia](4096)) - [August 21](9960) – Admission Day ([Hawaii](332)) - [August 21](9960) – Ninoy Aquino Day ([Philippines](5103)) - [August 21](9960) – [Saint Helena](20545) Day - [August 22](9977) – Start of [Ashenda](992711) ([Ethiopia](10484) and [Eritrea](15032)) - [August 23](9961) – National Heroes Day ([Philippines](5103)) - [August 24](9964) – Independence Day ([Ukraine](3464)) - [August 25](9965) – Independence Day ([Uruguay](10982)) - [August 26](9966) – Heroes' Day ([Namibia](8250)) - [August 27](9967) – Independence Day ([Moldova](18336)) - [August 28](9959) – Assumption of Mary (Eastern [Christianity](219595)) - [August 29](8390) – National Uprising Day ([Slovakia](3467)) - [August 30](9962) – Constitution Day ([Kazakhstan](11232)) - [August 30](9962) – Republic Day ([Tatarstan](102819)) - [August 30](9962) – Victory Day ([Turkey](2860)) - [August 31](9963) – Independence Day ([Kyrgyzstan](21874)) - [August 31](9963) – Independence Day ([Malaysia](7476)) - [August 31](9963) – Independence Day ([Trinidad and Tobago](17751)) ### Moveable and Monthlong events - [Edinburgh](4864) Festival, including the Military Tattoo at [Edinburgh Castle](42760), takes place through most of August and beginning of [September](684). - UK Bank Holidays: First [Monday](4010) in [Scotland](3049), last Monday in [England](3047) and [Wales](3048) - National Eisteddfod, cultural celebration in [Wales](3048): First week in August - Children's Day in [Uruguay](10982): Second Sunday in August - [Monday](4010) after [August 17](9971): Holiday in [Argentina](54), commemorating [José de San Martin](92939) - Discovery Day in [Canada](219589): third [Monday](4010) in August - Summer Olympics, often held in [July](402) and/or August ## Selection of Historical Events - [August 1](9955) – [1291](22103): Traditional founding date of [Switzerland](2161). - [August 1](9955) – [1914](10113): [World War I](219834) begins. - [August 1](9955) – [1944](10261): [Anne Frank](6312) makes the last entry in her diary. - [August 1](9955) – [1960](8426): Dahomey (now called [Benin](15644)) becomes independent. - [August 2](9954) – [1990](8905): [Iraq](26175) invades [Kuwait](9181). - [August 3](9953) – [1492](9455): [Christopher Columbus](4635) sets sail on his first voyage. - [August 3](9953) – [1960](8426): [Niger](18023) becomes independent. - [August 4](9952) – [1944](10261): [Anne Frank](6312) and her family are captured by the [Gestapo](51091) in [Amsterdam](11417). - [August 4](9952) – [1984](9264): [Upper Volta](251827)'s name is changed to [Burkina Faso](19175). - [August 5](9791) – [1960](8426): [Upper Volta](251827) becomes independent. - [August 5](9791) – [1962](8737): Film actress [Marilyn Monroe](44131) is found dead at her home. - [August 6](9951) – [1825](20979): [Bolivia](9289)n independence. - [August 6](9951) – [1945](4629): The Atomic Bomb is dropped on [Hiroshima](3537). - [August 6](9951) – [1962](8737): [Jamaica](11218) becomes independent. - [August 7](9956) – [1960](8426): [Ivory Coast](4831) becomes independent. - [August 9](9957) – [1945](4629): The Atomic Bomb is dropped on [Nagasaki](19568). - [August 9](9957) – [1965](2983): [Singapore](5909) becomes independent. - [August 9](9957) – [1974](2971): US President [Richard Nixon](6027) resigns following the [Watergate scandal](8937), with [Gerald Ford](6028) replacing him. - [August 10](9976) – [1792](11200): Storming of the Tuileries Palace during the [French Revolution](21250) - [August 10](9976) – [1809](8338): Beginning of [Ecuador](11243)ean independence movement. - [August 11](9975) – [1960](8426): [Chad](11542) becomes independent. - [August 13](9974) – [1960](8426): The [Central African Republic](12334) becomes independent. - [August 13](9974) – [1961](8336): Building of the [Berlin Wall](22117) begins. - [August 14](9973) – [1945](4629): [Japan](403) announces its surrender at the end of [World War II](219837). - [August 14](9973)/[15](9972) – [1947](8355): [India](391) is partitioned at independence from the UK, as the new mainly [Islam](219592)ic state of [Pakistan](5071) is created. - [August 15](9972) – [1960](8426): The [Republic of the Congo](19598) becomes independent. - [August 15](9972) – [1971](9117): [Bahrain](12658) becomes independent. - [August 16](5151) – [1977](8721): [Elvis Presley](7443) dies aged 42, leading to a worldwide outpouring of grief. - [August 17](9971) – [1945](4629): [Indonesia](3334) declares independence from the [Netherlands](3463). - [August 17](9971) – [1960](8426): [Gabon](19599) becomes independent. - [August 17](9971) – [1962](8737): Peter Fechter becomes the first person to be shot dead at the [Berlin Wall](22117). - [August 19](9969) – [43 BC](449334): [Augustus](15583) becomes [Roman consul](272368). - [August 19](9969) – [14](30972): [Augustus](15583) dies. - [August 19](9969) – [1919](10181): [Afghanistan](52) becomes independent. - [August 19](9969) – [1991](3963): The August Coup against [Mikhail Gorbachev](7583), in the [Soviet Union](3600), begins. - [August 20](9968) – [1940](9212): [Leon Trotsky](6145) is fatally wounded with an ice pick in [Mexico](1935). - [August 20](9968) – [1968](8340): The [Prague](8607) Spring uprising is crushed. - [August 20](9968) – [1991](3963): [Estonia](4096) regains its independence from the [Soviet Union](3600). - [August 21](9960) – [1959](9558): [Hawaii](332) becomes the 50th State of the [US](720016). - [August 24](9964) – [79](68200): Vesuvius erupts, destroying [Pompeii](87012) and neighbouring [Herculaneum](287928). - [August 24](9964) – [1991](3963): [Ukraine](3464) regains independence from the [Soviet Union](3600). - [August 24](9964) – [2006](3965): [Pluto](241636) is demoted to a [dwarf planet](34462). - [August 25](9965) – [1825](20979): [Uruguay](10982) declares independence from [Brazil](104). - [August 25](9965) – [1989](3967): [Voyager 2](67147) flies by the planet [Neptune](558). - [August 27](9967) – [1883](15050): [Krakatoa](21629), in the Sunda Strait between [Sumatra](55351) and [Java](4649), explodes, after a very violent eruption. - [August 27](9967) – [1991](3963): [Moldova](18336) becomes independent from the [Soviet Union](3600). - [August 28](9959) – [1963](8718): The [March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom](113486) takes place, where Martin Luther King, Jr. makes his "I Have a Dream" speech for Civil Rights in the [United States](219587). - [August 29](8390) – [2005](3964): [Hurricane Katrina](14402) wreaks devastation in [Alabama](9287), [Mississippi](11131) and [Louisiana](6207). [New Orleans](14199) is flooded. - [August 31](9963) – [1957](9559): [Malaysia](7476), then the [Federation of Malaya](7476), becomes independent. - [August 31](9963) – [1962](8737): [Trinidad and Tobago](17751) becomes independent. - [August 31](9963) – [1991](3963): [Kyrgyzstan](21874) becomes independent. - [August 31](9963) – [1997](3957): [Diana, Princess of Wales](65358) is killed in a car crash in [Paris](4467), leading to a big outpouring of grief. ## Trivia - Along with [July](402), August is one of two calendar months to be named after people who really lived (July was named for [Julius Caesar](5940) and August was named for [Augustus](15583)). - Only one [US President](7174) has died in August, [Warren G. Harding](15786), on [August 2](9954), [1923](9217). - August's flower is the [Gladiolus](138894) with the birthstone being [peridot](66103). - The astrological signs for August are Leo ([July 22](10043) - [August 21](9960)) and Virgo ([August 22](9977) - [September 21](10058)). - August is the second of two months beginning with 'A', the other being April, with both April 21 and August 21 falling either side of the Northern summer solstice.
**August** (Aug.) is the eighth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, coming between July and September. It has 31 days. It is named after the Roman emperor Augustus Caesar. August does not begin on the same day of the week as any other month in common years, but begins on the same day of the week as February in leap years. August always ends on the same day of the week as November. ## The Month This month was first called _Sextilis_ in Latin, because it was the sixth month in the old Roman calendar. The Roman calendar began in March about 735 BC with Romulus. October was the eighth month. August was the eighth month when January or February were added to the start of the year by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. Or, when those two months were moved from the end to the beginning of the year by the decemvirs about 450 BC (Roman writers disagree). In 153 BC January 1 was determined as the beginning of the year. August is named for Augustus Caesar who became Roman consul in this month. The month has 31 days because Julius Caesar added two days when he created the Julian calendar in 45 BC. August is after July and before September. August, in either hemisphere, is the seasonal equivalent of February in the other. In the Northern hemisphere it is a summer month and it is a winter month in the Southern hemisphere. No other month in common years begins on the same day of the week as August, but August begins on the same day of the week as February in leap years. August ends on the same day of the week as November every year, as each other's last days are 13 weeks (91 days) apart. In common years, August starts on the same day of the week as March and November of the previous year, and in leap years, June of the previous year. In common years, August finishes on the same day of the week as March and June of the previous year, and in leap years, September of the previous year. In common years immediately after other common years, August starts on the same day of the week as February of the previous year. In years immediately before common years, August starts on the same day of the week as May of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, October of the following year. In years immediately before common years, August finishes on the same day of the week as May of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, February and October of the following year. ### Fixed observances and events - August 1 – National Day of Switzerland - August 1 – Independence Day (Benin) - August 1 – Emancipation Day (Bermuda, Guyana, Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago) - August 1 – Army Day (People's Republic of China) - August 1 – Lammas, cross-quarter day in the Celtic calendar - August 1 – Statehood Day (Colorado) - August 2 – Republic Day (Republic of Macedonia) - August 2 – Emancipation Day (Bahamas) - August 3 – Independence Day (Niger) - August 5 – Independence Day (Burkina Faso) - August 5 – Victory Day (Croatia) - August 6 – Independence Day (Bolivia) - August 6 – Independence Day (Jamaica) - August 7 – Independence Day (Ivory Coast) - August 8 – Father's Day (Taiwan) - August 9 – National Day of Singapore - August 9 – Day of the Indigenous People (Suriname) - August 9 – National Women's Day (South Africa) - August 10 – Independence Day (Ecuador) - August 10 – Missouri Day - August 11 – Independence Day (Chad) - August 12 – Perseid Meteor Shower - August 12 – Queen Sirikit's Birthday (Thailand) - August 13 – Independence Day (Central African Republic) - August 14 – Independence Day (Pakistan) - August 15 – Assumption of Mary in Western Christianity - August 15 – Independence Day (India) - August 15 – Independence Day (Republic of the Congo) - August 15 – Independence Day (Bahrain) - August 15 – National Day of South Korea - August 15 – National Day of Liechtenstein - August 15 – Victory in Japan Day - August 17 – Independence Day (Indonesia) - August 17 – Independence Day (Gabon) - August 19 – World Humanitarian Day - August 19 – Independence Day (Afghanistan) - August 20 – Feast day of Stephen I of Hungary - August 20 – Regaining of Independence (Estonia) - August 21 – Admission Day (Hawaii) - August 21 – Ninoy Aquino Day (Philippines) - August 21 – Saint Helena Day - August 22 – Start of Ashenda (Ethiopia and Eritrea) - August 23 – National Heroes Day (Philippines) - August 24 – Independence Day (Ukraine) - August 25 – Independence Day (Uruguay) - August 26 – Heroes' Day (Namibia) - August 27 – Independence Day (Moldova) - August 28 – Assumption of Mary (Eastern Christianity) - August 29 – National Uprising Day (Slovakia) - August 30 – Constitution Day (Kazakhstan) - August 30 – Republic Day (Tatarstan) - August 30 – Victory Day (Turkey) - August 31 – Independence Day (Kyrgyzstan) - August 31 – Independence Day (Malaysia) - August 31 – Independence Day (Trinidad and Tobago) ### Moveable and Monthlong events - Edinburgh Festival, including the Military Tattoo at Edinburgh Castle, takes place through most of August and beginning of September. - UK Bank Holidays: First Monday in Scotland, last Monday in England and Wales - National Eisteddfod, cultural celebration in Wales: First week in August - Children's Day in Uruguay: Second Sunday in August - Monday after August 17: Holiday in Argentina, commemorating José de San Martin - Discovery Day in Canada: third Monday in August - Summer Olympics, often held in July and/or August ## Selection of Historical Events - August 1 – 1291: Traditional founding date of Switzerland. - August 1 – 1914: World War I begins. - August 1 – 1944: Anne Frank makes the last entry in her diary. - August 1 – 1960: Dahomey (now called Benin) becomes independent. - August 2 – 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait. - August 3 – 1492: Christopher Columbus sets sail on his first voyage. - August 3 – 1960: Niger becomes independent. - August 4 – 1944: Anne Frank and her family are captured by the Gestapo in Amsterdam. - August 4 – 1984: Upper Volta's name is changed to Burkina Faso. - August 5 – 1960: Upper Volta becomes independent. - August 5 – 1962: Film actress Marilyn Monroe is found dead at her home. - August 6 – 1825: Bolivian independence. - August 6 – 1945: The Atomic Bomb is dropped on Hiroshima. - August 6 – 1962: Jamaica becomes independent. - August 7 – 1960: Ivory Coast becomes independent. - August 9 – 1945: The Atomic Bomb is dropped on Nagasaki. - August 9 – 1965: Singapore becomes independent. - August 9 – 1974: US President Richard Nixon resigns following the Watergate scandal, with Gerald Ford replacing him. - August 10 – 1792: Storming of the Tuileries Palace during the French Revolution - August 10 – 1809: Beginning of Ecuadorean independence movement. - August 11 – 1960: Chad becomes independent. - August 13 – 1960: The Central African Republic becomes independent. - August 13 – 1961: Building of the Berlin Wall begins. - August 14 – 1945: Japan announces its surrender at the end of World War II. - August 14/15 – 1947: India is partitioned at independence from the UK, as the new mainly Islamic state of Pakistan is created. - August 15 – 1960: The Republic of the Congo becomes independent. - August 15 – 1971: Bahrain becomes independent. - August 16 – 1977: Elvis Presley dies aged 42, leading to a worldwide outpouring of grief. - August 17 – 1945: Indonesia declares independence from the Netherlands. - August 17 – 1960: Gabon becomes independent. - August 17 – 1962: Peter Fechter becomes the first person to be shot dead at the Berlin Wall. - August 19 – 43 BC: Augustus becomes Roman consul. - August 19 – 14: Augustus dies. - August 19 – 1919: Afghanistan becomes independent. - August 19 – 1991: The August Coup against Mikhail Gorbachev, in the Soviet Union, begins. - August 20 – 1940: Leon Trotsky is fatally wounded with an ice pick in Mexico. - August 20 – 1968: The Prague Spring uprising is crushed. - August 20 – 1991: Estonia regains its independence from the Soviet Union. - August 21 – 1959: Hawaii becomes the 50th State of the US. - August 24 – 79: Vesuvius erupts, destroying Pompeii and neighbouring Herculaneum. - August 24 – 1991: Ukraine regains independence from the Soviet Union. - August 24 – 2006: Pluto is demoted to a dwarf planet. - August 25 – 1825: Uruguay declares independence from Brazil. - August 25 – 1989: Voyager 2 flies by the planet Neptune. - August 27 – 1883: Krakatoa, in the Sunda Strait between Sumatra and Java, explodes, after a very violent eruption. - August 27 – 1991: Moldova becomes independent from the Soviet Union. - August 28 – 1963: The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom takes place, where Martin Luther King, Jr. makes his "I Have a Dream" speech for Civil Rights in the United States. - August 29 – 2005: Hurricane Katrina wreaks devastation in Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. New Orleans is flooded. - August 31 – 1957: Malaysia, then the Federation of Malaya, becomes independent. - August 31 – 1962: Trinidad and Tobago becomes independent. - August 31 – 1991: Kyrgyzstan becomes independent. - August 31 – 1997: Diana, Princess of Wales is killed in a car crash in Paris, leading to a big outpouring of grief. ## Trivia - Along with July, August is one of two calendar months to be named after people who really lived (July was named for Julius Caesar and August was named for Augustus). - Only one US President has died in August, Warren G. Harding, on August 2, 1923. - August's flower is the Gladiolus with the birthstone being peridot. - The astrological signs for August are Leo (July 22 - August 21) and Virgo (August 22 - September 21). - August is the second of two months beginning with 'A', the other being April, with both April 21 and August 21 falling either side of the Northern summer solstice.
high
false
false
6
Art
**Art** is a creative activity. It produces a product, an object. **Art** is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, performing subjects, and expressing the author's thoughts. The product of art is called a **work of art**, for others to experience. Some art is useful in a practical sense, such as a sculptured clay [bowl](21815) that can be used. That kind of art is sometimes called a _[craft](4669)_. Those who make art are called [artist](17867)s. They hope to affect the [emotion](20124)s of people who experience it. Some people find art relaxing, exciting or informative. Some say people are driven to make art due to their inner [creativity](134). "The arts" is a much broader term. It includes [drawing](5316), [painting](11274), sculpting, [photography](5007), [performance art](255689), [dance](187), [music](472), [poetry](3886), [prose](78105) and [theatre](819). ## Types of art Art is divided into the plastic arts, where something is made, and the [performing arts](255689), where something is done by humans in action. The other division is between pure arts, done for themselves, and practical arts, done for a practical purpose, but with artistic content. - Plastic art - Fine art is expression by making something [beautiful](13173) or appealing to the [emotion](20124)s by visual means: [drawing](5316), [painting](11274), [printmaking](126511), [sculpture](25295) - Literature: [poetry](3886), creative [writing](3681) - Performing art - Performing arts are expression using the body: [drama](45403), [dance](187), acting, [singing](51746) - Auditory art (expression by making [sound](686)s): [music](472), [singing](51746) - Practical art - Culinary art (expression by making [flavor](3940)s and [taste](13407)s): [cooking](146) - The practical arts (expression by making things and structures: [architecture](49), [filming](3486), [fashion](54315), [photography](5007), video games) ## What "art" means Some people say that art is a product or item that is made with the intention of stimulating the human senses as well as the [human mind](8568), [spirit](753) and [soul](805). Art can also be an Idea or a concept that is expressed visually. An artwork is normally judged by how much impact it has on people, the number of people who can relate to it, and how much they appreciate it. Some people also get inspired. The first and broadest sense of "art" means "arrangement" or "to arrange." In this sense, art is created when someone arranges things found in the world into a new or different design or form; or when someone arranges colors or forms next to each other to make an image or just to make a pretty or interesting look. Art can also be an existing object that is presented and called art, this is called re contextualizing. This is often done by placing the object in a frame or a special setting like a Gallery were the new setting gives the object a different meaning or message. (Marcel Duchamp, _Fountain,_ 1917) The difference between Art and design can be subjective to the viewer and hard to distinguish. Art is often said to have a message or a meaning and design is about only the appearance. Art may express [emotion](20124). Artists may feel a certain emotion or message and wish to express it by creating something that means something to them. Most of the art created in this case is made for the artist rather than an [audience](30451). However, if an audience is able to connect with the emotion or the message as well, then the art work may become publicly successful. ## History of art There are sculptures, [cave painting](98037) and [rock art](70047) dating from the [Upper Paleolithic](302580) era. All of the great ancient civilizations, such as [Ancient Egypt](15034), India, [China](29263), [Greece](13444), [Rome](24298) and Persia had works and styles of art. In the [Middle Ages](6593), most of the art in [Europe](216) showed people from the [Bible](2866) in [painting](11274)s, [stained-glass](278733) windows, and [mosaic](99830) tile floors and walls. Islamic art includes geometric patterns, Islamic [calligraphy](186989), and [architecture](49). In [India](391) and [Tibet](35288), painted sculptures, dance, and religious painting were done. In China, arts included [jade](6623) carving, bronze, [pottery](11616), [poetry](3886), calligraphy, music, painting, drama, and fiction. There are many Chinese artistic styles, which are usually named after the ruling dynasty. In Europe, after the [Middle Ages](6593), there was a "[Renaissance](25297)" which means "rebirth". People rediscovered [science](700) and artists were allowed to paint subjects other than religious subjects. People like [Michelangelo](4653) and [Leonardo da Vinci](4654) still painted religious pictures, but they also now could paint mythological pictures too. These artists also invented [perspective](96375) where things in the distance look smaller in the picture. This was new because in the Middle Ages people would paint all the figures close up and just overlapping each other. These artists used [nudity](9596) regularly in their art. In the late 1800s, artists in Europe, responding to Modernity created many new painting styles such as [Classicism](181432), [Romanticism](29089), [Realism](72086), and [Impressionism](92432). The history of twentieth century art includes [Expressionism](80576), [Fauvism](268704), [Cubism](59225), Dadaism, [Surrealism](67444), and [Minimalism](30136). ## Roles of art In some [societies](689), people think that art belongs to the person who made it. They think that the artist put his or her "[talent](50141)" and industry into the art. In this view, the art is the [property](3336) of the artist, protected by [copyright](1586). In other societies, people think that art belongs to no one. They think that society has put its [social capital](726) into the artist and the artist's work. In this view, society is a collective that has made the art, through the artist. ### Functions of art The functions of art include: 1) Cognitive function - Works of art let us know about what the creator thought or knew, and what the surroundings of the author were like, real or imagined. 2) Aesthetic function - Works of art can make people happy by being beautiful or evoke any of the emotions. 3) Prognostic function - Some artists draw what they see the future like, and some of them are right, but most are not... 4) Recreation function - Art makes us think about it, not about reality; we have a rest. 5) Value function - What did the artist value? What aims did they like/dislike in human activity? This usually is clearly seen in artists' works. 6) Didactic function - What message, criticism or political change did the artist wish to achieve? ## Related pages - [Art history](226452) - [Conservation (art)](350859) - [Modern art](268587) - [Abstract art](268878) - [Magnum opus](831048) - [Painting](11274) - [Sculpture](25295) - [Street art](277865)
**Art** is a creative activity. It produces a product, an object. **Art** is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, performing subjects, and expressing the author's thoughts. The product of art is called a **work of art**, for others to experience. Some art is useful in a practical sense, such as a sculptured clay bowl that can be used. That kind of art is sometimes called a _craft_. Those who make art are called artists. They hope to affect the emotions of people who experience it. Some people find art relaxing, exciting or informative. Some say people are driven to make art due to their inner creativity. "The arts" is a much broader term. It includes drawing, painting, sculpting, photography, performance art, dance, music, poetry, prose and theatre. ## Types of art Art is divided into the plastic arts, where something is made, and the performing arts, where something is done by humans in action. The other division is between pure arts, done for themselves, and practical arts, done for a practical purpose, but with artistic content. - Plastic art - Fine art is expression by making something beautiful or appealing to the emotions by visual means: drawing, painting, printmaking, sculpture - Literature: poetry, creative writing - Performing art - Performing arts are expression using the body: drama, dance, acting, singing - Auditory art (expression by making sounds): music, singing - Practical art - Culinary art (expression by making flavors and tastes): cooking - The practical arts (expression by making things and structures: architecture, filming, fashion, photography, video games) ## What "art" means Some people say that art is a product or item that is made with the intention of stimulating the human senses as well as the human mind, spirit and soul. Art can also be an Idea or a concept that is expressed visually. An artwork is normally judged by how much impact it has on people, the number of people who can relate to it, and how much they appreciate it. Some people also get inspired. The first and broadest sense of "art" means "arrangement" or "to arrange." In this sense, art is created when someone arranges things found in the world into a new or different design or form; or when someone arranges colors or forms next to each other to make an image or just to make a pretty or interesting look. Art can also be an existing object that is presented and called art, this is called re contextualizing. This is often done by placing the object in a frame or a special setting like a Gallery were the new setting gives the object a different meaning or message. (Marcel Duchamp, _Fountain,_ 1917) The difference between Art and design can be subjective to the viewer and hard to distinguish. Art is often said to have a message or a meaning and design is about only the appearance. Art may express emotion. Artists may feel a certain emotion or message and wish to express it by creating something that means something to them. Most of the art created in this case is made for the artist rather than an audience. However, if an audience is able to connect with the emotion or the message as well, then the art work may become publicly successful. ## History of art There are sculptures, cave painting and rock art dating from the Upper Paleolithic era. All of the great ancient civilizations, such as Ancient Egypt, India, China, Greece, Rome and Persia had works and styles of art. In the Middle Ages, most of the art in Europe showed people from the Bible in paintings, stained-glass windows, and mosaic tile floors and walls. Islamic art includes geometric patterns, Islamic calligraphy, and architecture. In India and Tibet, painted sculptures, dance, and religious painting were done. In China, arts included jade carving, bronze, pottery, poetry, calligraphy, music, painting, drama, and fiction. There are many Chinese artistic styles, which are usually named after the ruling dynasty. In Europe, after the Middle Ages, there was a "Renaissance" which means "rebirth". People rediscovered science and artists were allowed to paint subjects other than religious subjects. People like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci still painted religious pictures, but they also now could paint mythological pictures too. These artists also invented perspective where things in the distance look smaller in the picture. This was new because in the Middle Ages people would paint all the figures close up and just overlapping each other. These artists used nudity regularly in their art. In the late 1800s, artists in Europe, responding to Modernity created many new painting styles such as Classicism, Romanticism, Realism, and Impressionism. The history of twentieth century art includes Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, and Minimalism. ## Roles of art In some societies, people think that art belongs to the person who made it. They think that the artist put his or her "talent" and industry into the art. In this view, the art is the property of the artist, protected by copyright. In other societies, people think that art belongs to no one. They think that society has put its social capital into the artist and the artist's work. In this view, society is a collective that has made the art, through the artist. ### Functions of art The functions of art include: 1) Cognitive function - Works of art let us know about what the creator thought or knew, and what the surroundings of the author were like, real or imagined. 2) Aesthetic function - Works of art can make people happy by being beautiful or evoke any of the emotions. 3) Prognostic function - Some artists draw what they see the future like, and some of them are right, but most are not... 4) Recreation function - Art makes us think about it, not about reality; we have a rest. 5) Value function - What did the artist value? What aims did they like/dislike in human activity? This usually is clearly seen in artists' works. 6) Didactic function - What message, criticism or political change did the artist wish to achieve? ## Related pages - Art history - Conservation (art) - Modern art - Abstract art - Magnum opus - Painting - Sculpture - Street art
medium
false
false
8
A
**A** is the first letter of the [English](2843) [alphabet](5892). The small letter, **a**, is used as a lowercase [vowel](32620). ## Overview When it is spoken, ā is said as a long **a**, a [diphthong](12485) of ĕ and y. A is similar to [Alpha](88806) of the [Greek alphabet](18065). That is not surprising, because it means the same sound. "Alpha and Omega" (the last letter of the Greek alphabet) means from beginning to the end. In [musical notation](87186), the letter A is the symbol of a note in the scale, below [B](5719) and above [G](5724). A is the letter that was used to represent a team in an old TV show, [The A-Team](31398). A capital a is written "A". Use a capital A at the start of a sentence if writing. A is also a musical note, sometimes referred to as "La". ## Origin The letter 'A' was in the Phoenician alphabet's [aleph](140725). This symbol came from a simple picture of an ox head. This Phoenician letter helped make the basic blocks of later types of the letter. The Greeks later modified this letter and used it as their letter alpha. The Greek alphabet was used by the [Etruscans](47163) in northern Italy, and the Romans later modified the Etruscan alphabet for their own language. ## Using the letter The letter A has six different sounds. It can sound like æ, in the [International Phonetic Alphabet](52427), such as the word _pad_. Other sounds of this letter are in the words _father_, which developed into another sound, such as in the word _ace_. ## Use in mathematics In algebra, the letter "A" along with other letters at the beginning of the alphabet is used to represent known quantities. In geometry, capital A, B, C etc. are used to label [line segment](454670)s, lines, etc. Also, A is typically used as one of the letters to label an angle in a triangle. Its letter shape is referred to abstractly in Sir William Vallance Douglas Hodge's 5th [postulate](37232), the basis for, as one of the [Millennium Prize Problems](613952), the [Hodge Conjecture](918756).
**A** is the first letter of the English alphabet. The small letter, **a**, is used as a lowercase vowel. ## Overview When it is spoken, ā is said as a long **a**, a diphthong of ĕ and y. A is similar to Alpha of the Greek alphabet. That is not surprising, because it means the same sound. "Alpha and Omega" (the last letter of the Greek alphabet) means from beginning to the end. In musical notation, the letter A is the symbol of a note in the scale, below B and above G. A is the letter that was used to represent a team in an old TV show, The A-Team. A capital a is written "A". Use a capital A at the start of a sentence if writing. A is also a musical note, sometimes referred to as "La". ## Origin The letter 'A' was in the Phoenician alphabet's aleph. This symbol came from a simple picture of an ox head. This Phoenician letter helped make the basic blocks of later types of the letter. The Greeks later modified this letter and used it as their letter alpha. The Greek alphabet was used by the Etruscans in northern Italy, and the Romans later modified the Etruscan alphabet for their own language. ## Using the letter The letter A has six different sounds. It can sound like æ, in the International Phonetic Alphabet, such as the word _pad_. Other sounds of this letter are in the words _father_, which developed into another sound, such as in the word _ace_. ## Use in mathematics In algebra, the letter "A" along with other letters at the beginning of the alphabet is used to represent known quantities. In geometry, capital A, B, C etc. are used to label line segments, lines, etc. Also, A is typically used as one of the letters to label an angle in a triangle. Its letter shape is referred to abstractly in Sir William Vallance Douglas Hodge's 5th postulate, the basis for, as one of the Millennium Prize Problems, the Hodge Conjecture.
high
false
false
9
Air
**Air** is the [Earth](219)'s [atmosphere](350724). Air is a [mixture](3257) of many gases and tiny dust particles. It is the clear [gas](3283) in which living things live and breathe. It has an indefinite shape and [volume](895). It has [mass](513) and [weight](7956), because it is [matter](50759). The weight of air creates atmospheric pressure. There is no air in [outer space](2899). Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0.9 percent argon, and 0.1 percent other gases. Animals live and need to breathe the oxygen in the atmosphere. In [breathing](14474), the [lung](18820)s put oxygen into the [blood](2950), and send back [carbon dioxide](11599) to the air. Plants need the carbon dioxide in the air to live. They give off the oxygen that we breathe. Without it animals die of [asphyxia](69502). Air can be [polluted](226886) by some gases (such as [carbon monoxide](56839), hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides), [smoke](47878), and ash. This [air pollution](226886) causes various problems including [smog](86825), [acid rain](20769) and [global warming](7368). It can damage people's [health](325) and the environment. There are debates about whether or not to act upon climate change, but soon enough the Earth will heat up too much, causing it to become too hot and not support life. Some say fewer people would die of cold weather, and that is true but there is already a huge amount of people dying from heat and that number is and will keep increasing more and more. Since early times, air has been used to create [technology](15232). Ships moved with sails and windmills used the mechanical motion of air. Aircraft use [propeller](45647)s to move air over a [wing](16634), which allows them to [fly](26685). [Pneumatics](76848) use air pressure to move things. Since the late 1900s, air power is also used to generate electricity. Air is invisible: it cannot be seen by the eye, though a shimmering in hot air can be seen. Air is one of the 4 classical elements (water, air, earth and fire). ### Original atmosphere At first it was mainly a [hydrogen](355) atmosphere. It has changed dramatically on several occasions—for example, the [Great Oxygenation Event](362249) 2.4 [billion](467299) years ago, greatly increased [oxygen](2949) in the atmosphere from practically no oxygen to levels closer to present day. Humans have also contributed to significant changes in atmospheric composition through air pollution, especially since [industrialisation](90024), leading to rapid environmental change such as ozone depletion and global warming. ### Second atmosphere Out gassing from [volcanism](1972), supplemented by gases produced during the [late heavy bombardment](242278) of Earth by huge asteroids, produced the next atmosphere, consisting largely of [nitrogen](2061) plus [carbon dioxide](11599) and [inert gas](68366)es. ### Third atmosphere The constant re-arrangement of continents by [plate tectonics](60789) influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide was transferred to and from large continental carbonate stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago. The [Great Oxygenation Event](362249) is shown by the end of the [banded iron formation](301332)s. ## Related pages - [Air pollution](226886) - [Air craft](4701)
**Air** is the Earth's atmosphere. Air is a mixture of many gases and tiny dust particles. It is the clear gas in which living things live and breathe. It has an indefinite shape and volume. It has mass and weight, because it is matter. The weight of air creates atmospheric pressure. There is no air in outer space. Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0.9 percent argon, and 0.1 percent other gases. Animals live and need to breathe the oxygen in the atmosphere. In breathing, the lungs put oxygen into the blood, and send back carbon dioxide to the air. Plants need the carbon dioxide in the air to live. They give off the oxygen that we breathe. Without it animals die of asphyxia. Air can be polluted by some gases (such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides), smoke, and ash. This air pollution causes various problems including smog, acid rain and global warming. It can damage people's health and the environment. There are debates about whether or not to act upon climate change, but soon enough the Earth will heat up too much, causing it to become too hot and not support life. Some say fewer people would die of cold weather, and that is true but there is already a huge amount of people dying from heat and that number is and will keep increasing more and more. Since early times, air has been used to create technology. Ships moved with sails and windmills used the mechanical motion of air. Aircraft use propellers to move air over a wing, which allows them to fly. Pneumatics use air pressure to move things. Since the late 1900s, air power is also used to generate electricity. Air is invisible: it cannot be seen by the eye, though a shimmering in hot air can be seen. Air is one of the 4 classical elements (water, air, earth and fire). ### Original atmosphere At first it was mainly a hydrogen atmosphere. It has changed dramatically on several occasions—for example, the Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago, greatly increased oxygen in the atmosphere from practically no oxygen to levels closer to present day. Humans have also contributed to significant changes in atmospheric composition through air pollution, especially since industrialisation, leading to rapid environmental change such as ozone depletion and global warming. ### Second atmosphere Out gassing from volcanism, supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids, produced the next atmosphere, consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases. ### Third atmosphere The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide was transferred to and from large continental carbonate stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago. The Great Oxygenation Event is shown by the end of the banded iron formations. ## Related pages - Air pollution - Air craft
high
false
false
12
Autonomous communities of Spain
[Spain](219832) is divided in 17 parts called **autonomous communities**. _Autonomous_ means that each of these autonomous communities has its own [executive](100530), legislative, and judicial powers. These are similar to, but _not_ the same as, states in the [United States](219587) of America, for example. Spain has fifty smaller parts called provinces. In 1978 these parts came together, making the autonomous communities. Before then, some of these provinces were together but were broken. The groups that were together once before are called "historic communities": [Catalonia](7426), [Basque Country](688255), Galicia and [Andalusia](20278). The Spanish language is the sole official language in every autonomous community but six, where Spanish is co-official with other languages, as follows: - [Catalonia](7426): [Catalan](2035) and [Occitan](33454) - Valencian Community: [Catalan](2035) (also called [Valencian](78411) there) - [Balearic Islands](20283): [Catalan](2035) - Galicia: [Galician](13700) - [Basque Country](688255): [Basque](19373) - [Navarre](289736): [Basque](19373) (only in the north and near the border with the Basque County) List of the autonomous communities, with their Capital city (the place where the government has its offices): - [Andalusia](20278) (its capital is Sevilla) - [Aragon](25359) (its capital is [Zaragoza](20185)) - [Asturias](234100) (its capital is [Oviedo](36603)) - [Balearic Islands](20283) (its capital is [Palma de Mallorca](20189)) - [Basque Country](688255) (its capital is Vitoria) - [Canary Islands](19765) (they have two capitals - [Las Palmas de Gran Canaria](20187) and [Santa Cruz de Tenerife](20542)) - [Cantabria](35049) (its capital is [Santander](473852)) - Castile-La Mancha (its capital is [Toledo](11582)) - [Castile and León](234102) (its capital is [Valladolid](5185)) - [Catalonia](7426) (its capital is [Barcelona](5259)) - [Extremadura](386616) (its capital is [Mérida](20281)) - Galicia (its capital is [Santiago de Compostela](142349)) - [La Rioja](386582) (its capital is [Logroño](122987)) - [Community of Madrid](74854) (its capital is [Madrid](473)) - [Region of Murcia](20196) (its capital is [Murcia](20184)) - [Navarre](289736) (its capital is [Pamplona](397465)) - Valencian Community (its capital is [Valencia](20182)) Spain also has two cities on the north coast of Africa: [Ceuta](19171) and [Melilla](19169). They are called "autonomous cities" and have simultaneously the majority of the power of an autonomous community and also power of provinces and power of municipalities.
Spain is divided in 17 parts called **autonomous communities**. _Autonomous_ means that each of these autonomous communities has its own executive, legislative, and judicial powers. These are similar to, but _not_ the same as, states in the United States of America, for example. Spain has fifty smaller parts called provinces. In 1978 these parts came together, making the autonomous communities. Before then, some of these provinces were together but were broken. The groups that were together once before are called "historic communities": Catalonia, Basque Country, Galicia and Andalusia. The Spanish language is the sole official language in every autonomous community but six, where Spanish is co-official with other languages, as follows: - Catalonia: Catalan and Occitan - Valencian Community: Catalan (also called Valencian there) - Balearic Islands: Catalan - Galicia: Galician - Basque Country: Basque - Navarre: Basque (only in the north and near the border with the Basque County) List of the autonomous communities, with their Capital city (the place where the government has its offices): - Andalusia (its capital is Sevilla) - Aragon (its capital is Zaragoza) - Asturias (its capital is Oviedo) - Balearic Islands (its capital is Palma de Mallorca) - Basque Country (its capital is Vitoria) - Canary Islands (they have two capitals - Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife) - Cantabria (its capital is Santander) - Castile-La Mancha (its capital is Toledo) - Castile and León (its capital is Valladolid) - Catalonia (its capital is Barcelona) - Extremadura (its capital is Mérida) - Galicia (its capital is Santiago de Compostela) - La Rioja (its capital is Logroño) - Community of Madrid (its capital is Madrid) - Region of Murcia (its capital is Murcia) - Navarre (its capital is Pamplona) - Valencian Community (its capital is Valencia) Spain also has two cities on the north coast of Africa: Ceuta and Melilla. They are called "autonomous cities" and have simultaneously the majority of the power of an autonomous community and also power of provinces and power of municipalities.
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Alan Turing
**Alan Mathison Turing** ([London](460), 23 June 1912 – [Wilmslow](753470), [Cheshire](19225), 7 June 1954) was an [English](17307) [mathematician](14844) and computer scientist. He is known as the father of [computer science](110). He was born in [Maida Vale](179337), London. ## Early life Turing was born in Maida Vale, London. His father came from a Scottish merchant family. His mother, Ethel Sara Stoney, was the daughter of an [engineer](22953) from [Ireland](361). Turing was very good at math when he was young. ## Education He went to school at St. Michael’s in St Leonards-on-Sea. Later, he studied at [Cambridge University](121093) and [Princeton University](54786). ## Career In 1936, Turing wrote about a theoretical machine called the [Turing machine](29010). This idea became important in the development of computers. He also created the idea of a [computer program](2957). During [World War II](219837), Turing worked at [Bletchley Park](348276). He helped break secret German messages made by the Enigma machine. This helped the [Allies](26091) win the war and may have saved millions of lives. He worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), using [cryptanalysis](105014) to break Nazi codes. Later, he helped design the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), one of the first stored-program computers. He presented the design in 1946. Turing was also interested in [artificial intelligence](6360). He proposed the [Turing test](4076) to check if a machine can "think". ## Private life Turing was homosexual. In [1952](6752), he admitted to having sex with a man. At that time, being gay was illegal in the UK. He was [convicted](127063) and had to choose between [prison](1934) or taking hormones to reduce his sex drive. He chose the [medicine](3793). This caused him health problems like impotence and breast growth. ## Death In 1954, Turing died from [cyanide](38415) poisoning. Some say he ate a poisoned [apple](39), but the apple was never tested. It is believed he died by suicide. ## Legacy In 2009, a [petition](178248) asked the UK Government to say sorry for how Turing was treated. Prime Minister [Gordon Brown](31741) later gave an apology and called Turing's treatment "appalling". In 2013, Queen [Elizabeth II](3447) gave him a royal pardon. The “Turing Law” was later passed to pardon other men who were punished under old anti-gay laws. ## Other websites - Jack Copeland 2012. Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives'. BBC News / Technology [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-18419691](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-18419691)
**Alan Mathison Turing** (London, 23 June 1912 – Wilmslow, Cheshire, 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician and computer scientist. He is known as the father of computer science. He was born in Maida Vale, London. ## Early life Turing was born in Maida Vale, London. His father came from a Scottish merchant family. His mother, Ethel Sara Stoney, was the daughter of an engineer from Ireland. Turing was very good at math when he was young. ## Education He went to school at St. Michael’s in St Leonards-on-Sea. Later, he studied at Cambridge University and Princeton University. ## Career In 1936, Turing wrote about a theoretical machine called the Turing machine. This idea became important in the development of computers. He also created the idea of a computer program. During World War II, Turing worked at Bletchley Park. He helped break secret German messages made by the Enigma machine. This helped the Allies win the war and may have saved millions of lives. He worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), using cryptanalysis to break Nazi codes. Later, he helped design the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), one of the first stored-program computers. He presented the design in 1946. Turing was also interested in artificial intelligence. He proposed the Turing test to check if a machine can "think". ## Private life Turing was homosexual. In 1952, he admitted to having sex with a man. At that time, being gay was illegal in the UK. He was convicted and had to choose between prison or taking hormones to reduce his sex drive. He chose the medicine. This caused him health problems like impotence and breast growth. ## Death In 1954, Turing died from cyanide poisoning. Some say he ate a poisoned apple, but the apple was never tested. It is believed he died by suicide. ## Legacy In 2009, a petition asked the UK Government to say sorry for how Turing was treated. Prime Minister Gordon Brown later gave an apology and called Turing's treatment "appalling". In 2013, Queen Elizabeth II gave him a royal pardon. The “Turing Law” was later passed to pardon other men who were punished under old anti-gay laws. ## Other websites - Jack Copeland 2012. Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives'. BBC News / Technology https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-18419691
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Alanis Morissette
**Alanis Nadine Morissette** (born June 1, 1974) is a Grammy Award-winning [Canadian](444053)-[American](27105) [singer](15324) and [songwriter](31817). She was born in [Ottawa](3838), [Canada](219589). She began singing in Canada as a teenager in 1990. In 1995, she became popular all over the world. As a young child in Canada, Morissette began to act on [television](1999), including 5 [episode](541057)s of the long-running series, _[You Can't Do That on Television](62015)_. Her first [album](18202) was released only in Canada in 1990. Her first international album was _[Jagged Little Pill](306073)_, released in 1995. It was a rock-influenced album. _Jagged_ has sold more than 33 million units globally. It became the best-selling debut album in music history. Her next album, _Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie_, was released in 1998. It was a success as well. Morissette took up producing duties for her next albums, which include _Under Rug Swept_, _So-Called Chaos_ and _[Flavors of Entanglement](139150)_. Morissette has sold more than 60 million albums worldwide. She also acted in several movies, including [Kevin Smith](55693)'s _Dogma_, where she played [God](305). ## About her life Alanis Morissette was born in Riverside Hospital of Ottawa in Ottawa, Ontario. Her father is French-Canadian. Her mother is from [Hungary](3462). She has an older brother, Chad, and a twin brother, Wade, who is 12 minutes younger than she is. Her parents had worked as teachers at a [military](3516) base in [Lahr](981045), [Germany](219828). Morissette became an [American](219587) citizen in 2005. She is still a Canadian citizen. On May 22, 2010, Morissette married rapper Mario "MC Souleye" Treadway. ## Jagged Little Pill Morissette has had many albums. Her 1995 album _Jagged Little Pill_ became a very popular album. It has sold over 30 million copies worldwide. The album caused Morissette to win four Grammy Awards. Many reviewers had positive things to say. On the album, Morissette sang [song](9460)s about many different things. These things include: - [love](9586) (in the song "Head Over Feet") - [life](425) (in the songs "Ironic" and "You Learn") - her [feelings](20124) (in the songs "Hand In My Pocket" and "All I Really Want") - sadness (in the song "Mary Jane") - [anger](21084) (in the song "You Oughta Know") - frustration (in the songs "Not the Doctor" and "Wake Up") ### Albums - _Alanis_ (Canada-only, 1991) - _Now Is the Time_ (Canada-only, 1992) - _[Jagged Little Pill](306073)_ (1995) - _Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie_ (1998) - _Alanis Unplugged_ (1999) - _Under Rug Swept_ (2002) - _Feast on Scraps_ (CD/DVD, 2002) - _So-Called Chaos_ (2004) - _Jagged Little Pill Acoustic_ (2005) - _[Alanis Morissette: The Collection](127810)_ (2005) - _[Flavors of Entanglement](139150)_ (2008) - _Havoc and Bright Lights_ (2012) ### Selected songs Morissette has written many songs. Some of her most famous songs are: - "You Oughta Know" - This song is to Morissette's ex-boyfriend, a man she once loved. In this song, Morissette is very angry. She wants her ex-boyfriend to know that he caused many problems after leaving her for another woman. - "[Ironic](258103)" - This song is about life. It contains several stories about unlucky people. In one of the stories, a man is afraid of flying on [airplane](78545)s. He finally flies in one, but the airplane crashes. - "You Learn" - In this song, Morissette says that bad things happen in life, but people learn from them. Anyone can make bad things into good things. She wants people to try new things in life. - "Uninvited" - In this song, Morissette is not happy because she is famous. She does not know whether she wants to continue to be famous or not. - "Thank U" - In this song, she thanks many things that have helped her. She thanks [India](391), a country she visited and almost died in. She also lists ways she can improve herself. - "Hands Clean" - In this song, a man does something bad, and tells Morissette not to tell anyone else the bad thing the man did. She hides the man's secret for many years. ## Infobox (musical artist) - **name**: Alanis Morissette - **img**: Alaniss.jpg - **background**: solo_singer - **birth name**: Alanis Nadine Morissette - **origin**: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada - **genre**: Rock music, Rock, Pop music, Dance-pop, Alternative rock, Alternative - **occupation**: Singer, songwriter, actress, record producer - **years active**: 1987–present - **url**: [http://www.alanis.com/ www.alanis.com]
**Alanis Nadine Morissette** (born June 1, 1974) is a Grammy Award-winning Canadian-American singer and songwriter. She was born in Ottawa, Canada. She began singing in Canada as a teenager in 1990. In 1995, she became popular all over the world. As a young child in Canada, Morissette began to act on television, including 5 episodes of the long-running series, _You Can't Do That on Television_. Her first album was released only in Canada in 1990. Her first international album was _Jagged Little Pill_, released in 1995. It was a rock-influenced album. _Jagged_ has sold more than 33 million units globally. It became the best-selling debut album in music history. Her next album, _Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie_, was released in 1998. It was a success as well. Morissette took up producing duties for her next albums, which include _Under Rug Swept_, _So-Called Chaos_ and _Flavors of Entanglement_. Morissette has sold more than 60 million albums worldwide. She also acted in several movies, including Kevin Smith's _Dogma_, where she played God. ## About her life Alanis Morissette was born in Riverside Hospital of Ottawa in Ottawa, Ontario. Her father is French-Canadian. Her mother is from Hungary. She has an older brother, Chad, and a twin brother, Wade, who is 12 minutes younger than she is. Her parents had worked as teachers at a military base in Lahr, Germany. Morissette became an American citizen in 2005. She is still a Canadian citizen. On May 22, 2010, Morissette married rapper Mario "MC Souleye" Treadway. ## Jagged Little Pill Morissette has had many albums. Her 1995 album _Jagged Little Pill_ became a very popular album. It has sold over 30 million copies worldwide. The album caused Morissette to win four Grammy Awards. Many reviewers had positive things to say. On the album, Morissette sang songs about many different things. These things include: - love (in the song "Head Over Feet") - life (in the songs "Ironic" and "You Learn") - her feelings (in the songs "Hand In My Pocket" and "All I Really Want") - sadness (in the song "Mary Jane") - anger (in the song "You Oughta Know") - frustration (in the songs "Not the Doctor" and "Wake Up") ### Albums - _Alanis_ (Canada-only, 1991) - _Now Is the Time_ (Canada-only, 1992) - _Jagged Little Pill_ (1995) - _Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie_ (1998) - _Alanis Unplugged_ (1999) - _Under Rug Swept_ (2002) - _Feast on Scraps_ (CD/DVD, 2002) - _So-Called Chaos_ (2004) - _Jagged Little Pill Acoustic_ (2005) - _Alanis Morissette: The Collection_ (2005) - _Flavors of Entanglement_ (2008) - _Havoc and Bright Lights_ (2012) ### Selected songs Morissette has written many songs. Some of her most famous songs are: - "You Oughta Know" - This song is to Morissette's ex-boyfriend, a man she once loved. In this song, Morissette is very angry. She wants her ex-boyfriend to know that he caused many problems after leaving her for another woman. - "Ironic" - This song is about life. It contains several stories about unlucky people. In one of the stories, a man is afraid of flying on airplanes. He finally flies in one, but the airplane crashes. - "You Learn" - In this song, Morissette says that bad things happen in life, but people learn from them. Anyone can make bad things into good things. She wants people to try new things in life. - "Uninvited" - In this song, Morissette is not happy because she is famous. She does not know whether she wants to continue to be famous or not. - "Thank U" - In this song, she thanks many things that have helped her. She thanks India, a country she visited and almost died in. She also lists ways she can improve herself. - "Hands Clean" - In this song, a man does something bad, and tells Morissette not to tell anyone else the bad thing the man did. She hides the man's secret for many years. ## Infobox (musical artist) - **name**: Alanis Morissette - **img**: Alaniss.jpg - **background**: solo_singer - **birth name**: Alanis Nadine Morissette - **origin**: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada - **genre**: Rock music, Rock, Pop music, Dance-pop, Alternative rock, Alternative - **occupation**: Singer, songwriter, actress, record producer - **years active**: 1987–present - **url**: [http://www.alanis.com/ www.alanis.com]
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17
Adobe Illustrator
***Adobe Illustrator*** is a computer program for making [graphic design](34185) and [illustration](178466)s. It is made by Adobe Systems. Pictures created in _Adobe Illustrator_ can be made bigger or smaller, and look exactly the same at any size. It works well with the rest of the products with the Adobe name. ## History It was first released in 1986 for the [Apple Macintosh](517). The latest version is ***Adobe Illustrator 2024***, part of [Adobe Creative Cloud](1078611). ## Release history |**Version**|**Platforms**|**Release date**|**[Code name](686277)**| | --- | --- | --- | --- | |1.0|Mac OS|January 1987|[Picasso](16298)| |1.1|Mac OS|19 March 1987|Inca| |88|Mac OS|March 1988|| |2.0|Windows|January 1989|Pinnacle| |3|Mac OS, [NeXT](765331), other Unices|October 1990|Desert [Moose](8199)| |3.5|[Silicon Graphics](48828)|1991|| |4|[Windows](927)|May 1992|[Kangaroo](17365)se| |3.5|Solaris|1993|| |5|Mac OS|June 1993|Saturn| |5.5|Mac OS, Solaris|June 1994|[Janus](28352)| |4.1|Windows|1995|| |6|Mac OS|February 1996|[Popeye](9233)| |7|Mac/Windows|May 1997|Simba| |8|Mac/Windows|September 1998|[Elvis](7443)| |9|Mac/Windows|June 2000|Matisse| |10|Mac/Windows|November 2001|Paloma| |CS (11)|Mac/Windows|October 2003|[Pangaea](77640)/Sprinkles| |CS2 (12, 12.0.1)|Mac/Windows|27 April 2005|[Zodiac](66540)| |CS3 (13)|Mac/Windows|April 2007|[Jason](379658)| |CS4 (14)|Mac/Windows|October 2008|| |CS5 (15)|Mac/Windows|April 2010|| |CS6 (16)|Mac/Windows|April 2012|| |CC (17-28.4.1/2013-2024)|Mac/Windows|May 2013|| ## Infobox (software) - **name**: Adobe Illustrator - **logo**: Adobe Illustrator CC icon.svg - **developer**: Adobe Systems - **latest release version**: 28.4.1 - **operating system**: Microsoft Windows, macOS - **genre**: Vector graphics editor - **license**: Proprietary software, Proprietary
***Adobe Illustrator*** is a computer program for making graphic design and illustrations. It is made by Adobe Systems. Pictures created in _Adobe Illustrator_ can be made bigger or smaller, and look exactly the same at any size. It works well with the rest of the products with the Adobe name. ## History It was first released in 1986 for the Apple Macintosh. The latest version is ***Adobe Illustrator 2024***, part of Adobe Creative Cloud. ## Release history |**Version**|**Platforms**|**Release date**|**Code name**| | --- | --- | --- | --- | |1.0|Mac OS|January 1987|Picasso| |1.1|Mac OS|19 March 1987|Inca| |88|Mac OS|March 1988|| |2.0|Windows|January 1989|Pinnacle| |3|Mac OS, NeXT, other Unices|October 1990|Desert Moose| |3.5|Silicon Graphics|1991|| |4|Windows|May 1992|Kangaroose| |3.5|Solaris|1993|| |5|Mac OS|June 1993|Saturn| |5.5|Mac OS, Solaris|June 1994|Janus| |4.1|Windows|1995|| |6|Mac OS|February 1996|Popeye| |7|Mac/Windows|May 1997|Simba| |8|Mac/Windows|September 1998|Elvis| |9|Mac/Windows|June 2000|Matisse| |10|Mac/Windows|November 2001|Paloma| |CS (11)|Mac/Windows|October 2003|Pangaea/Sprinkles| |CS2 (12, 12.0.1)|Mac/Windows|27 April 2005|Zodiac| |CS3 (13)|Mac/Windows|April 2007|Jason| |CS4 (14)|Mac/Windows|October 2008|| |CS5 (15)|Mac/Windows|April 2010|| |CS6 (16)|Mac/Windows|April 2012|| |CC (17-28.4.1/2013-2024)|Mac/Windows|May 2013|| ## Infobox (software) - **name**: Adobe Illustrator - **logo**: Adobe Illustrator CC icon.svg - **developer**: Adobe Systems - **latest release version**: 28.4.1 - **operating system**: Microsoft Windows, macOS - **genre**: Vector graphics editor - **license**: Proprietary software, Proprietary
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18
Andouille
**Andouille** is a type of [pork](7751) [sausage](710). It is spicy (hot in [taste](13407)) and smoked. There are different kinds, all with different combinations of pork [meat](4646), [fat](19532), intestines (tubes going to the [stomach](13746)), and [tripe](178165) (the wall of the stomach). Other sorts are "French andouille" and "German andouille"; they are less spicy than Cajun. Cajun has extra salt, [black pepper](29185), and [garlic](41294). Andouille makers smoke the sausages over [pecan](168446) wood and sugar [cane](26429) for a maximum of seven or eight hours, at about 175 degrees Fahrenheit (80 degrees Celsius).
**Andouille** is a type of pork sausage. It is spicy (hot in taste) and smoked. There are different kinds, all with different combinations of pork meat, fat, intestines (tubes going to the stomach), and tripe (the wall of the stomach). Other sorts are "French andouille" and "German andouille"; they are less spicy than Cajun. Cajun has extra salt, black pepper, and garlic. Andouille makers smoke the sausages over pecan wood and sugar cane for a maximum of seven or eight hours, at about 175 degrees Fahrenheit (80 degrees Celsius).
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19
Farming
Farming is growing crops and keeping animals for [food](280) and raw materials. Farming is a significant part of [agriculture](71284). ## History Farming began in different parts of the world, independently; There were at least 11 separate centers of origin. Rice was [domesticated](31600) in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC with the earliest known cultivation from 5,700 BC; Later came domestication of [mung](832034), soy and [azuki](45457) beans. Sheep were domesticated in [Mesopotamia](43746) between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago. Cattle were domesticated from the wild [aurochs](102713) in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan c. 10,500 years ago. The development of farming gave rise to the [Neolithic Revolution](102433) as people gave up [nomad](44323)ic [hunting](33836) and became [settler](364467)s in cities. Farming and [domestication](31600) probably started in the [Fertile Crescent](54446) (the [Nile](18589) Valley, the [Levant](54449) and [Mesopotamia](43746)). The area called Fertile Crescent is now in the countries of [Iraq](26175), [Syria](6193), [Turkey](2860), [Jordan](14629), [Lebanon](7615), [Israel](64543), and [Egypt](248). [Wheat](14168) and [barley](11234) are some of the first crops people grew. Cotton was [domesticated](31600) in Peru by 4200 BC. Livestock including horses, cattle, sheep, and goats were taken to the [Americas](227444), from the [Old World](41600). The first of those horses, came with the Spanish [conquistador](63615)s (or soldiers and explorers) in the 1490s. Moving those cattle, sheep, goats and horses, were part of the [Columbian Exchange](59588). People probably started agriculture by planting a few crops, but still gathered many foods from the wild. People may have started farming because the weather and soil began to change. Farming can feed many more people than [hunter-gatherer](101291)s can feed on the same amount of land. This allowed the [human population to grow](285726) to such large numbers as there are today. ## Types - Arable farming means growing crops. This would include [wheat](14168) or vegetables. - Growing [fruit](293) means having [orchard](460929)s devoted to fruit. They cannot be switched easily with growing field crops. Therefore, they are not classed as arable land in the statistics. Many people still live by [subsistence farming](9340), on a small farm. They can only grow enough food to feed the farmer, his family, and his animals. The [yield](5429) is the amount of food grown on a given amount of land, and it is often low. This is because subsistence farmers are generally less [educated](2113), and they have less [money](479) to buy equipment. [Drought](23713) and other problems sometimes cause [famine](46018)s. Where yields are low, [deforestation](22751) can provide new land to grow more food. This provides more [nutrition](107489) for the farmer's family, but can be bad for the country and the surrounding [environment](13637) over many years. In some countries, farms are often fewer and larger. During the 20th century they have become more productive because farmers are able to grow better [varieties](324009) of plants, use more fertilizer, use more water, and more easily control weeds and pests. Many farms also use machines, so fewer people can farm more land. There are fewer farmers in rich countries, but the farmers are able to grow more. This kind of intensive agriculture comes with its own set of problems. Farmers use a lot of chemical fertilizers, [pesticide](33539)s (chemicals that kill bugs), and [herbicide](20839)s (chemicals that kill weeds). These chemicals can pollute the [soil](7117) or the water. They can also create bugs and weeds that are more resistant to the chemicals, causing outbreaks of these pests. The soil can be damaged by [erosion](277882) (blowing or washing away), salt builddup, or loss of structure. [Irrigation](8538) (adding water from rivers) can pollute water and lower the water table. These problems have all got solutions, and modern young farmers usually have a good technical education. Farmers select plants with better yield, taste, and [nutrition](107489)al value. They also choose plants that can survive plant disease and [drought](23713), and are easier to harvest. Centuries of [artificial selection](137607) and breeding have changed crop plants. The crops produce better yield. Fertilizers, chemical [pest control](392873), and [irrigation](8538) all help. Some plants are improved with [genetic engineering](33730). One example is modifying the plant to resist herbicides. ### Livestock Farms may also keep animals. That is called [animal husbandry](19450). If they are used to make meat for people to eat, that is [livestock](31976) production. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, are kept for their produce. "Produce" here means their eggs and milk, which are sold by the farm, usually in [market](4004)s. Large animals need grassland of some kind for grazing. What they need depends on the animals. [Goats](38207) eat a much wider range of plants than cows. In some parts of the world, that makes goats a more sensible choice for a farmer than cows. ## Food It is important for there to be enough food for everyone. The food must also be safe and good. People say it is not always safe, because it contains some chemicals. Other people say intensive agriculture is damaging the environment. For this reason, there are several types of agriculture. - Traditional agriculture is mostly done in poor countries. - Intensive agriculture is mostly done in countries with more money. It uses pesticides, machinery, chemical fertilizers. - Organic farming is using only natural products such as compost and green manure. - Integrated farming is using local resources, and trying to use the waste from one process as a resource in another process. Agricultural [policy](776139) means the goals and methods of agricultural production. Common goals of policy include the quality, amount, and safety of food. ## Problems There are some serious problems that people face trying to grow [food](280) today. These include: - [Pollution](7638) - [Erosion](277882) - Diseases - Pests - [Weed](49029)s - [Drought](23713) - Rainfall - [Climate](1970): Earth warming is an important example - Contamination There are also difficulties with the distribution of food: - Warfare: see [Nigerian Civil War](973019) (Biafran War) for an example. See [Russia–Ukrainian war](897863) for another example. - [Distribution](66389): Difficulties with moving product from grower to consumer. It is expected that this difficulty will increase in future. The reasons for this are complex, but one important factor may be the absence of a dominant international naval power. The British Navy provided protection against [pirates](206097) in the 19th and early 20th century, and the US Navy protected shipping after WWII. The US is still a dominant naval power, but its power will soon be based on its small number of huge aircraft carriers. They will not deal with small boats full of armed pirates, which is the usual way [piracy](206097) is done. So we can expect grain ships (etc) will have to carry any protection they may need, or they will have to go the long way around. That means avoiding the shortcuts into the [Mediterranean](7621). Other kinds of warfare, such as we see in [Ukraine](3464), add to the problem of shipping food products safely. ## Crops In produced weight, these crops are the most important (global production in metric tonnes): The figure for sugarcane is rather deceptive. It omits [sugar beet](41544), but includes the weight of the woody stalk. Most of the plants which produce food are in the grass family [Poaceae](127817). |Crop|2000|2013|2020| | --- | --- | --- | --- | |1,256,380|1,877,110|1,870,246|| |599,355|745,710|1,264,410|| |592,479|1,016,741|1,171,332|| |585,691|713,183|760,931|| |327,600|368,096|359,124|| ## Related pages - [Agriculture](71284) - [Aquaculture](30) - Bee keeping - [Animal husbandry](19450) - [Fertilizer](3515)s - [Crop rotation](50498) - Urban farming - Breeding - [Fencing](566454) - Ranching - [Plantation](50640) - [Combine harvester](525869) - [Tractor](143489) - [Crop protection](347010) - [Cultured meat](555427) - [Genetically modified food](373881) ### Agriculture by country - [Agriculture in Azerbaijan](409726) - [Agriculture in Pakistan](142937)
Farming is growing crops and keeping animals for food and raw materials. Farming is a significant part of agriculture. ## History Farming began in different parts of the world, independently; There were at least 11 separate centers of origin. Rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC with the earliest known cultivation from 5,700 BC; Later came domestication of mung, soy and azuki beans. Sheep were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago. Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan c. 10,500 years ago. The development of farming gave rise to the Neolithic Revolution as people gave up nomadic hunting and became settlers in cities. Farming and domestication probably started in the Fertile Crescent (the Nile Valley, the Levant and Mesopotamia). The area called Fertile Crescent is now in the countries of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, and Egypt. Wheat and barley are some of the first crops people grew. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 4200 BC. Livestock including horses, cattle, sheep, and goats were taken to the Americas, from the Old World. The first of those horses, came with the Spanish conquistadors (or soldiers and explorers) in the 1490s. Moving those cattle, sheep, goats and horses, were part of the Columbian Exchange. People probably started agriculture by planting a few crops, but still gathered many foods from the wild. People may have started farming because the weather and soil began to change. Farming can feed many more people than hunter-gatherers can feed on the same amount of land. This allowed the human population to grow to such large numbers as there are today. ## Types - Arable farming means growing crops. This would include wheat or vegetables. - Growing fruit means having orchards devoted to fruit. They cannot be switched easily with growing field crops. Therefore, they are not classed as arable land in the statistics. Many people still live by subsistence farming, on a small farm. They can only grow enough food to feed the farmer, his family, and his animals. The yield is the amount of food grown on a given amount of land, and it is often low. This is because subsistence farmers are generally less educated, and they have less money to buy equipment. Drought and other problems sometimes cause famines. Where yields are low, deforestation can provide new land to grow more food. This provides more nutrition for the farmer's family, but can be bad for the country and the surrounding environment over many years. In some countries, farms are often fewer and larger. During the 20th century they have become more productive because farmers are able to grow better varieties of plants, use more fertilizer, use more water, and more easily control weeds and pests. Many farms also use machines, so fewer people can farm more land. There are fewer farmers in rich countries, but the farmers are able to grow more. This kind of intensive agriculture comes with its own set of problems. Farmers use a lot of chemical fertilizers, pesticides (chemicals that kill bugs), and herbicides (chemicals that kill weeds). These chemicals can pollute the soil or the water. They can also create bugs and weeds that are more resistant to the chemicals, causing outbreaks of these pests. The soil can be damaged by erosion (blowing or washing away), salt builddup, or loss of structure. Irrigation (adding water from rivers) can pollute water and lower the water table. These problems have all got solutions, and modern young farmers usually have a good technical education. Farmers select plants with better yield, taste, and nutritional value. They also choose plants that can survive plant disease and drought, and are easier to harvest. Centuries of artificial selection and breeding have changed crop plants. The crops produce better yield. Fertilizers, chemical pest control, and irrigation all help. Some plants are improved with genetic engineering. One example is modifying the plant to resist herbicides. ### Livestock Farms may also keep animals. That is called animal husbandry. If they are used to make meat for people to eat, that is livestock production. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, are kept for their produce. "Produce" here means their eggs and milk, which are sold by the farm, usually in markets. Large animals need grassland of some kind for grazing. What they need depends on the animals. Goats eat a much wider range of plants than cows. In some parts of the world, that makes goats a more sensible choice for a farmer than cows. ## Food It is important for there to be enough food for everyone. The food must also be safe and good. People say it is not always safe, because it contains some chemicals. Other people say intensive agriculture is damaging the environment. For this reason, there are several types of agriculture. - Traditional agriculture is mostly done in poor countries. - Intensive agriculture is mostly done in countries with more money. It uses pesticides, machinery, chemical fertilizers. - Organic farming is using only natural products such as compost and green manure. - Integrated farming is using local resources, and trying to use the waste from one process as a resource in another process. Agricultural policy means the goals and methods of agricultural production. Common goals of policy include the quality, amount, and safety of food. ## Problems There are some serious problems that people face trying to grow food today. These include: - Pollution - Erosion - Diseases - Pests - Weeds - Drought - Rainfall - Climate: Earth warming is an important example - Contamination There are also difficulties with the distribution of food: - Warfare: see Nigerian Civil War (Biafran War) for an example. See Russia–Ukrainian war for another example. - Distribution: Difficulties with moving product from grower to consumer. It is expected that this difficulty will increase in future. The reasons for this are complex, but one important factor may be the absence of a dominant international naval power. The British Navy provided protection against pirates in the 19th and early 20th century, and the US Navy protected shipping after WWII. The US is still a dominant naval power, but its power will soon be based on its small number of huge aircraft carriers. They will not deal with small boats full of armed pirates, which is the usual way piracy is done. So we can expect grain ships (etc) will have to carry any protection they may need, or they will have to go the long way around. That means avoiding the shortcuts into the Mediterranean. Other kinds of warfare, such as we see in Ukraine, add to the problem of shipping food products safely. ## Crops In produced weight, these crops are the most important (global production in metric tonnes): The figure for sugarcane is rather deceptive. It omits sugar beet, but includes the weight of the woody stalk. Most of the plants which produce food are in the grass family Poaceae. |Crop|2000|2013|2020| | --- | --- | --- | --- | |1,256,380|1,877,110|1,870,246|| |599,355|745,710|1,264,410|| |592,479|1,016,741|1,171,332|| |585,691|713,183|760,931|| |327,600|368,096|359,124|| ## Related pages - Agriculture - Aquaculture - Bee keeping - Animal husbandry - Fertilizers - Crop rotation - Urban farming - Breeding - Fencing - Ranching - Plantation - Combine harvester - Tractor - Crop protection - Cultured meat - Genetically modified food ### Agriculture by country - Agriculture in Azerbaijan - Agriculture in Pakistan
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21
Arithmetic
In [mathematics](467), **arithmetic** is the basic study of [number](528)s. The four basic arithmetic operations are [addition](286359), [subtraction](286359), [multiplication](286359), and [division](286359), although other operations such as [exponentiation](286359) and [roots](286359) are also studied in arithmetic. Other arithmetic topics includes working with negative numbers, [fractions](56416), [decimal](66498)s and [percentages](3680). ## Overview Most people learn arithmetic in [primary school](12292), but some people do not learn arithmetic and others forget the arithmetic they learned. Many jobs require a knowledge of arithmetic, and many employers complain that it is hard to find people who know enough arithmetic. ## Applications A few of the many jobs that require arithmetic include [carpenter](13256)s, plumbers, [mechanics](42828), accountants, [architect](13217)s, [doctor](191361)s, and [nurse](12364)s. Arithmetic is needed in all areas of mathematics, [science](700), and [engineering](2816). Some arithmetic can be carried out mentally. A [calculator](193867) can also be used to perform arithmetic. [Computer](112)s can do it more quickly, which is one reason [Global Positioning System](82503) receivers have a small computer inside. ## Examples - (addition is [commutative](247265): is the same as ) - (subtraction is not commutative: is different from ) - (multiplication is commutative: is the same as ) - (division is not commutative: is different from ## Related pages - [Algebra](45) - [Calculus](161) - [Affine arithmetic](761656) - [Interval arithmetic](761155) - [Modular arithmetic](145380) - [Elementary algebra](33242)
In mathematics, **arithmetic** is the basic study of numbers. The four basic arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, although other operations such as exponentiation and roots are also studied in arithmetic. Other arithmetic topics includes working with negative numbers, fractions, decimals and percentages. ## Overview Most people learn arithmetic in primary school, but some people do not learn arithmetic and others forget the arithmetic they learned. Many jobs require a knowledge of arithmetic, and many employers complain that it is hard to find people who know enough arithmetic. ## Applications A few of the many jobs that require arithmetic include carpenters, plumbers, mechanics, accountants, architects, doctors, and nurses. Arithmetic is needed in all areas of mathematics, science, and engineering. Some arithmetic can be carried out mentally. A calculator can also be used to perform arithmetic. Computers can do it more quickly, which is one reason Global Positioning System receivers have a small computer inside. ## Examples - (addition is commutative: is the same as ) - (subtraction is not commutative: is different from ) - (multiplication is commutative: is the same as ) - (division is not commutative: is different from ## Related pages - Algebra - Calculus - Affine arithmetic - Interval arithmetic - Modular arithmetic - Elementary algebra
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22
Addition
- _Not to be confused with [building extension](930769)s which are also called additions._ In [mathematics](467), **addition**, represented by the symbol , is an operation which combines two mathematical objects together into another mathematical object of the same type, called the [sum](8574). Addition can occur with simple objects such as [number](528)s, and more complex objects and concepts such as [vector](3662)s and [matrices](5398). Addition has several important properties. It is [commutative](247265), meaning that the order of the [operand](621332)s does not matter, and it is [associative](123853), meaning that when one adds more than two numbers, the order in which addition is performed does not matter (see _Summation_). Repeated addition of [1](571) is the same as counting. Addition of 0 does not change a number. Addition also obeys predictable rules concerning related operations such as [subtraction](286359) and [multiplication](286359). ## Arithmetic In [arithmetic](21), addition is the operation where two or more [number](528)s called "addends" are used to make a new number, which is the "[sum](8574)" or total that is expressed with the [equals sign](90420). The symbol for addition, in [infix notation](64699), is the plus sign "+" placed between the operands. ### Counting examples For example, there are objects in two groups (as shown on the right). The objects are various shapes, where one group has 3 of them while the other has 2. When the two groups combine into one, the overall amount (sum) of the shapes become 5. #### Vertical Addition The animation above demonstrates the addition of seven hundred eighty six and four hundred sixty seven. The problem's digits have been separated into units, tens and hundreds (see [Place value](445425)). First, the units 6 and 7 are added together to make 13, so 1 ten and 3 units, with the 3 written below and the 1 ten carried to the tens column. Next, in the tens column, the 1, 8, and 6 are added together to make 15 tens, so 1 hundred and 5 tens, with the 5 written below and the 1 hundred carried to the hundreds column. Finally, in the hundreds column, 1, 7, and 4 are added together to make 12 hundreds, so 1 thousand and 2 hundreds, with the 2 written below and the 1 thousand carried to the thousand column. The final answer is thus one thousand two hundred fifty three. ### A measurement example Tom wants to know the distance between his house and Sally's house. Bob's house is 300 [m](518) east of Tom's house. Sally's house is 120 m east of Bob's house: - Tom's house 300 m Bob's house 120 m Sally's house The distance from Tom's house to Sally's house can be found by adding the distances already measured. The distance from Tom's house to Bob's house, added to the distance from Bob's house to Sally's house, is the same as the distance from Tom's house to Sally's house. That is, 300 m plus 120 m. Hence Sally's house is 420 m to the east of Tom's house. ### Commutativity Addition is [commutative](247265), meaning that one can change the order of the numbers in a sum, but still get the same result. For example: - and ### Associativity Addition is also [associative](123853), which means that when three or more numbers are added together, the [order of operations](40646) does not change the result. For any three numbers , , and , it is true that . For example, and , which means that . When addition is used together with other operations, the order of operations becomes important. In the standard order of operations, addition is to be computed later than [exponentiation](286359), [roots](286359), [multiplication](286359) and [division](286359), but has equal importance as [subtraction](286359). ## Related pages - [Operations](286359) - [Identity element](51861) - [Order of operations](40646) - [Hyperoperation](312545) ## Other websites - [AAA Math: Addition](https://www.aaamath.com/add.html)
- _Not to be confused with building extensions which are also called additions._ In mathematics, **addition**, represented by the symbol , is an operation which combines two mathematical objects together into another mathematical object of the same type, called the sum. Addition can occur with simple objects such as numbers, and more complex objects and concepts such as vectors and matrices. Addition has several important properties. It is commutative, meaning that the order of the operands does not matter, and it is associative, meaning that when one adds more than two numbers, the order in which addition is performed does not matter (see _Summation_). Repeated addition of 1 is the same as counting. Addition of 0 does not change a number. Addition also obeys predictable rules concerning related operations such as subtraction and multiplication. ## Arithmetic In arithmetic, addition is the operation where two or more numbers called "addends" are used to make a new number, which is the "sum" or total that is expressed with the equals sign. The symbol for addition, in infix notation, is the plus sign "+" placed between the operands. ### Counting examples For example, there are objects in two groups (as shown on the right). The objects are various shapes, where one group has 3 of them while the other has 2. When the two groups combine into one, the overall amount (sum) of the shapes become 5. #### Vertical Addition The animation above demonstrates the addition of seven hundred eighty six and four hundred sixty seven. The problem's digits have been separated into units, tens and hundreds (see Place value). First, the units 6 and 7 are added together to make 13, so 1 ten and 3 units, with the 3 written below and the 1 ten carried to the tens column. Next, in the tens column, the 1, 8, and 6 are added together to make 15 tens, so 1 hundred and 5 tens, with the 5 written below and the 1 hundred carried to the hundreds column. Finally, in the hundreds column, 1, 7, and 4 are added together to make 12 hundreds, so 1 thousand and 2 hundreds, with the 2 written below and the 1 thousand carried to the thousand column. The final answer is thus one thousand two hundred fifty three. ### A measurement example Tom wants to know the distance between his house and Sally's house. Bob's house is 300 m east of Tom's house. Sally's house is 120 m east of Bob's house: - Tom's house 300 m Bob's house 120 m Sally's house The distance from Tom's house to Sally's house can be found by adding the distances already measured. The distance from Tom's house to Bob's house, added to the distance from Bob's house to Sally's house, is the same as the distance from Tom's house to Sally's house. That is, 300 m plus 120 m. Hence Sally's house is 420 m to the east of Tom's house. ### Commutativity Addition is commutative, meaning that one can change the order of the numbers in a sum, but still get the same result. For example: - and ### Associativity Addition is also associative, which means that when three or more numbers are added together, the order of operations does not change the result. For any three numbers , , and , it is true that . For example, and , which means that . When addition is used together with other operations, the order of operations becomes important. In the standard order of operations, addition is to be computed later than exponentiation, roots, multiplication and division, but has equal importance as subtraction. ## Related pages - Operations - Identity element - Order of operations - Hyperoperation ## Other websites - AAA Math: Addition
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27
Australia
**Australia**, officially the **Commonwealth of Australia**, is an island country and [sovereign state](195252) located in the [southern hemisphere](12161), in [Oceania](2032). Its [capital city](1968) is [Canberra](4742), and its largest city is [Sydney](4743). It is mostly a desert country. Australia is the [sixth biggest country in the world](4809) by land area, and is part of the [Oceanic](2032) and [Australasia](296251)n regions. Australia, [New Zealand](5072), [New Guinea](31570) and other islands on the Australian [tectonic plate](60789) are together called [Australasia](296251), which is one of the world's great [ecozone](57246)s. When other Pacific islands are included with Australasia, it is called [Oceania](2032). ## Infobox (country) - **conventional long name**: Commonwealth of Australia - **common name**: Australia - **image flag**: Flag of Australia (converted).svg - **alt flag**: A blue field with the union flag in the upper hoist quarter, a large white seven-pointed star in the lower hoist quarter, and constellation of five white stars in the fly – one small five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars. - **image coat**: Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Australia.svg - **alt coat**: A Kangaroo and an Emu are supporting the emblem of Australia on a Golden Wattle tree. - **national anthem**: "Advance Australia Fair" - **royal anthem**: God Save the King - **image map**: Australia_with_AAT_(orthographic_projection).svg - **map width**: 220px - **alt map**: A map of Australia in Australasia - **capital**: Canberra - **common languages**: English language, English - **today**: Australasia - **government type**: Federalism, Federal parliamentary system, parliamentary constitutional monarchy - **leader title1**: Monarchy of Australia, Monarch - **leader name1**: Charles III - **leader name2**: Sam Mostyn - **leader title3**: Prime Minister of Australia, Prime Minister - **leader name3**: Anthony Albanese - **leader title4**: Deputy Prime Minister of Australia, Deputy Prime Minister - **leader name4**: Richard Marles - **leader title5**: Chief Justice of Australia, Chief Justice - **leader name5**: Stephen Gageler - **leader title6**: President of the Senate (Australia), Senate President - **leader name6**: Sue Lines - **leader title7**: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives, House Speaker - **leader name7**: Milton Dick - **legislature**: Parliament of Australia, Parliament - **upper house**: Australian Senate, Senate - **lower house**: Australian House of Representatives, House of Representatives - **sovereignty type**: Independence - **sovereignty note**: from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom - **established event1**: Federation of Australia, Federation, Constitution of Australia, Constitution - **established date1**: 1 January 1901 - **established event2**: Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, Statute of Westminster Adoption Act - **established event3**: Australia Act 1986, Australia Act - **established date3**: 3 March 1986 - **area km2**: 7688287 - **area rank**: 6th - **percent water**: 1.79 - **population census**: 25,890,773 - **population estimate rank**: 54th - **population census year**: 2021 - **population density rank**: 237th - **gdp ppp year**: 2025 - **gdp ppp rank**: 20th - **gdp ppp per capita**: US$72,138 - **gdp ppp per capita rank**: 20th - **gdp nominal year**: 2025 - **gdp nominal rank**: 14th - **gdp nominal per capita**: US$64,547 - **gdp nominal per capita rank**: 11th - **gini**: 32.4 - **gini year**: 2020 - **gini change**: decrease - **gini rank**: 19th - **hdi**: 0.958 - **hdi year**: 2023 - **hdi change**: increase - **hdi rank**: 7th - **currency**: Australian dollar ($) - **currency code**: AUD - **time zone**: Time in Australia, various - **utc offset**: +8 to +10.5 - **utc offset dst**: +8 to +11.5 - **time zone dst**: Time in Australia, various - **date format**: dd/mm/yyyy - **electricity**: 230 V–50 Hz - **drives on**: Right- and left-hand traffic#Australia, left - **calling code**: +61 - **cctld**: .au
**Australia**, officially the **Commonwealth of Australia**, is an island country and sovereign state located in the southern hemisphere, in Oceania. Its capital city is Canberra, and its largest city is Sydney. It is mostly a desert country. Australia is the sixth biggest country in the world by land area, and is part of the Oceanic and Australasian regions. Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and other islands on the Australian tectonic plate are together called Australasia, which is one of the world's great ecozones. When other Pacific islands are included with Australasia, it is called Oceania. ## Infobox (country) - **conventional long name**: Commonwealth of Australia - **common name**: Australia - **image flag**: Flag of Australia (converted).svg - **alt flag**: A blue field with the union flag in the upper hoist quarter, a large white seven-pointed star in the lower hoist quarter, and constellation of five white stars in the fly – one small five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars. - **image coat**: Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Australia.svg - **alt coat**: A Kangaroo and an Emu are supporting the emblem of Australia on a Golden Wattle tree. - **national anthem**: "Advance Australia Fair" - **royal anthem**: God Save the King - **image map**: Australia_with_AAT_(orthographic_projection).svg - **map width**: 220px - **alt map**: A map of Australia in Australasia - **capital**: Canberra - **common languages**: English language, English - **today**: Australasia - **government type**: Federalism, Federal parliamentary system, parliamentary constitutional monarchy - **leader title1**: Monarchy of Australia, Monarch - **leader name1**: Charles III - **leader name2**: Sam Mostyn - **leader title3**: Prime Minister of Australia, Prime Minister - **leader name3**: Anthony Albanese - **leader title4**: Deputy Prime Minister of Australia, Deputy Prime Minister - **leader name4**: Richard Marles - **leader title5**: Chief Justice of Australia, Chief Justice - **leader name5**: Stephen Gageler - **leader title6**: President of the Senate (Australia), Senate President - **leader name6**: Sue Lines - **leader title7**: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives, House Speaker - **leader name7**: Milton Dick - **legislature**: Parliament of Australia, Parliament - **upper house**: Australian Senate, Senate - **lower house**: Australian House of Representatives, House of Representatives - **sovereignty type**: Independence - **sovereignty note**: from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom - **established event1**: Federation of Australia, Federation, Constitution of Australia, Constitution - **established date1**: 1 January 1901 - **established event2**: Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, Statute of Westminster Adoption Act - **established event3**: Australia Act 1986, Australia Act - **established date3**: 3 March 1986 - **area km2**: 7688287 - **area rank**: 6th - **percent water**: 1.79 - **population census**: 25,890,773 - **population estimate rank**: 54th - **population census year**: 2021 - **population density rank**: 237th - **gdp ppp year**: 2025 - **gdp ppp rank**: 20th - **gdp ppp per capita**: US$72,138 - **gdp ppp per capita rank**: 20th - **gdp nominal year**: 2025 - **gdp nominal rank**: 14th - **gdp nominal per capita**: US$64,547 - **gdp nominal per capita rank**: 11th - **gini**: 32.4 - **gini year**: 2020 - **gini change**: decrease - **gini rank**: 19th - **hdi**: 0.958 - **hdi year**: 2023 - **hdi change**: increase - **hdi rank**: 7th - **currency**: Australian dollar ($) - **currency code**: AUD - **time zone**: Time in Australia, various - **utc offset**: +8 to +10.5 - **utc offset dst**: +8 to +11.5 - **time zone dst**: Time in Australia, various - **date format**: dd/mm/yyyy - **electricity**: 230 V–50 Hz - **drives on**: Right- and left-hand traffic#Australia, left - **calling code**: +61 - **cctld**: .au
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28
American English
**American English**, or **US English**, is the [dialect](21596) of [English](2843) that is spoken in the [United States](219587). It is different from other types of English like [British English](83). Most types of American English came from local dialects in [England](3047). During the 18th and 19th centuries, pronunciation changed less in America than in England. ## Use Many people today know about American English even if they live in a country that speaks another type of English. They hear and read American English through the [media](93642), such as [movie](3486)s, [television](38049), and the [Internet](362), where the most common form of English is American English. Because people all over the world use [English](2843), many new words are used. English has been changing that way for hundreds of years. For example, the millions who speak [Indian English](135567) frequently add American English words to go along with its [British English](83) base and many other words from the various Indian languages. Some people learn American English as it is spoken in the [United States](219587). For example, in telephone call centers in India and other places, people often learn American English to sound more like their customers who call from America. Those people often keep using American English in everyday life. ## Spelling There are many words that sound the same in both American and British English but have different spellings. British English often has more traditional ways of spelling words than American English. ## Vocabulary There are also some words in American English that are a bit different from British English.: - aeroplane is called "airplane" - ladybird is called "ladybug" - lift is called "elevator" - toilet is called "bathroom", "restroom" or "comfort station" - lorry is called "truck" - nappies are called "diapers" - petrol is called "gas" (or "gasoline") - the boot of a car is called a "trunk" - a dummy is called a "pacifier" - trousers are called "pants" - underground is called "subway" - football is called "soccer" - braces are "suspenders" ("suspenders" in British -English are a type of clothing that is worn around the lower leg to stop socks/sox from sagging or around the upper leg by people wearing stockings) ## Regional accents General American English is the kind most spoken in [mass media](93642). It more vigorously pronounces the letter "r" than some other kinds do. Non-rhoticity (["R"-dropping](569663)) is frequent in certain places in which "r" is not pronounced after a [vowel](32620) such as in the words "car" and "card," which sound like "cah" and "cahd" in places like the [Boston](253096) area. Here are some regional accents of American English: - **[Appalachian English](393168)** - This is the stereotypical [hillbilly](1119750) accent, is completely rhotic, and can even add "r" in words such as "warsh" for "wash." - **General Southern** - This is a range of accents tending to be rhotic or semi-rhotic and to have glide deletion in which "I" is converted to broad "a." - **Tidewater English** - A non-rhotic ("r"-dropping) southern variety that also has a "**Scottish**" or "**Canadian**" raising of the "ow" diphthong in words like "house," "about," and "brown." - **Charleston** and **Savannah English** - Almost extinct, these accents that are non-rhotic - **Boston English** (also [East New England English](971952)) - This is the most famous non-rhotic American accent, and most other non-rhotic American varieties often get compared to it. Aniother Bostonian feature is the limited Canadian raising of the "ow" diphthong before voiceless consonants in words like "house" and "about." - **New York City English** - One of the most recognizable dialects in the US, it is characterized by variable non-rhoticity or semi-rhoticity and a rounding of the long **o** sound, making "coffee" and "thought" sound like "cawfee" and "thawt." - **South Louisiana English** - This group of non-rhotic accents can be heard in [New Orleans](14199) and its surrounding areas. It can be described as a combination between New York City English and Southern American English. - **Northern Midwest English** - This area has accents that tend to sound a lot like [Canadian English](174681). - **Valley girl** and **surfer dude** - This accent is common to [Southern California](216485) and has features like "vocal fry" (creaky voice) and "upturn" at the ends of sentences. ## Other websites - [American English -Citizendium](https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/American_English) ## Infobox (language) - **name**: American English - **region**: United States - **speakers**: 225 million, all varieties of English in the United States - **date**: 2010 census - **speakers2**: 25.6 million L2 speakers of English in the United States (2003) - **familycolor**: Indo-European - **fam2**: Germanic languages, Germanic - **fam3**: West Germanic languages, West Germanic - **fam4**: North Sea Germanic, Ingvaeonic - **fam5**: Anglo-Frisian languages, Anglo–Frisian - **fam6**: English language, English - **fam7**: North American English - **ancestor**: Old English - **ancestor2**: Middle English - **ancestor3**: Early Modern English, 17th century Modern English - **nation**: United States (32 US states, 5 non-state US territories) (see Languages of the United States#Official languages, article) - **script**: Latin script, Latin (English alphabet) Unified English Braille - **isoexception**: dialect - **glotto**: none - **notice**: IPA
**American English**, or **US English**, is the dialect of English that is spoken in the United States. It is different from other types of English like British English. Most types of American English came from local dialects in England. During the 18th and 19th centuries, pronunciation changed less in America than in England. ## Use Many people today know about American English even if they live in a country that speaks another type of English. They hear and read American English through the media, such as movies, television, and the Internet, where the most common form of English is American English. Because people all over the world use English, many new words are used. English has been changing that way for hundreds of years. For example, the millions who speak Indian English frequently add American English words to go along with its British English base and many other words from the various Indian languages. Some people learn American English as it is spoken in the United States. For example, in telephone call centers in India and other places, people often learn American English to sound more like their customers who call from America. Those people often keep using American English in everyday life. ## Spelling There are many words that sound the same in both American and British English but have different spellings. British English often has more traditional ways of spelling words than American English. ## Vocabulary There are also some words in American English that are a bit different from British English.: - aeroplane is called "airplane" - ladybird is called "ladybug" - lift is called "elevator" - toilet is called "bathroom", "restroom" or "comfort station" - lorry is called "truck" - nappies are called "diapers" - petrol is called "gas" (or "gasoline") - the boot of a car is called a "trunk" - a dummy is called a "pacifier" - trousers are called "pants" - underground is called "subway" - football is called "soccer" - braces are "suspenders" ("suspenders" in British -English are a type of clothing that is worn around the lower leg to stop socks/sox from sagging or around the upper leg by people wearing stockings) ## Regional accents General American English is the kind most spoken in mass media. It more vigorously pronounces the letter "r" than some other kinds do. Non-rhoticity ("R"-dropping) is frequent in certain places in which "r" is not pronounced after a vowel such as in the words "car" and "card," which sound like "cah" and "cahd" in places like the Boston area. Here are some regional accents of American English: - **Appalachian English** - This is the stereotypical hillbilly accent, is completely rhotic, and can even add "r" in words such as "warsh" for "wash." - **General Southern** - This is a range of accents tending to be rhotic or semi-rhotic and to have glide deletion in which "I" is converted to broad "a." - **Tidewater English** - A non-rhotic ("r"-dropping) southern variety that also has a "**Scottish**" or "**Canadian**" raising of the "ow" diphthong in words like "house," "about," and "brown." - **Charleston** and **Savannah English** - Almost extinct, these accents that are non-rhotic - **Boston English** (also East New England English) - This is the most famous non-rhotic American accent, and most other non-rhotic American varieties often get compared to it. Aniother Bostonian feature is the limited Canadian raising of the "ow" diphthong before voiceless consonants in words like "house" and "about." - **New York City English** - One of the most recognizable dialects in the US, it is characterized by variable non-rhoticity or semi-rhoticity and a rounding of the long **o** sound, making "coffee" and "thought" sound like "cawfee" and "thawt." - **South Louisiana English** - This group of non-rhotic accents can be heard in New Orleans and its surrounding areas. It can be described as a combination between New York City English and Southern American English. - **Northern Midwest English** - This area has accents that tend to sound a lot like Canadian English. - **Valley girl** and **surfer dude** - This accent is common to Southern California and has features like "vocal fry" (creaky voice) and "upturn" at the ends of sentences. ## Other websites - American English -Citizendium ## Infobox (language) - **name**: American English - **region**: United States - **speakers**: 225 million, all varieties of English in the United States - **date**: 2010 census - **speakers2**: 25.6 million L2 speakers of English in the United States (2003) - **familycolor**: Indo-European - **fam2**: Germanic languages, Germanic - **fam3**: West Germanic languages, West Germanic - **fam4**: North Sea Germanic, Ingvaeonic - **fam5**: Anglo-Frisian languages, Anglo–Frisian - **fam6**: English language, English - **fam7**: North American English - **ancestor**: Old English - **ancestor2**: Middle English - **ancestor3**: Early Modern English, 17th century Modern English - **nation**: United States (32 US states, 5 non-state US territories) (see Languages of the United States#Official languages, article) - **script**: Latin script, Latin (English alphabet) Unified English Braille - **isoexception**: dialect - **glotto**: none - **notice**: IPA
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30
Aquaculture
**Aquaculture** is the [farming](19) of [fish](285), [shrimp](41154), abalones, [algae](21914), and other [seafood](12378). Aquaculture supplies fish, such as [catfish](85711), [salmon](20095), and [trout](18972). It was developed a few thousand years ago in [China](120). Aquaculture supplies over 20% of all the seafood harvested. Fish farming has been practiced, in some parts of the world, for thousands of years. [Goldfish](21630) originated about a thousand years ago in [carp](15256) farms in China, and the [Roman Empire](664) farmed [oyster](43366)s and other seafood. Today, half of the seafood eaten in the U.S. is farmed. To help meet the growing global demand for seafood, aquaculture is growing fast. The environmental impact of fish farming varies widely, depending on the species being farmed, the methods used and where the farm is located. When good practices are used, it's possible to farm seafood in a way that has very little impact to the environment. Such operations limit habitat damage, disease, escapes of farmed fish and the use of wild fish as feed.
**Aquaculture** is the farming of fish, shrimp, abalones, algae, and other seafood. Aquaculture supplies fish, such as catfish, salmon, and trout. It was developed a few thousand years ago in China. Aquaculture supplies over 20% of all the seafood harvested. Fish farming has been practiced, in some parts of the world, for thousands of years. Goldfish originated about a thousand years ago in carp farms in China, and the Roman Empire farmed oysters and other seafood. Today, half of the seafood eaten in the U.S. is farmed. To help meet the growing global demand for seafood, aquaculture is growing fast. The environmental impact of fish farming varies widely, depending on the species being farmed, the methods used and where the farm is located. When good practices are used, it's possible to farm seafood in a way that has very little impact to the environment. Such operations limit habitat damage, disease, escapes of farmed fish and the use of wild fish as feed.
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32
Abbreviation
An **abbreviation** is a shorter way to write a word or phrase. People use abbreviations for words that they write a lot. ## In English The [English language](2843) occasionally uses the [apostrophe](20731) mark ' to show that a word is written in a shorter way, but some abbreviations do not use this mark. ### Borrowed Latin phrases More often, they use [periods](140582), especially the ones that come from the [Latin](6592) language, which include **i.e.** [id est] (_that is_), **e.g.** [exempli gratia] (_for example_) and **et al.** [et alia] (_and others_). Some new abbreviations have been created by [scientists](748), by workers in companies and governments, and by people using the [Internet](362). People often think words are abbreviations when in fact they are [acronyms](5008). ### Examples Here are examples of common acronyms: The word "[radar](25169)" is an [acronym](5008) for "Radio Detection and Ranging". The name of the large computer company [IBM](23439) comes from the words "International Business Machines". The name of the part of the [United States](219587) government that sends [rocket](6793)s into [outer space](2899) is [NASA](24512), from the words "National Aeronautics and Space Administration". When people using the Internet think that something is very funny, they sometimes write "LOL" to mean "Laughing Out Loud". People sometimes write "ASAP" for "As Soon As Possible". ## Other websites - [Acronym Finder](http://www.acronymfinder.com) - largest acronym site with many ways to search for acronyms and abbreviations in many languages. Over 10-year history. - [All Acronyms](http://www.all-acronyms.com) - a website with a large number of abbreviations and acronyms - [Acronyms Abbreviations and Slang](http://acronymsandslang.com) - over 3 million different acronyms and abbreviations in searchable database - [SlangLang Abbreviations](https://www.slanglang.net/abbreviations/) - Slang Words: 2,700 abbreviations and their meanings
An **abbreviation** is a shorter way to write a word or phrase. People use abbreviations for words that they write a lot. ## In English The English language occasionally uses the apostrophe mark ' to show that a word is written in a shorter way, but some abbreviations do not use this mark. ### Borrowed Latin phrases More often, they use periods, especially the ones that come from the Latin language, which include **i.e.** [id est] (_that is_), **e.g.** [exempli gratia] (_for example_) and **et al.** [et alia] (_and others_). Some new abbreviations have been created by scientists, by workers in companies and governments, and by people using the Internet. People often think words are abbreviations when in fact they are acronyms. ### Examples Here are examples of common acronyms: The word "radar" is an acronym for "Radio Detection and Ranging". The name of the large computer company IBM comes from the words "International Business Machines". The name of the part of the United States government that sends rockets into outer space is NASA, from the words "National Aeronautics and Space Administration". When people using the Internet think that something is very funny, they sometimes write "LOL" to mean "Laughing Out Loud". People sometimes write "ASAP" for "As Soon As Possible". ## Other websites - Acronym Finder - largest acronym site with many ways to search for acronyms and abbreviations in many languages. Over 10-year history. - All Acronyms - a website with a large number of abbreviations and acronyms - Acronyms Abbreviations and Slang - over 3 million different acronyms and abbreviations in searchable database - SlangLang Abbreviations - Slang Words: 2,700 abbreviations and their meanings
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33
Angel
In many mythologies and [religion](653)s, an **angel** is a good [spirit](753). The word angel comes from the [Greek](4606) word _angelos_ which means "messenger". Angels appear frequently in the [Old Testament](11272), the [New Testament](11265), [Qur'an](4449) and [Aqdas](378777). Different references to angels throughout the Bible suggest different kinds and ranks of angels, such as seraphs (Hebrew [plural](2029): seraphim) or cherubs (Hebrew plural: cherubim). This resulted in medieval theologians outlining a hierarchy of such divine messengers, including not only cherubs and seraphs, but also archangels, powers, principalities, dominions and thrones. The study of angels is called angelology. ## In the Bible Angels are powerful spirits that obey God's commands. They sometimes appear to [human](502310)s in a human form. They can deliver messages to people in person or in [dream](40063)s. Angels that are named in the [Bible](2866) are [Michael](429404) (called a "chief prince"), [Gabriel](16948) (known for telling Mary that she would be the mother of [Jesus](219585)), and Raphael (in the [Apocrypha](5361)l [Book of Tobit](131471)). The [Ethiopia](10484)n [Book of Enoch](184881) also lists four Archangels which watch over the four parts of heaven; Michael, Raphael, Gabriel and [Uriel](611325). Lucifer is also known as an angel in the Bible. ### Appearances in Genesis [God](596599), in the [Book of Genesis](11278) sends an Angel with a [sword](9713) made out of [fire](9476) to keep [Adam and Eve](26220) from going back to the [Garden of Eden](69704). - He later sends an angel to [Hagar](1002498) to tell her not to run away from [Abraham](24304) and that she will give birth to [Ishmael](48523). - After Abraham is [circumcised](30427), three men come to him to tell him that his wife [Sarah](118076) will give birth to a son [Isaac](118075) and they turn out to be angels. - Two angels pretending to be human go to [Sodom and Gomorrah](333625) to see if there are ten good people there but there aren't so one of them destroys Sodom and the other rescues [Lot](605595) and his family. - When Abraham sends Hagar and Ishmael away later, an Angel of [God](596599) comes to her to help them. - When [Jacob](168842) runs away from [Esau](418420), he falls asleep and has a [dream](40063) about angels climbing up and down a ladder. When Jacob goes back to [Canaan](9715), he fights a man who turns out to be an Angel and wins. Jacob says he'll let the Angel go if the Angel gives him a blessing so the Angel changes Jacob's name to [Israel](9720). Jacob asks the Angel "what is your name?" and the Angel asks Jacob why he wants to know. ### Appearances in Exodus In the Book of Exodus, an Angel comes to a bush and makes a fire but the bush doesn't burn. When [Moses](9714) sees this, he comes close to the Bush and he hears [God](596599) speak to him. On the way to Egypt, Moses forgets to [circumcise](30427) his son so an Angel tries to kill him but then [Zipporah](886887) [circumcises](30427) him and the Angel lets Moses live. Angels are also there when God gives the [Ten Commandments](845) at Mount Sinai. ### Appearances in Leviticus In the [Book of Leviticus](102238), the [Ark of the Covenant](84439), has statues of two angels called Cherubim on top of it. ### Appearances in Numbers In the [Book of Numbers](84211), [Balaam](978910) goes to [curse](48864) the [Israelites](9720) but [God](596599) sends an Angel to be a [Satan](16564) against Balaam. Balaam doesn't see the Angel but his donkey does so she moves out of the way. Balaam then hits her and gets her to go continue moving. When the donkey sees the Angel again and Balaam doesn't, she moves to the other side of the road and Balaam hits her and she starts walking again. When she sees the Angle again and there's nowhere on the road to go, she stops moving, so Balaam hits her. Balaam's donkey then talks to him and asks him why he's hitting her. He says if he had a sword, then he would kill her. Then Balaam sees the Angel and the Angel tells Balaam that Balaam's donkey is more righteous than he is and that he would have only killed Balaam but not the donkey. ### Appearances in Deuteronomy When Moses spoke to the Israelites in the Book of Deuteronomy, there were ten thousand angels next to him. ### Appearances in Judges [God](596599) sends an Angel to Gideon in the [Book of Judges](102411) to tell Gideon that he must save the [Israelites](9720). He later sends an Angel to an Israelite woman and her husband Manoach to tell them that they would have a son [Samson](230366). ### Appearances in Samuel When [King](410) [David](118176) has a [census](3016), [God](596599) punishes him by sending an Angel to cause a plague. ### Appearances in Kings When [Queen](3309) Jezebel wants to kill [Elijah](223250), an Angel comes to help him. Another Angel later protects [Elisha](1096096). When [King](410) [Ahab](223386) asks the prophet Micaiah for a prediction, Mecaiah tells him that [God](596599) sent an Angel to trick Ahab into fighting a war and getting killed. Later when Sannecherib attacks [Judah](50119), God sends His Angel to kill Sannecherib's entire Assyrian [army](2115). ### Isaiah [Isaiah](18052) said that the Angels sang songs and that every Angel had six wings, two for covering its face, two for covering its feet and two for flying. Isaiah said that when he heard the Angels sing he said "I am doomed for I live among a people of unclean lips" and that God got angry with him for saying that. ### Ezekiel The [Book of Ezekiel](131596) begins with [Ezekiel](858308) seeing Angels on a [Chariot](126140). ### Zechariah The prophet [Zechariah](377041) saw an Angel tell him that God would have [mercy](102806) on the Jews. And that their enemies will be punished. Another Angel says that even the [Kingdom of Israel](973128) will come back to the land. Zechariah sees an Angel defending the [Priest](19070) from [The Satan](16564) when The Satan says that the Priest did a bad thing. An Angel shows Zechariah a [Menorah](373812) in the Temple of Jerusalem. The Angel tells Zechariah that the children of Zerubavel will be Kings. ### Malachi [God](596599) told [Malachi](456743) that He would send an Angel and [Elijah](223250) to announce that the [Messiah](6832) was coming. ### Job In the [Book of Job](43873), all the Angels meet with [God](596599) and [The Satan](16564) bets God that he can make Job curse God ### Daniel In the [Book of Daniel](131597), an Angel rescues Daniel's friends from [Nebuchadnezzar.](93810) Daniel also mentions Angels being named [Michael](429404) and [Gabriel](16948) ### Chronicles In the [Books of Chronicles](118400), [The Satan](16564) gets King David to want to have his census. ### Appearances in The New Testament In the [New Testament](11265), an Angel tells The Virgin Mary that she will give birth to [Jesus](219585), Angels proclaim the birth of Jesus in the Adoration of the shepherds (Luke 2:10) and Angels help Jesus in the desert. In Luke 22:43 of the New Testament, an Angel comforts Jesus during the agony in the garden of Gethsemane and in Matthew 28:5 an Angel speaks at the empty tomb following the [Resurrection of Jesus](131805) saying: “Do not be afraid, for I know that you are looking for Jesus, who was crucified. He is not here; he has risen, just as He said". ## Types of Angels - **Cherubs** are described as creatures which have four wings. Cherubim guard the [Eden](69704) with a [sword](9713) of fire. This suggests that the author of Genesis was aware of different types of angels. A Cherub is mentioned in Ezekiel 28:13-14, saying that the angel was in the Garden of God. Ezekiel 28:13-14 13. Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. 14. Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire. It describes the sound of their wings, "like the roar of rushing waters." Ezekiel 10:5-7 ; Ezekiel 10:8 reveals that they have hands like a man under their wings . Ezekiel 1:7 KJV reveals that they look like man but are different because they have "straight feet" and four wings and four faces. Ezekiel ch 1, and 10 describe the cherubim creatures ascending and descending from the earth with wheels. Ezekiel 1:14-20 ; Ezekiel 10:16 Ezekiel 10:9-13 describes what the wheels appeared to look like, and how they moved around, how they moved or flew through the sky quickly but turned not as they went; and how the inside workings of the wheels appeared to be "a wheel in the midst of a wheel" and that the color of the wheels was the color of "Amber" Stone. There are four separate wheels in both accounts, one for each single cherub which is there. - **Seraphs** (Hebrew for "burning") are depicted as having six wings They are known for singing and praising God. They can shout so loud, they shake the [temple](852). - **Archangels** like Gabriel ([Gospel of Luke](100102) 1:19) are the highest type of angel. They are considered [saint](336412)s in the [Catholic church](10754). However, in the King James Version of the Bible; they are another type of angel. In the [Book of Revelation](101481) the Angel Michael casts the 'great dragon' [Satan](16564) out of heaven and down to earth in a great battle between the good and bad angels, just before the Great Judgement of angels and man. (Revelation 12) - The [Leviathan](278688) in [Book of Job](43873) 41:19-21 has flame that goes: 'out of his mouth' like a [dragon](7335). Isaiah 30:6 also talks of a 'fiery flying serpent'. Compare Revelation 20:2: , where an angel: 'laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the [Devil](195), and Satan, and bound him a thousand years'. ### Rabbinic Judaism In [Judaism](219593) angels are created by God from fire. They fullfil tasks given by God. Rabbinic Judaism rejects earlier accounts on fallen angels who sinned by mating with humans. Instead, angels are servants of God. Still, not all angels are benevolent. Some angels are jealous of humans, because God loves them so much. Unlike angels, humans can overcome sin and repent. Angels cannot repent their sin, because they are already sinless. When the Bible speaks about the creation of humans in the plural, Judaism sometimes argues that God discussed his decision with the angels. But they make clear, it is God alone who creates humans. God only wanted to discuss with the angels to show that someone in power, should still try to value the opinion of people lower. ### Islam In [Islam](219592) angels are created by God (referred to as [Allah](17263) in the Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Pashto, and Dari languages) before [jinn](53906) and humans. Some say, that before angels however, demons were created. Angels were created in heaven and fullfil God's orders. Some angels deliver messages to humans and prophets, most famous among them is [Gabriel](16948). Other angels support humans with rain. Some angels don't have a task on earth, but dwell in heaven, for example, to praise God. Muslims disagree if angels can fail a task, but they agree that an angel never wants to disobey. Sometimes angels might simply make mistakes on accident, like the angels [Harut and Marut](911793). But these angels are not considered evil, they just lose their rank as punishment, but can restore their rank later again. Not all angels are nice. God gives angels violent tasks too. For example, God orders angels to punish people in [hell](4923), not demons. Muslims believe hell is under God's control, and not the demon's. They believe hell is not only suffering, but also justice. Angels watch out that people don't escape their punishment. While the benevolent angels are said to be created from light, some Muslims think the angels in hell are created from fire. Muslims believe that angels are also present in life. They are, however, only in clean places. They are believed to give also good advises and blessings. ## In art They are often shown in art as having wings and a [halo](29268). The wings represent their speed, and the halo represents their holiness. The cherubim in art always appear as baby faced angels with very small, non-useful wings. The cherubim statue or [bronze](26684) casting of cherubim in the Temple of [Solomon](38040) depicted them as two four winged creatures whose wings touched at the peak of the ark that they were making. The same cherubim creatures were said to be cast in gold on top of the [Ark of the Covenant](84439). Casting metal is one of the oldest forms of artwork, and was attempted by [Leonardo da Vinci](4654). ## In literature Angels are generally held to be holy and virtuous, hence the term is used loosely to apply to anyone particularly good or kind, or having a good influence. In his novel _Far From the Madding Crowd_, [Thomas Hardy](31928) chooses the name of an angel, Gabriel, for his kind and helpful hero. On the other hand, in his play _Measure for Measure_, [Shakespeare's](354103) use of the name Angelo is ironic, since Angelo is a character who likes to see himself as virtuous, but who is concealing evil aspects of his nature. Fallen angels, who are no longer holy or virtuous, are also known as devils. However, since angels are held to be spirits (that is, non-material beings), medieval [theologians](2120) were faced with the problem of how humans could see a non-physical creature. Eventually a theory was put forward that angels must make themselves a body out of the nearest thing to the non-physical, i.e. from air. Hence in his famous poem _Aire and Angels_, the seventeenth century metaphysical poet [John Donne](376055) uses this idea to write a cynical comment on women, whose love, he says, is like an angel's body of air, while men's love is like the real thing, the angel itself. ## Idea of Guardian angel From the era of the Romantics onwards, there has developed the widely held belief that everyone has an angel assigned to guard them. This concept is probably based on Jesus' comment in Matthew 18:10 regarding children, though it is not mentioned elsewhere in the Bible. ## In superstitions Seeing repetitive numbers are thought to be associated with [numerology](813201), also referred to as angel numbers. It is believed that angels communicate with humans through repetitive appearances of numbers. Humanity has studied and used numbers since the dawn of time, and no matter what the culture is, there are certain numbers that hold specific value or meaning over other numbers. ## Related pages - [Demigod](245719)
In many mythologies and religions, an **angel** is a good spirit. The word angel comes from the Greek word _angelos_ which means "messenger". Angels appear frequently in the Old Testament, the New Testament, Qur'an and Aqdas. Different references to angels throughout the Bible suggest different kinds and ranks of angels, such as seraphs (Hebrew plural: seraphim) or cherubs (Hebrew plural: cherubim). This resulted in medieval theologians outlining a hierarchy of such divine messengers, including not only cherubs and seraphs, but also archangels, powers, principalities, dominions and thrones. The study of angels is called angelology. ## In the Bible Angels are powerful spirits that obey God's commands. They sometimes appear to humans in a human form. They can deliver messages to people in person or in dreams. Angels that are named in the Bible are Michael (called a "chief prince"), Gabriel (known for telling Mary that she would be the mother of Jesus), and Raphael (in the Apocryphal Book of Tobit). The Ethiopian Book of Enoch also lists four Archangels which watch over the four parts of heaven; Michael, Raphael, Gabriel and Uriel. Lucifer is also known as an angel in the Bible. ### Appearances in Genesis God, in the Book of Genesis sends an Angel with a sword made out of fire to keep Adam and Eve from going back to the Garden of Eden. - He later sends an angel to Hagar to tell her not to run away from Abraham and that she will give birth to Ishmael. - After Abraham is circumcised, three men come to him to tell him that his wife Sarah will give birth to a son Isaac and they turn out to be angels. - Two angels pretending to be human go to Sodom and Gomorrah to see if there are ten good people there but there aren't so one of them destroys Sodom and the other rescues Lot and his family. - When Abraham sends Hagar and Ishmael away later, an Angel of God comes to her to help them. - When Jacob runs away from Esau, he falls asleep and has a dream about angels climbing up and down a ladder. When Jacob goes back to Canaan, he fights a man who turns out to be an Angel and wins. Jacob says he'll let the Angel go if the Angel gives him a blessing so the Angel changes Jacob's name to Israel. Jacob asks the Angel "what is your name?" and the Angel asks Jacob why he wants to know. ### Appearances in Exodus In the Book of Exodus, an Angel comes to a bush and makes a fire but the bush doesn't burn. When Moses sees this, he comes close to the Bush and he hears God speak to him. On the way to Egypt, Moses forgets to circumcise his son so an Angel tries to kill him but then Zipporah circumcises him and the Angel lets Moses live. Angels are also there when God gives the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai. ### Appearances in Leviticus In the Book of Leviticus, the Ark of the Covenant, has statues of two angels called Cherubim on top of it. ### Appearances in Numbers In the Book of Numbers, Balaam goes to curse the Israelites but God sends an Angel to be a Satan against Balaam. Balaam doesn't see the Angel but his donkey does so she moves out of the way. Balaam then hits her and gets her to go continue moving. When the donkey sees the Angel again and Balaam doesn't, she moves to the other side of the road and Balaam hits her and she starts walking again. When she sees the Angle again and there's nowhere on the road to go, she stops moving, so Balaam hits her. Balaam's donkey then talks to him and asks him why he's hitting her. He says if he had a sword, then he would kill her. Then Balaam sees the Angel and the Angel tells Balaam that Balaam's donkey is more righteous than he is and that he would have only killed Balaam but not the donkey. ### Appearances in Deuteronomy When Moses spoke to the Israelites in the Book of Deuteronomy, there were ten thousand angels next to him. ### Appearances in Judges God sends an Angel to Gideon in the Book of Judges to tell Gideon that he must save the Israelites. He later sends an Angel to an Israelite woman and her husband Manoach to tell them that they would have a son Samson. ### Appearances in Samuel When King David has a census, God punishes him by sending an Angel to cause a plague. ### Appearances in Kings When Queen Jezebel wants to kill Elijah, an Angel comes to help him. Another Angel later protects Elisha. When King Ahab asks the prophet Micaiah for a prediction, Mecaiah tells him that God sent an Angel to trick Ahab into fighting a war and getting killed. Later when Sannecherib attacks Judah, God sends His Angel to kill Sannecherib's entire Assyrian army. ### Isaiah Isaiah said that the Angels sang songs and that every Angel had six wings, two for covering its face, two for covering its feet and two for flying. Isaiah said that when he heard the Angels sing he said "I am doomed for I live among a people of unclean lips" and that God got angry with him for saying that. ### Ezekiel The Book of Ezekiel begins with Ezekiel seeing Angels on a Chariot. ### Zechariah The prophet Zechariah saw an Angel tell him that God would have mercy on the Jews. And that their enemies will be punished. Another Angel says that even the Kingdom of Israel will come back to the land. Zechariah sees an Angel defending the Priest from The Satan when The Satan says that the Priest did a bad thing. An Angel shows Zechariah a Menorah in the Temple of Jerusalem. The Angel tells Zechariah that the children of Zerubavel will be Kings. ### Malachi God told Malachi that He would send an Angel and Elijah to announce that the Messiah was coming. ### Job In the Book of Job, all the Angels meet with God and The Satan bets God that he can make Job curse God ### Daniel In the Book of Daniel, an Angel rescues Daniel's friends from Nebuchadnezzar. Daniel also mentions Angels being named Michael and Gabriel ### Chronicles In the Books of Chronicles, The Satan gets King David to want to have his census. ### Appearances in The New Testament In the New Testament, an Angel tells The Virgin Mary that she will give birth to Jesus, Angels proclaim the birth of Jesus in the Adoration of the shepherds (Luke 2:10) and Angels help Jesus in the desert. In Luke 22:43 of the New Testament, an Angel comforts Jesus during the agony in the garden of Gethsemane and in Matthew 28:5 an Angel speaks at the empty tomb following the Resurrection of Jesus saying: “Do not be afraid, for I know that you are looking for Jesus, who was crucified. He is not here; he has risen, just as He said". ## Types of Angels - **Cherubs** are described as creatures which have four wings. Cherubim guard the Eden with a sword of fire. This suggests that the author of Genesis was aware of different types of angels. A Cherub is mentioned in Ezekiel 28:13-14, saying that the angel was in the Garden of God. Ezekiel 28:13-14 13. Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. 14. Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire. It describes the sound of their wings, "like the roar of rushing waters." Ezekiel 10:5-7 ; Ezekiel 10:8 reveals that they have hands like a man under their wings . Ezekiel 1:7 KJV reveals that they look like man but are different because they have "straight feet" and four wings and four faces. Ezekiel ch 1, and 10 describe the cherubim creatures ascending and descending from the earth with wheels. Ezekiel 1:14-20 ; Ezekiel 10:16 Ezekiel 10:9-13 describes what the wheels appeared to look like, and how they moved around, how they moved or flew through the sky quickly but turned not as they went; and how the inside workings of the wheels appeared to be "a wheel in the midst of a wheel" and that the color of the wheels was the color of "Amber" Stone. There are four separate wheels in both accounts, one for each single cherub which is there. - **Seraphs** (Hebrew for "burning") are depicted as having six wings They are known for singing and praising God. They can shout so loud, they shake the temple. - **Archangels** like Gabriel (Gospel of Luke 1:19) are the highest type of angel. They are considered saints in the Catholic church. However, in the King James Version of the Bible; they are another type of angel. In the Book of Revelation the Angel Michael casts the 'great dragon' Satan out of heaven and down to earth in a great battle between the good and bad angels, just before the Great Judgement of angels and man. (Revelation 12) - The Leviathan in Book of Job 41:19-21 has flame that goes: 'out of his mouth' like a dragon. Isaiah 30:6 also talks of a 'fiery flying serpent'. Compare Revelation 20:2: , where an angel: 'laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil, and Satan, and bound him a thousand years'. ### Rabbinic Judaism In Judaism angels are created by God from fire. They fullfil tasks given by God. Rabbinic Judaism rejects earlier accounts on fallen angels who sinned by mating with humans. Instead, angels are servants of God. Still, not all angels are benevolent. Some angels are jealous of humans, because God loves them so much. Unlike angels, humans can overcome sin and repent. Angels cannot repent their sin, because they are already sinless. When the Bible speaks about the creation of humans in the plural, Judaism sometimes argues that God discussed his decision with the angels. But they make clear, it is God alone who creates humans. God only wanted to discuss with the angels to show that someone in power, should still try to value the opinion of people lower. ### Islam In Islam angels are created by God (referred to as Allah in the Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Pashto, and Dari languages) before jinn and humans. Some say, that before angels however, demons were created. Angels were created in heaven and fullfil God's orders. Some angels deliver messages to humans and prophets, most famous among them is Gabriel. Other angels support humans with rain. Some angels don't have a task on earth, but dwell in heaven, for example, to praise God. Muslims disagree if angels can fail a task, but they agree that an angel never wants to disobey. Sometimes angels might simply make mistakes on accident, like the angels Harut and Marut. But these angels are not considered evil, they just lose their rank as punishment, but can restore their rank later again. Not all angels are nice. God gives angels violent tasks too. For example, God orders angels to punish people in hell, not demons. Muslims believe hell is under God's control, and not the demon's. They believe hell is not only suffering, but also justice. Angels watch out that people don't escape their punishment. While the benevolent angels are said to be created from light, some Muslims think the angels in hell are created from fire. Muslims believe that angels are also present in life. They are, however, only in clean places. They are believed to give also good advises and blessings. ## In art They are often shown in art as having wings and a halo. The wings represent their speed, and the halo represents their holiness. The cherubim in art always appear as baby faced angels with very small, non-useful wings. The cherubim statue or bronze casting of cherubim in the Temple of Solomon depicted them as two four winged creatures whose wings touched at the peak of the ark that they were making. The same cherubim creatures were said to be cast in gold on top of the Ark of the Covenant. Casting metal is one of the oldest forms of artwork, and was attempted by Leonardo da Vinci. ## In literature Angels are generally held to be holy and virtuous, hence the term is used loosely to apply to anyone particularly good or kind, or having a good influence. In his novel _Far From the Madding Crowd_, Thomas Hardy chooses the name of an angel, Gabriel, for his kind and helpful hero. On the other hand, in his play _Measure for Measure_, Shakespeare's use of the name Angelo is ironic, since Angelo is a character who likes to see himself as virtuous, but who is concealing evil aspects of his nature. Fallen angels, who are no longer holy or virtuous, are also known as devils. However, since angels are held to be spirits (that is, non-material beings), medieval theologians were faced with the problem of how humans could see a non-physical creature. Eventually a theory was put forward that angels must make themselves a body out of the nearest thing to the non-physical, i.e. from air. Hence in his famous poem _Aire and Angels_, the seventeenth century metaphysical poet John Donne uses this idea to write a cynical comment on women, whose love, he says, is like an angel's body of air, while men's love is like the real thing, the angel itself. ## Idea of Guardian angel From the era of the Romantics onwards, there has developed the widely held belief that everyone has an angel assigned to guard them. This concept is probably based on Jesus' comment in Matthew 18:10 regarding children, though it is not mentioned elsewhere in the Bible. ## In superstitions Seeing repetitive numbers are thought to be associated with numerology, also referred to as angel numbers. It is believed that angels communicate with humans through repetitive appearances of numbers. Humanity has studied and used numbers since the dawn of time, and no matter what the culture is, there are certain numbers that hold specific value or meaning over other numbers. ## Related pages - Demigod
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Ad hominem
**Ad hominem** is a Latin word for a type of [argument](30012). It is a word often used in [rhetoric](21758). Rhetoric is the science of speaking well, and convincing other people of your [idea](18603)s. Translated to English, _ad hominem_ means _against the person_. In other words, when someone makes an ad hominem, they are [attacking](316206) the person they are arguing against, instead of what they are saying. The term comes from the Latin word _homo_, which means [human](502310). _Hominem_ is a [gender](5828) neutral version of the word _homo_. In ancient [Rome](2875) it referred to all free men, or in other words, all free human beings. Ad hominem can be a way to use [reputation](67893), [rumor](452655)s and [hearsay](1209236) to change the minds of other people listening. When a [social network](5431) has already excluded or exiled one person, or applied a negative label to them, this can work more often. It is most of the time considered to be a weak and poor argument. In [court](7636)s and in [diplomacy](20491) ad hominems are not appreciated. Ad hominems are not wrong every time. For example, when people think that someone can't be trusted, things that they have said previously can be doubted. ## What an ad hominem argument looks like In [logic](4069), a proof is something that starts with [premise](312567)s, and goes through a few logical [argument](30012)s, to reach a conclusion. ### Normal (valid) proof 1. All [human](502310)s are mortal. 1. [Socrates](5128) is human. 1. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. ### Ad hominem example 1. Person A thinks [abortion](13804) should be illegal. 1. Person A is uneducated and poor. 1. Therefore, abortion should not be illegal. In this example it can be seen that the (completely unrelated) fact that person A is uneducated and poor is used to prove that abortion should not be illegal. ## Related pages - [Fallacy](20377) for a list of other types of (false) rhetorical arguments.
**Ad hominem** is a Latin word for a type of argument. It is a word often used in rhetoric. Rhetoric is the science of speaking well, and convincing other people of your ideas. Translated to English, _ad hominem_ means _against the person_. In other words, when someone makes an ad hominem, they are attacking the person they are arguing against, instead of what they are saying. The term comes from the Latin word _homo_, which means human. _Hominem_ is a gender neutral version of the word _homo_. In ancient Rome it referred to all free men, or in other words, all free human beings. Ad hominem can be a way to use reputation, rumors and hearsay to change the minds of other people listening. When a social network has already excluded or exiled one person, or applied a negative label to them, this can work more often. It is most of the time considered to be a weak and poor argument. In courts and in diplomacy ad hominems are not appreciated. Ad hominems are not wrong every time. For example, when people think that someone can't be trusted, things that they have said previously can be doubted. ## What an ad hominem argument looks like In logic, a proof is something that starts with premises, and goes through a few logical arguments, to reach a conclusion. ### Normal (valid) proof 1. All humans are mortal. 1. Socrates is human. 1. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. ### Ad hominem example 1. Person A thinks abortion should be illegal. 1. Person A is uneducated and poor. 1. Therefore, abortion should not be illegal. In this example it can be seen that the (completely unrelated) fact that person A is uneducated and poor is used to prove that abortion should not be illegal. ## Related pages - Fallacy for a list of other types of (false) rhetorical arguments.
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End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Simple English Wikipedia (Markdown)

Recurring weekly snapshot of Simple English Wikipedia (https://simple.wikipedia.org/), which uses shorter sentences and limited vocabulary compared to the main English Wikipedia. This makes it smaller, easier to parse, and better suited for on-device or bandwidth‑constrained assistants while still covering broad general knowledge. Ideal as an offline Wikipedia MCP server backing a household AI assistant.

Dataset Structure

Columns:

  • page_id (int64): Unique page identifier from Wikimedia dump.
  • title (string): Article title.
  • content (string): Article body converted to markdown with internal and external links preserved.
  • content_no_link (string): Same content with markdown links stripped to plain text.
  • importance (string): Importance for a household smart speaker assistant (low, medium, high, or unknown when not categorized).
  • truncated (bool): true when the source article exceeded 40,000 characters; only the first two paragraphs are parsed and stored in this case; otherwise false.
  • error (bool): true when the article could not be parsed (content fields are empty in this case); otherwise false.

Processing

  • Downloaded pages-articles XML dump and verified SHA-1.
  • Kept only namespace 0 articles, skipped redirects, and dropped titles beginning with “List of”.
  • Stripped templates/ref/gallery blocks and file/category links; converted headings, lists, tables, and internal/external links to Markdown with page IDs.
  • Stored a SQLite mirror (pages table) alongside the Hugging Face dataset.
  • Markdown links point to the target page's numeric ID for fast lookup without a title-to-ID join.

Usage

Load with datasets:

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("juno-labs/simple_wikipedia", split="train")
print(ds[0])

SQLite usage (simplewiki.sqlite mirrors the same columns):

sqlite3 simplewiki.sqlite "SELECT page_id, title, substr(content,1,200) || '...' FROM pages LIMIT 5;"

You can also mount it in code:

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect("simplewiki.sqlite")
cur = conn.cursor()
for row in cur.execute("SELECT title, content FROM pages WHERE page_id = ?", (7553,)):
    print(row)

Categorization

Importance labels indicate how useful an article is for day-to-day offline household smart-speaker queries; unknown is used when labeling is disabled or fails.

  • Model: openai/gpt-oss-120b
  • distribution:
    • low: 2.23%
    • medium: 5.15%
    • high: 1.19%
    • unknown: 91.43%

Prompt template:

You are classifying Simple Wikipedia articles for offline storage on a home voice-assistant used by households in the United States. The smart speaker may be in the kitchen, living room, bedroom, or other common areas.

Goal:
Decide how important it is to store an article offline so the assistant can answer common, everyday user questions using the content of the article.

Guidelines:
- Think about what typical families, parents, kids, and adults might ask a smart speaker at home.
- Consider how often the topic is likely to be asked about and how useful the information is day-to-day.

Importance levels:
- "high": Very common or important topics that many households are likely to ask about regularly.
  - Major holidays, widely-known public figures, basic school topics for kids.
  - Frequently asked geography or time questions (countries, big cities, days, months, seasons).

- "medium": Useful but not essential topics that some households might ask about sometimes.
  - Common hobbies, sports, and entertainment topics.
  - Popular animals, foods, and travel-related information.
  - Well-known historical events or scientific ideas that are not asked about every day.

- "low": Rarely asked or very specialized topics.
  - Obscure historical events, people, or places.
  - Advanced science, math, or technical subjects.
  - Niche cultural topics or very narrow interests.

Some example questions a family member might ask:
- "When is Christmas this year?"
- "What is the tallest mountain in the world?"
- "How old was the oldest dog ever?"
- "Who invented the telephone?"
- "What is the dewey decimal system?"
- "How many tentacles does a squid have?"
- "What are the colors in the rainbow?"
- "When did Einstein die?"
- "What is the population of Tokyo?"

Examples (with reasoning just for demonstration):

1.
Article title: "Christmas"
Short summary: Christmas is a widely celebrated holiday on December 25, often involving gifts and family gatherings.
Explanation (example only): Families frequently ask about dates, traditions, recipes, and activities related to this holiday.
Answer: high

2.
Article title: "Volcano"
Short summary: A volcano is a mountain where hot melted rock (lava) can come out during an eruption.
Explanation (example only): Kids and adults might sometimes ask about volcanoes for school or curiosity, but it is not an everyday need for most households.
Answer: medium

3.
Article title: "Soccer"
Short summary: Soccer is a popular team sport played by kicking a ball into a goal.
Explanation (example only): Sports topics are common, but not every household asks about them regularly. It is useful but not critical.
Answer: medium

4.
Article title: "Battle of Poitiers (1356)"
Short summary: A medieval battle in the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
Explanation (example only): This is a specific historical battle that only a small number of users are likely to ask about.
Answer: low

5.
Article title: "Quark–gluon plasma"
Short summary: A very hot, dense state of matter studied in high-energy physics.
Explanation (example only): This is an advanced scientific topic that almost no household will ask a smart speaker about in daily life.
Answer: low

6.
Article title: "Elephant"
Short summary: Elephants are large mammals that live in Africa and Asia.
Explanation: Very common trivia questions from kids and adults; frequently asked in homes.
Answer: high

7.
Article title: "The Moon"
Short summary: Earth's natural satellite.
Explanation: Very common astronomy trivia; asked often in households.
Answer: high
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